Treaty of Edirne, (Sept. 14, 1829), pact concluding the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29, signed at Edirne (ancient Adrianople), Tur.; it strengthened the Russian position in eastern Europe and weakened that of the Ottoman Empire. The treaty foreshadowed the Ottoman Empire’s future dependence on the

Siege of Adrianople, Adrianople (modern Edirne, Turkey) was one of the largest cities in the Ottoman Empire. When the Bulgarians captured the city after laying siege to it from November 3, 1912, to March 26, 1913, during the First Balkan War, it seemed they would become the predominant power in the

Isaac II Angelus: Isaac concluded the Treaty of Adrianople with Frederick in February 1190, and in the following month Frederick’s forces were transported across the Hellespont to Asia Minor.

Treaty of Edirne, (Sept. 14, 1829), pact concluding the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29, signed at Edirne (ancient Adrianople), Tur.; it strengthened the Russian position in eastern Europe and weakened that of the Ottoman Empire. The treaty foreshadowed the Ottoman Empire’s future dependence on the

cave: Geographic distribution of karst terrain: …geologic structure and to the Adriatic coastline. Although isolated poljes have been identified elsewhere, their large numbers in the karst of the Dinaric Alps are attributable to a system of active faults as well as to intense solution activity in nearly 9,000 metres of carbonate rock.

Adriatic Sea, arm of the Mediterranean Sea, lying between the Italian and Balkan peninsulas. The Strait of Otranto at its southeasterly limit links it with the Ionian Sea. It is about 500 miles (800 km) long with an average width of 100 miles, a maximum depth of 4,035 feet (1,324 metres), and an

Adrien-Victor-Joseph, baron de Gerlache de Gomery was a Belgian naval officer who led the first Antarctic expedition concentrating on scientific observation (1897–99). Sailing with him as mate on the Belgica was Roald Amundsen, who on a subsequent expedition of his own was the first to reach the

Eugène Scribe: His Adrienne Lecouvreur (1849), a melodrama about an actress who loves a nobleman, unaware of his high rank and true identity, was favoured as a vehicle by such notable actresses as Sarah Bernhardt and Helena Modjeska. Scribe also wrote a ballet and several opera libretti. He…

Shailene Woodley: Later roles: Big Little Lies: …starred in the biographical film Adrift (2018), about a couple sailing through a catastrophic hurricane, and costarred in the romantic drama Endings, Beginnings (2019).

Indian philosophy: Organization and contents: …to the supersensible force, called adrishta. Chapter 6 argues that performance of Vedic injunctions generates this supersensible force and that the merits and demerits accumulated lead to moksha. Chapter 7 argues that qualities of eternal things are eternal and those of noneternal things are noneternal. Chapter 8 argues that the…

Lugbara: …believe in a creator god, Adroa. They are one of the peoples least affected by modern changes in Uganda, maintaining a strong sense of their own identity.

Beastie Boys: …1965, New York City), and Adrock (byname of Adam Horovitz; b. October 31, 1966, South Orange, New Jersey).

Almirante Brown: Esteban Adroqué petitioned the provincial government to expropriate land from the existing counties of San Vicente and Quilmes to establish the new one. The original settlers were residents of Buenos Aires city who fled the capital during an epidemic of yellow fever. In 1886 Adroqué…

string theory: M-theory and AdS/CFT correspondence: …anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory (AdS/CFT) correspondence. Maldacena found that a string theory operating with a particular environment (involving a space-time known as an anti-de Sitter space) was equivalent to a type of quantum field theory operating in an environment with one less spatial dimension. This has proved to be…

computer: Communication devices: Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) modems can be used for transmitting digital signals over a local dedicated telephone line, provided there is a telephone office nearby—in theory, within 5,500 meters (18,000 feet) but in practice about a third of that distance. ADSL is asymmetric because…

