Théodule-Armand Ribot: …years Ribot became interested in affective and emotional factors in psychology.

emotion: The variety and complexity of emotions: …of an emotion its “affective valence.”) But the complexity of emotions renders such oppositions suspect. Although love and hate, for example, are often conceived of as polar opposites, it is worth noting (as the plots of so many novels and dramas have made clear) that they frequently coexist not…

stereotyped response: Reflex: …senses the stimulus, and the affector, the nerve cell that directly activates the muscle. These are a theoretical minimum rather than an observed functional arrangement of cells in the body of an animal (see instinct: Varieties of instinctive behaviour).

doctrine of the affections, theory of musical aesthetics, widely accepted by late Baroque theorists and composers, that embraced the proposition that music is capable of arousing a variety of specific emotions within the listener. At the centre of the doctrine was the belief that, by making use of

doctrine of the affections, theory of musical aesthetics, widely accepted by late Baroque theorists and composers, that embraced the proposition that music is capable of arousing a variety of specific emotions within the listener. At the centre of the doctrine was the belief that, by making use of

Affenkapelle ware, (German: “Monkey Orchestra”), a series of figures created by the Meissen porcelain factory in Saxony (now in Germany) about 1747 and imitated later. Believed to be a parody of the Dresden Court Orchestra, the set was modeled by the German sculptors Johann Joachim Kändler and

affenpinscher, breed of toy dog known since the 17th century. It is thought to have originated in Germany, where it was bred to be a ratter—to kill rats, mice, and other small vermin. Like other terriers, it is lively and playful. The affenpinscher stands 9.5 to 11.5 inches (24 to 29 cm) tall and

Johann Fischart: Fischart’s principal work is the Affentheurliche und ungeheurliche Geschichtsschrift (1575)—renamed Geschichtklitterung in later editions (1582, 1590)—a greatly expanded prose version of François Rabelais’s Gargantua. Also noteworthy is his Das glückhafft Schiff von Zürich (1576; “The Ship of Good Fortune from Zurich”), one of the most carefully constructed 16th-century narrative poems,…

renal system: Arteries and arterioles: …off short branches called the afferent arterioles, which carry blood to the glomeruli where they divide into four to eight loops of capillaries in each glomerulus.

nervous system: Nervous systems: This incoming excitation, or afferent impulse, then passes along an extension, or axon, of the receptor to an adjustor, called an interneuron. (All neurons are capable of conducting an impulse, which is a brief change in the electrical charge on the cell membrane. Such an impulse can be transmitted,…

human sexual activity: Nervous system factors: …to the spinal cord (afferent nerves), transmitting sensory stimuli and those that come from the cord (efferent nerves) transmitting impulses to activate muscles, and (2) the autonomic system, the primary function of which is the regulation and maintenance of the body processes necessary to life, such as heart rate,…

nerve: …divided into two categories, namely, sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent). The fibres of these categories and their subdivisions constitute the functional components of the nerves. The combinations of such components vary in the individual cranial nerves; in the spinal nerves they are more uniform.

affidavit, a written statement of fact made voluntarily, confirmed by the oath or affirmation of the party making it, and signed before a notary or other officer empowered to administer such oaths. Affidavits generally name the place of execution and certify that the person making it states certain

Xerox: …oversaw Xerox’s 2010 acquisition of Affiliated Computer Services (ACS), which was involved in outsourcing business services. The transaction reflected a growing trend among technology companies to focus on services over products. However, this move, as well as others, failed to reverse Xerox’s losses. In 2017 it spun off ACS and…

sugar: Affination and melting: Affination is the mingling of raw sugar with a warm, heavy syrup, which removes the molasses coating from the sugar crystal. The syrup and crystals are separated in a spinning centrifugal basket, and the crystals are further “washed” by a water spray.…

silver processing: …silver and gold is called affination. Both these processes are used on a commercial scale for separating silver and gold.

Australian Aboriginal peoples: Kinship, marriage, and the family: Affines (relatives by marriage) were often classified with consanguineal (blood) relatives, and certain terms indicated potential spouses or affines. Relationships between actual brothers and sisters were often restricted and involved some form of avoidance. The most outstanding avoidance relationship was between a man and his…

dye: Dye retention: …such interactions is termed its substantivity. Dyes can be classified by their substantivity, which depends, in part, on the nature of the substituents in the dye molecule.

drug: Receptors: The term affinity describes the tendency of a drug to bind to a receptor; efficacy (sometimes called intrinsic activity) describes the ability of the drug-receptor complex to produce a physiological response. Together, the affinity and the efficacy of a drug determine its potency.

Australian Aboriginal peoples: Kinship, marriage, and the family: Affines (relatives by marriage) were often classified with consanguineal (blood) relatives, and certain terms indicated potential spouses or affines. Relationships between actual brothers and sisters were often restricted and involved some form of avoidance. The most outstanding avoidance relationship was between a man and his…

chromatography: Subsequent developments: A technique exhibiting great selectivity, affinity chromatography, was first described by Pedro Cuatrecasas and his coworkers in 1968. In these separations, a biomolecule such as an enzyme binds to a substrate attached to the solid phase while other components are eluted. The retained molecule can subsequently be eluted by changing…

Amedeo Avogadro: Molecular hypothesis of combining gases: …he termed the element’s “affinity number.” Between 1843 and his retirement in 1850, Avogadro wrote four memoirs on atomic volumes and designated affinity numbers for the elements using atomic volumes according to a method “independent of all chemical considerations”—a claim that held little appeal for chemists.

history of logic: Categorical forms: …equivalently “No β is an α.” Particular affirmative: “Some β is an α.” Particular negative: “Some β is not an α.” Indefinite affirmative: “β is an α.” Indefinite negative: “β is not an α.” Singular affirmative: “x is an α,” where “x” refers to only

affirmation, in law, a promise by a witness concerning testimony allowed in place of an oath to those who cannot, because of conscience, swear an oath. For example, members of the Society of Friends (Quakers), Jehovah’s Witnesses, and other persons who have objections against taking an oath are

applied logic: Formal fallacies: …B; not-A; therefore, not-B”) and affirming the consequent (“If A, then B; B; therefore, A”). The invalid nature of these fallacies is illustrated in the following examples:

affirmative action, in the United States, an active effort to improve employment or educational opportunities for members of minority groups and for women. Affirmative action began as a government remedy to the effects of long-standing discrimination against such groups and has consisted of

servitude: They include affirmative covenants, which require the landowner to make payments, provide services, or render some other performance, and negative covenants, which require the landowner to refrain from doing something. Negative covenants that restrict the uses of a parcel of the land are called restrictive covenants. Typical…

procedural law: Finding the verdict: …law regards these as “affirmative defenses” and requires the defendant to provide at least some evidence that they were a factor.

property law: Easements and profits: …one’s neighbors (known as an affirmative easement). Exceptionally, it is the right to prevent a landowner from doing something on his land that he would otherwise be privileged to do (known as a negative easement). Examples of affirmative easements include rights-of-way, the privilege of using land for pasture, the privilege…

history of logic: Categorical forms: …equivalently “No β is an α.” Particular affirmative: “Some β is an α.” Particular negative: “Some β is not an α.” Indefinite affirmative: “β is an α.” Indefinite negative: “β is not an α.” Singular affirmative: “x is an α,” where “x” refers to only

Affirmed, (foaled 1975), American racehorse (Thoroughbred) who in 1978 became the 11th winner of the Triple Crown of American horse racing—the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes, and the Belmont Stakes. Affirmed was retired at the end of 1979 after winning 22 of his 29 career races and earning

thought: Deduction: In one such fallacy, “affirming the consequent,” the categorical proposition affirms the consequent of the conditional, and the conclusion affirms the antecedent, as in the example:

affix, a grammatical element that is combined with a word, stem, or phrase to produce derived or inflected forms. There are three main types of affixes: prefixes, infixes, and suffixes. A prefix occurs at the beginning of a word or stem (sub-mit, pre-determine, un-willing); a suffix at the end

affix, a grammatical element that is combined with a word, stem, or phrase to produce derived or inflected forms. There are three main types of affixes: prefixes, infixes, and suffixes. A prefix occurs at the beginning of a word or stem (sub-mit, pre-determine, un-willing); a suffix at the end

Ben Affleck is an American actor and filmmaker who has played leading roles in action, drama, and comedy films but who is perhaps more renowned for his work as a screenwriter, director, and producer. His most acclaimed films include Good Will Hunting (1997), The Town (2010), and Argo (2012).