Adso of Montier-en-Der was a Benedictine monk and abbot whose treatise on the Antichrist became the standard work on the subject from the mid-10th to the 13th century. Born of a noble family, Adso was an oblate at the important monastery of Luxeuil, where he also received his education. He was

electrochemical reaction: Electrocrystallization: …and freely moving atoms, called adatoms. Since the electrons tend to join the rest in the bulk of the metal, adatoms appear to have a partial charge, less than that of the elementary positive charge. The adatoms therefore attract solvent molecules, and the species is partially solvated. This reaction justifies…

adsorption, capability of all solid substances to attract to their surfaces molecules of gases or solutions with which they are in contact. Solids that are used to adsorb gases or dissolved substances are called adsorbents; the adsorbed molecules are usually referred to collectively as the

adhesive: Adhesion: In the third mechanism, adsorption and surface reaction, bonding occurs when adhesive molecules adsorb onto a solid surface and chemically react with it. Because of the chemical reaction, this process differs in some degree from simple adsorption, described above, although some researchers consider chemical reaction to be part of…

adsorption chiller, any device designed to cool interior spaces through adsorption, a process that uses solid substances to attract to their surfaces molecules of gases or solutions with which they are in contact. Instead of using large amounts of electricity, the cooling process in an adsorption

chromatography: Retention mechanism: In adsorption chromatography solute molecules bond directly to the surface of the stationary phase. Stationary phases may contain a variety of adsorption sites differing in the tenacity with which they bind the molecules and in their relative abundance. The net effect determines the adsorbent activity. Partition…

chromatography: (The term adsorption isotherm is often used when a solid phase is involved.) A mixture of solutes is introduced into the system in a confined region or narrow zone (the origin), whereupon the different species are transported at different rates in the direction of fluid flow. The…

adhesive: Adhesion: …adhesion is explained by the adsorption theory, which states that substances stick primarily because of intimate intermolecular contact. In adhesive joints this contact is attained by intermolecular or valence forces exerted by molecules in the surface layers of the adhesive and adherend.

Eduardo Kac: ” The piece Adsum (2019), a glass cube engraved with a typeface of Kac’s own invention, was flown to the ISS in 2022.

computer programming language: Data structures: Abstract data types (ADTs) are important for large-scale programming. They package data structures and operations on them, hiding internal details. For example, an ADT table provides insertion and lookup operations to users while keeping the underlying structure, whether an array, list, or binary tree, invisible.…

radar: Interference: …not as easily ignored by automatic detection and tracking systems, however, and so some method is usually needed to recognize and remove interference pulses before they enter the automatic detector and tracker of a radar.

Sade is a Nigerian-born British singer known for her sophisticated blend of soul, funk, jazz, and Afro-Cuban rhythms. She enjoyed wide critical acclaim and popularity in the 1980s and early ’90s. Adu, who was born to a Nigerian economics professor and an English nurse, was never addressed by people

African dance: Dance formations: …district of Ghana in their Adua dance, which is notable for elaborating expressive hand movements into a language of gestures.

Adwa, town, northern Ethiopia. Adwa lies on the east-west highway between Aksum and Adi Grat at its junction with the road north to Asmara (Asmera), in Eritrea. Adwa is a market centre (grains, honey, hides, coffee) for the Tigray people. The town is located 10 miles (16 km) west of an area of

Battle of Adwa, (March 1, 1896), military clash at Adwa, in north-central Ethiopia, between the Ethiopian army of Emperor Menilek II and Italian forces. The Ethiopian army’s victory checked Italy’s attempt to build an empire in Africa. The victory had further significance for being the first

Tongeren, municipality, Flanders Region, northeastern Belgium. It lies along the Geer (Jaar) River, northwest of Liège. Important in Roman times as Aduatuca Tungrorum, capital of the Germanic Tungri tribe, it was the centre of a revolt against Rome in 54 bc. Tongeren is the oldest city in Belgium

history of the Low Countries: The Roman period: …Rhine, the Eburones and the Aduatuci; and, in what is now Luxembourg, the Treveri. North of the Rhine, the Frisii (Frisians) were the principal inhabitants, although the arrival of the Romans brought about a number of movements: the Batavi came to the area of the lower reaches of the Rhine,…

Alp-Arslan was the second sultan of the Seljuq Turks (1063–72), who inherited the Seljuq territories of Khorāsān and western Iran and went on to conquer Georgia, Armenia, and much of Asia Minor (won from the Byzantines). Alp-Arslan was the son of Chaghri Beg, the ruler of Khorāsān in Iran, and the