Casey Affleck is an American actor who gained respect for his ability to convey internal conflict. His performance as Lee Chandler, a surly and emotionally shut-down handyman who after the death of his brother is named guardian of his teenage nephew, in Manchester by the Sea (2016), earned him

Thomas Affleck was an American cabinetmaker considered to be outstanding among the Philadelphia craftsmen working in the Chippendale style during the 18th century. Affleck is especially noted for the elaborately carved forms produced by his shop. Probably trained in England, Affleck settled in

Ben Affleck is an American actor and filmmaker who has played leading roles in action, drama, and comedy films but who is perhaps more renowned for his work as a screenwriter, director, and producer. His most acclaimed films include Good Will Hunting (1997), The Town (2010), and Argo (2012).

Casey Affleck is an American actor who gained respect for his ability to convey internal conflict. His performance as Lee Chandler, a surly and emotionally shut-down handyman who after the death of his brother is named guardian of his teenage nephew, in Manchester by the Sea (2016), earned him

Russell Banks: His subsequent novels included Affliction (1989; film 1997), The Sweet Hereafter (1991; film 1997), and Rule of the Bone (1995). The last of these, with its clear-sighted 14-year-old protagonist, is reminiscent of J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye. In 1998 Banks published Cloudsplitter

Russell Banks: …subsequent novels included Affliction (1989; film 1997), The Sweet Hereafter (1991; film 1997), and Rule of the Bone (1995). The last of these, with its clear-sighted 14-year-old protagonist, is reminiscent of J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye. In 1998 Banks published Cloudsplitter, the fictional response of

Fay Weldon: … (1990), Growing Rich (1992), and Affliction (1993; U.S. title Trouble). Weldon’s other works included Splitting (1995), a novel about a recently divorced woman’s attempts to reconstruct herself and unite the conflicting personalities and voices in her head; Wicked Women: A Collection of Short Stories (1995); and Worst Fears (1996), in…

Christianity: The problem of suffering: The starting point for the Christian understanding of suffering is the messianic self-understanding of Jesus himself. A temptation to power and self-exaltation lay in the late Jewish promise of the coming of the Messiah–Son of Man. The Gospel According to Matthew described the temptation…

John Kenneth Galbraith: …critique of the wealth gap, The Affluent Society (1958), Galbraith faulted the “conventional wisdom” of American economic policies and called for less spending on consumer goods and more spending on government programs. In The New Industrial State (1967) he envisioned a growing similarity between “managerial” capitalism and socialism and called…

Mauritania: Relief: …the Hodh Depression, with the Affollé Anticline (a fold in which the rock strata incline downward on both sides from a central axis) lying in its centre. The third zone is formed by the Senegalese-Mauritanian sedimentary basin, which includes coastal Mauritania and the lower Sénégal River valley of the southwest.

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), in the United States, health care reform legislation signed into law by U.S. Pres. Barack Obama in March 2010, which included provisions that required most individuals to secure health insurance or pay fines, made coverage easier and less costly

Affordable Care Act cases, set of three legal cases—Florida et al. v. Department of Health and Human Services et al.; National Federation of Independent Business et al. v. Kathleen Sebelius, Secretary of Health and Human Services, et al.; and Department of Health and Human Services et al. v.

Affordable housing is housing for individuals or families with what are considered “low” incomes. Definitions of what counts as “affordable” housing vary widely and, when defined by local governments, are typically dependent on multiple local factors. In the United States, for example, the federal

James J. Gibson: …highly influential theory of “affordances,” which are qualities of an object or environment that communicate opportunities to do certain things (e.g., dark shade indicates an opportunity to get out of the sunshine; a thick cushion signals the availability of comfortable seating). According to Gibson, affordances exist naturally and are…

carbon sequestration: Carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation: Such activities could include afforestation (conversion of nonforested land to forest), reforestation (conversion of previously forested land to forest), improved forestry or agricultural practices, and revegetation. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), improved agricultural practices and forest-related mitigation activities can make a significant contribution to the…

Haiti: Plantations and enslaved people: …century—32,000 European colonists, and 24,000 affranchis (free mulattoes [people of mixed African and European descent] or Blacks). Haitian society was deeply fragmented by skin color, class, and gender. The “white” population comprised grands blancs (elite merchants and landowners, often of royal lineage), petits blancs (overseers, craftsmen, and the like), and…

affray, fighting in public in a way that endangers or alarms others. Actual violence is not necessary for the offense to occur, however, and an affray may be committed even when an individual brandishes a weapon so as to cause terror to the public. Abusive and threatening words alone will not

Denis-Auguste Affre was the archbishop of Paris and an opponent of King Louis-Philippe. Affre is remembered for his attempt to end the riots in Paris known as the June Days in 1848, which resulted in his death. Affre was ordained a priest in 1818 and became a Sulpician and a teacher of theology in

affreightment, contract for carriage of goods by water, “freight” being the price paid for the service of carriage. Such contracts are of immense importance to the world economy, forming the legal structure of the arterial traffic of the oceans. Essentially, such a contract is an agreement between

affricate, a consonant sound that begins as a stop (sound with complete obstruction of the breath stream) and concludes with a fricative (sound with incomplete closure and a sound of friction). Examples of affricates are the ch sound in English chair, which may be represented phonetically as a t

Pashtun, ethnolinguistic group residing primarily in the region that lies between the Hindu Kush in northeastern Afghanistan and the northern stretch of the Indus River in Pakistan. The Pashtun constitute the largest ethnic group of the population of Afghanistan and bore the exclusive name of

Afghan carpet, thick, heavy floor covering handwoven by Turkmen craftsmen in Afghanistan and adjacent parts of Uzbekistan. While most of the weavers could be broadly labeled Ersari Turkmen, rugs are also woven by Chub Bash, Kızıl Ayaks, and other small groups. The carpets are mostly of medium size,

Afghan hound, breed of dog developed as a hunter in the hill country of Afghanistan. It was once thought to have originated several thousand years ago in Egypt, but there is no evidence for this theory. It was brought to Europe in the late 19th century by British soldiers returning from the

Afghan interlude, (1722–30), period in Iranian history that began with the Afghan conquest of Iran and ended with the defeat and death of the Afghan ruler Ashraf. In 1722 Maḥmūd, an Afghan notable and former vassal of the Ṣafavids, attacked and captured Eṣfahān, the Ṣafavid capital in Iran. The

Kohistan: Afghan Kohistan (Kuhestan), in part highly cultivated, lies north-northeast of Kabul and extends to the Hindu Kush (mountains).

Kohistan: Afghan Kohistan (Kuhestan), in part highly cultivated, lies north-northeast of Kabul and extends to the Hindu Kush (mountains).

Pashto language, member of the Iranian division of the Indo-Iranian group of Indo-European languages. Extensive borrowing has caused Pashto to share many features of the Indo-Aryan group of the Indo-European languages as well. Originally spoken by the Pashtun people, Pashto became the national

Afghanistan: Constitutional framework: …of Afghanistan, governed by the Afghan Revolutionary Council. Political turmoil continued, marked by a third coup in September 1979, a massive invasion of troops from the Soviet Union, and the installation of a socialist government in December 1979. Another new constitution—promulgated in 1987 and revised in 1990—changed the name of…

Afghan War, in the history of Afghanistan, the internal conflict that began in 1978 between anticommunist Islamic guerrillas and the Afghan communist government (aided in 1979–89 by Soviet troops), leading to the overthrow of the government in 1992. More broadly, the term also encompasses military

Anglo-Afghan Wars, three conflicts (1839–42; 1878–80; 1919) in which Great Britain, from its base in India, sought to extend its control over neighbouring Afghanistan and to oppose Russian influence there. Following a protracted civil war that began in 1816, the Bārakzay clan became the ruling

Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī was a Muslim politician, political agitator, and journalist whose belief in the potency of a revived Islamic civilization in the face of European domination significantly influenced the development of Muslim thought in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Very little is known

Afghanistan, multiethnic landlocked country located in the heart of south-central Asia. Lying along important trade routes connecting southern and eastern Asia to Europe and the Middle East, Afghanistan has long been a prize sought by empire builders, and for millennia great armies have attempted