ʿAḍud al-Dawlah was a ruler (949–983) of the Iranian Buyid dynasty who oversaw the flourishing of Buyid cultural expression as well as the empire’s expansion to its greatest extent. After becoming ruler of Fārs province in southern Iran in 944, ʿAḍud al-Dawlah did not actually reign on his own

adularia, a feldspar mineral and potassium aluminosilicate (KAlSi3O8). It commonly forms colourless, glassy, prismatic, twinned crystals in low-temperature veins of felsic plutonic rocks and in cavities in crystalline schists. Typical occurrences include the schists of the Alps. Some adularia show

Mercy Otis Warren: The Adulateur (1772) foretold the War of Revolution through the actions of Rapatio, a haughty, imperious official obviously modeled on Massachusetts’s royal governor, Thomas Hutchinson. The Defeat, also featuring Rapatio, followed a year later, and in 1775 Warren published The Group, a satire conjecturing what…

eastern Africa: Aksum: Its port of Adulis received a continuous stream of merchants who offered textiles, glassware, tools, precious jewelry, copper, iron, and steel in return for ivory, tortoiseshell, rhinoceros horn, gold, silver, slaves, frankincense, and myrrh. Aksum, the capital, was five days’ march from the coast onto the Tigray Plateau,…

ʿAdullam: In modern Israel the name ʿAdullam is given to the planned development region in the former (1949–67) “Jerusalem corridor,” west of the capital. This hilly area, on the boundary of Ha-Shefela and the Yehuda (Judaean) Mountains, includes the ancient site. Settlement commenced in 1958; several agricultural villages and rural subcentres…

ʿAdullam, ancient city and modern development region, in the upper part of Ha-Shefela, central Israel. The mound of Tel ʿAdullam, or H̱orbat (“Ruins of”) ʿAdullam (Arabic: Tall Ash-Shaykh Madhkūr), 22.5 miles (36 km) southwest of Jerusalem, is generally accepted as the site of the ancient city. The

ʿAdullam, ancient city and modern development region, in the upper part of Ha-Shefela, central Israel. The mound of Tel ʿAdullam, or H̱orbat (“Ruins of”) ʿAdullam (Arabic: Tall Ash-Shaykh Madhkūr), 22.5 miles (36 km) southwest of Jerusalem, is generally accepted as the site of the ancient city. The

Adullamite, member of a group of English politicians who rebelled against their leaders in the Liberal Party and defeated the Reform Bill of 1866. Their name was derived from the biblical reference to the caves of ʿAdullam (1 Samuel 22:1), which served as a refuge for the discontented. The Liberal

adulthood, the period in the human lifespan in which full physical and intellectual maturity have been attained. Adulthood is commonly thought of as beginning at age 20 or 21 years. Middle age, commencing at about 40 years, is followed by old age at about 60 years. A brief treatment of development

Rock and radio in the United States: …emerged in the early 1970s, adult contemporary (A/C) found a large audience of young adults who wanted their rock quieter. A/C blended the lighter elements of pop and rock with what was called “middle of the road” (MOR) rock, an adult-oriented format that favoured big bands and pop singers such…

adult education, any form of learning undertaken by or provided for mature men and women. In a 1970 report, the National Institute of Adult Education (England and Wales) defined adult education as “any kind of education for people who are old enough to work, vote, fight and marry and who have

reproduction: Life cycles of animals: …and an adult stage (imago). One remarkable aspect of this development is that, during the transition from caterpillar to adult, most of the caterpillar tissue disintegrates and is used as food, thereby providing energy for the next stage of development, which begins when certain small structures (imaginal disks) in…

adult education, any form of learning undertaken by or provided for mature men and women. In a 1970 report, the National Institute of Adult Education (England and Wales) defined adult education as “any kind of education for people who are old enough to work, vote, fight and marry and who have

stem cell: Adult stem cells: Some tissues in the adult body, such as the epidermis of the skin, the lining of the small intestine, and bone marrow, undergo continuous cellular turnover. They contain stem cells, which persist indefinitely, and a much larger number of “transit amplifying cells,”…

diabetes mellitus: Type 2 diabetes mellitus: Type 2 diabetes is far more common than type 1 diabetes, accounting for about 90 percent of all cases. The frequency of type 2 diabetes varies greatly within and between countries and is increasing throughout the world. Most patients with type…

Paulo Coelho: The Alchemist and other works: Adultério (2014; Adultery) chronicles a successful journalist’s extramarital affair, and Hippie (2018) was inspired by Coehlo’s travels in the 1970s.

Paulo Coelho: The Alchemist and other works: Adultério (2014; Adultery) chronicles a successful journalist’s extramarital affair, and Hippie (2018) was inspired by Coehlo’s travels in the 1970s.

adultery, sexual relations between a married person and someone other than the spouse. Written or customary prohibitions or taboos against adultery constitute part of the marriage code of virtually every society. Indeed, adultery seems to be as universal and, in some instances, as common as

Andre Dubus: …evocation of setting, as is Adultery and Other Choices (1977). “Andromache,” from the latter collection, is cited as the best of his many stories about the Marine Corps. Especially concerned with the strain and conflict between the sexes, Dubus tried to develop the point of view of his female characters.…

adulthood, the period in the human lifespan in which full physical and intellectual maturity have been attained. Adulthood is commonly thought of as beginning at age 20 or 21 years. Middle age, commencing at about 40 years, is followed by old age at about 60 years. A brief treatment of development

Octavia E. Butler: …the Xenogenesis trilogy—Dawn: Xenogenesis (1987), Adulthood Rites (1988), and Imago (1989)—and The Parable of the Sower (1993), The Parable of the Talents (1998), and Fledgling (2005). Butler’s short story Speech Sounds won a Hugo Award in 1984, and her story Bloodchild, about human

Costa-Gavras: …corporate corruption and greed, and Adults in the Room (2019), which examines Greece’s debt crisis of 2015.

Michael Cera: Later credits and voice work: …other credits from 2023 include The Adults, a well-received comedy about three unfulfilled siblings.

Adonis is a Syrian-born Lebanese poet and literary critic who was a leader of the modernist movement in contemporary Arabic poetry. Adonis was born into a family of farmers and had no formal education until he was in his teens, though his father taught him much about classical Arabic literature. At

Adur, district, administrative county of West Sussex, historic county of Sussex, southeastern England. It is named for the River Adur, which cuts through the chalk ridge of the South Downs via a large water gap before entering the English Channel at Shoreham-by-Sea (the administrative centre). The

Shoreham-by-Sea: … at the mouth of the River Adur, between the seaside resorts of Hove to the east and Worthing to the west. The river’s mouth is used as a port for coastal traffic, including timber, cement, and materials for Shoreham’s gas works and electric power station. Pop. (2001) 47,897; (2011) 48,487.

ancient Iran: Zoroastrianism: …temple at Istakhr, known as Ādur-Anāhīd, the Anāhīd Fire. With the new dynasty having these priestly antecedents, it seems only natural that there would have been important developments in the Zoroastrian religion during the Sāsānian period. In fact, the evolution of Zoroastrianism as an organized religion into something resembling its…

Iblīs, in Islam, the personal name of the Devil, possibly derived from the Greek diabolos. Iblīs, the counterpart of Satan in Christianity, is also referred to as ʿAduw Allāh ( “Enemy of God”), al-Aduw (“Enemy”), or, when he is portrayed as a tempter, al-Shayṭān (“Demon”). At the creation of

Iblīs, in Islam, the personal name of the Devil, possibly derived from the Greek diabolos. Iblīs, the counterpart of Satan in Christianity, is also referred to as ʿAduw Allāh ( “Enemy of God”), al-Aduw (“Enemy”), or, when he is portrayed as a tempter, al-Shayṭān (“Demon”). At the creation of

Advaita, one of the most influential schools of Vedanta, which is one of the six orthodox philosophical systems (darshans) of Indian philosophy. While its followers find its main tenets already fully expressed in the Upanishads and systematized by the Brahma-sutras (also known as the

Chaitanya movement: …his close companions, Nityananda and Advaita. Those three are called the three masters (prabhu), and their images are established in temples of the sect.

Advaita, one of the most influential schools of Vedanta, which is one of the six orthodox philosophical systems (darshans) of Indian philosophy. While its followers find its main tenets already fully expressed in the Upanishads and systematized by the Brahma-sutras (also known as the

Advance Australia Fair, national anthem of Australia, adopted on April 19, 1984. It was first officially proposed in 1974 to replace “God Save the Queen,” which had been the national anthem from 1788 to 1974 and which, in 1984, was designated the royal anthem, to be played at public appearances of

advance fee fraud, type of fraud in which businesses or individuals are required to pay a fee before receiving promised stocks, services, money, or products, which ultimately are never given. The targets of the fraud—which include businesses and individuals—receive a solicitation (by letter, fax,

Newhouse family: …1949 he renamed his company Advance Publications Inc.

tunnels and underground excavations: Concrete lining: …was a trend toward an advancing-slope method of continuous concreting, as originally devised for embedding the steel cylinder of a hydropower penstock. In this procedure, several hundred feet of forms are initially set, then collapsed in short sections and moved forward after the concrete has gained necessary strength, thus keeping…

unidentified flying object: Other investigations of UFOs: …of UFO sightings was the Advanced Aviation Threat Identification Program (AATIP), a secret project that ran from 2007 to 2012. When the existence of the AATIP was made public in December 2017, the most newsworthy aspect of it was a report that the U.S. government possessed alloys and compounds purportedly…

teleost, (infraclass Teleostei), any member of a large and extremely diverse group of ray-finned fishes. Along with the chondrosteans and the holosteans, they are one of the three major subdivisions of the class Actinopterygii, the most advanced of the bony fishes. The teleosts include virtually

advanced ceramics, substances and processes used in the development and manufacture of ceramic materials that exhibit special properties. Ceramics, as is pointed out in the article ceramic composition and properties, are traditionally described as inorganic, nonmetallic solids that are prepared

Lockheed Martin Corporation: Lockheed Corporation: …established a highly secret section, Advanced Development Projects (ADP), to design a fighter around a British De Havilland jet engine. The result was the P-80 Shooting Star, the first American jet aircraft to enter operational service (1945).

AES, a data encryption standard endorsed by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as a replacement for the Data Encryption Standard (DES). AES offers far greater security than DES for communications and commercial transactions over the Internet. In January 1997 NIST issued

nuclear reactor: Advanced gas-cooled reactor: The advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR) was developed in the United Kingdom as the successor to reactors of the Calder Hall class, which combined plutonium production and power generation. Calder Hall, the first nuclear station to feed an appreciable amount of power into…

artificial intelligence: Artificial general intelligence (AGI), applied AI, and cognitive simulation: Applied AI, also known as advanced information processing, aims to produce commercially viable “smart” systems—for example, “expert” medical diagnosis systems and stock-trading systems. Applied AI has enjoyed considerable success.

Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD), global company that specializes in manufacturing semiconductor devices used in computer processing. The company also produces flash memories, graphics processors, motherboard chip sets, and a variety of components used in consumer electronics goods. The company

telecommunication: Frequency-division multiple access: In the advanced mobile phone system (AMPS), the cellular system employed in the United States, different callers use separate frequency slots via FDMA. When one telephone call is completed, a network-managing computer at the cellular base station reassigns the released frequency slot to a new caller. A…

advanced persistent threat (APT), attacks on a country’s information assets of national security or strategic economic importance through either cyberespionage or cybersabotage. These attacks use technology that minimizes their visibility to computer network and individual computer intrusion

Argonne National Laboratory: Four of these facilities—the Advanced Photon Source (APS), the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS), the Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator System (ATLAS), and the High-Voltage Electron Microscope- (HVEM-) Tandem Facility—have been designated official U.S. Department of Energy National User Facilities.

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), U.S. government agency created in 1958 to facilitate research in technology with potential military applications. Most of DARPA’s projects are classified secrets, but many of its military innovations have had great influence in the civilian world,

ARPANET, experimental computer network that was the forerunner of the Internet. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), an arm of the U.S. Defense Department, funded the development of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) in the late 1960s. Its initial purpose was to link

Catherine Helen Spence: Advocating for women’s right to vote and other social issues: …also helped to establish the Advanced School for Girls, considered the first government-supported secondary school in Australia, in 1879. In 1897 Spence joined the Destitute Board of South Australia, which supported adults experiencing poverty; she was its first female member since its formation in 1849.

advanced structural ceramics, ceramic materials that demonstrate enhanced mechanical properties under demanding conditions. Because they serve as structural members, often being subjected to mechanical loading, they are given the name structural ceramics. Ordinarily, for structural applications

computer: The age of Big Iron: …John von Neumann of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University. The IAS paper, as von Neumann’s document became known, articulated the concept of the stored program—a concept that has been called the single largest innovation in the history of the computer. (Von Neumann’s principles are described earlier, in…

B-2, U.S. long-range stealth bomber that first flew in 1989 and was delivered to the U.S. Air Force starting in 1993. Built and maintained by Northrop Grumman Corporation, the B-2 is a “flying wing,” a configuration consisting essentially of a short but very broad wing with no fuselage and tail.

railroad: Interlocking and routing: …the 1980s to develop an Advanced Train Control Systems (ATCS) project, which integrated the potential of the latest microelectronics and communications technologies. In fully realized ATCS, trains continuously and automatically radio to the dispatching centre their exact location and speed; both would be determined by a locomotive-mounted scanner as well…

Gyorgy Kepes: In 1967 Kepes founded the Center for Advanced Visual Studies at MIT, a community that would unite the work of artists and designers with that of architects, engineers, city planners, and scientists; he served as director until 1972. His writings include Language of Vision (1944) and The New Landscape in…

Chandra X-ray Observatory, U.S. satellite, one of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) fleet of “Great Observatories” satellites, which is designed to make high-resolution images of celestial X-ray sources. In operation since 1999, it is named in honour of Subrahmanyan

René Descartes: Early life and education: …philosopher Francis Bacon (1561–1626), in Advancement of Learning (1605), had earlier proposed a new science of observation and experiment to replace the traditional Aristotelian science, as Descartes himself did later.

Maria Mitchell: …1869, she helped found the Association for the Advancement of Women (AAW; 1873) and served as its president (1875–76). Her involvement in the AAW reflected Mitchell’s support of women’s rights, including suffrage. She retired from Vassar in failing health in 1888 and died the next year.

coal mining: Longwall mining: In the advancing longwall method, which is more common in Europe, development of the block takes place only 30 to 40 metres ahead of the mining of the block, and the two operations proceed together to the boundary.

Lal Krishna Advani is an Indian politician who was a founding member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and deputy prime minister of India (2002–04). He was largely responsible for popularizing and strengthening the BJP, which, from its formation in 1980, emerged as one of the strongest political

consanguinity: Advantageous heterozygosity: In heterozygous form, with no adverse influence on the individual who carries them, recessive alleles retain the potential of causing future deaths from inherited disease. In effect, the death of the infant offspring of consanguineous parents purges the gene pool and reduces the…

advection, in atmospheric science, change in a property of a moving mass of air because the mass is transported by the wind to a region where the property has a different value (e.g., the change in temperature when a warm air mass moves into a cool region). Advection can refer to either the

fog: Advection fog is formed by the slow passage of relatively warm, moist, stable air over a colder wet surface. It is common at sea whenever cold and warm ocean currents are in close proximity and may affect adjacent coasts. A good example is provided by…

agricultural technology: Frost: …nights with little or no wind when the outgoing radiation is excessive and the air temperature is not necessarily at the freezing point, and (2) wind, or advection, frost, which occurs at any time, day or night, regardless of cloud cover, when wind moves air in from cold regions. Both…

Advent, (from Latin adventus, “coming”), in the Christian church calendar, the period of preparation for the celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ at Christmas and also of preparation for the Second Coming of Christ. In Western churches, Advent begins on the Sunday nearest to November 30 (St.

Advent calendar, type of calendar used to count down the days leading up to Christmas, typically starting on December 1 and ending on December 24 or 25. Many contemporary Advent calendars are marked with a compartment, flap, or door that can be opened to reveal a surprise, such as a small gift,

Advent Christian Church, one of several Adventist churches that evolved from the teachings in the late 1840s of William Miller. It was organized in 1860. Doctrinal emphasis is placed on the anticipated Second Coming of Christ and on the Last Judgment, after which the wicked will be destroyed and