Afghanistan War, international conflict in Afghanistan beginning in 2001 that was triggered by the September 11 attacks and consisted of three phases. The first phase—toppling the Taliban (the ultraconservative political and religious faction that ruled Afghanistan and provided sanctuary for

Afghanistan: Finance of Afghanistan: …bank in the country, the Bank of Afghanistan, became the centre of the formal banking system. It formerly played an important role in determining and implementing the country’s financial policies. Traditionally, private money traders provide nearly all the services of a commercial bank. The currency, the afghani, underwent rampant inflation…

vertically striped black-red-green national flag with a central coat of arms. Its width-to-length ratio is 1 to 2.Since the early 20th century, Afghanistan has had numerous national flags. In 1928 Amānullāh Khan, having just returned from a trip to Europe, was determined to introduce modern

Afghanistan: History: Variations of the word Afghan may be as old as a 3rd-century-ce Sāsānian reference to “Abgan.” The earliest Muslim reference to the Afghans probably dates to 982, but tribes related to the modern Afghans have lived in the region for many generations. For millennia…

Afghanistan, multiethnic landlocked country located in the heart of south-central Asia. Lying along important trade routes connecting southern and eastern Asia to Europe and the Middle East, Afghanistan has long been a prize sought by empire builders, and for millennia great armies have attempted

American Film Institute (AFI), U.S. national arts organization dedicated to the preservation and advancement of the moving image as an art form. The AFI oversees an extensive operation that maintains archives and databases, trains young professionals in film and television production, and operates

American Film Institute: AFI 100 Greatest American Films of All Time: …a project to rank the 100 greatest American movies of all time. The 1,500 judges selected to rank the films were leaders in the American film community, including critics, filmmakers, historians, and movie executives. Of the top 100 films selected on the basis of critical recognition, major award wins, popularity…

American Film Institute: AFI festivals and awards: …most prominent of these is AFI Fest, which began in 1987 as the AFI Los Angeles International Film Festival and is held annually in Los Angeles. The Silver Theatre hosts the AFI European Union Film Showcase and the AFI Latin American Film Festival.

blood disease: Afibrinogenemia: Afibrinogenemia, or hypofibrinogenemia, refers to a reduction in the amount of the clotting factor fibrinogen in the blood. This is seen in rare instances as an inherited disorder, but more commonly it is found as part of the syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation (see…

Ile-Ife: …of modern Ile-Ife is the afin (“palace”) of the present ooni, the spiritual head of the Yoruba people, who has custody of the sacred staff of Oranmiyan (Oranyan), an 18-foot (5.5-metre) granite monolith in the shape of an elephant’s tusk. The palace compound is also the site of the Ife…

dactyloscopy: …countries use such systems, called automated fingerprint identification systems (AFIS), to search rapidly through millions of digitized fingerprint records. Fingerprints recognized by AFIS are examined by a fingerprint analyst before a positive identification or match is made.

Mali: 2012 coup and warfare in the north: …UN-backed force, known as the African-led International Support Mission in Mali (AFISMA), was not expected to occur until well into 2013.

Australian rules football: Rise of the Victorian Football League: The depression of 1893–95 caused attendance at games to decline, and the VFA proposed a revenue-sharing scheme to assist struggling clubs. Leading clubs, which wanted more control over the game, opposed the scheme. In 1896 those eight leading clubs—Melbourne, Essendon, Geelong, Collingwood,…

American Federation of Labor (AFL), federation of North American labour unions that was founded in 1886 under the leadership of Samuel Gompers as the successor to the Federation of Organized Trades (1881), which had replaced the Knights of Labor (KOL) as the most powerful industrial union of the

American Football League (AFL), American major professional gridiron football league that was founded in 1959 and began play in 1960 as a rival of the National Football League (NFL). The American Football League (AFL) competed for the attention of fans and challenged the prominence of the NFL in

Australian rules football: Football and its fans: …league’s championship, known as the Grand Final, began in 1898 and starting in 1904 was held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG). It became, after the Melbourne Cup horse race, the most significant sporting and cultural event on Victoria’s annual calendar. The league’s popularity continued to rise, particularly with the…

AFL–CIO, American federation of autonomous labour unions formed in 1955 by the merger of the AFL (founded 1886), which originally organized workers in craft unions, and the CIO (founded 1935), which organized workers by industries. Founded in 1881, the Federation of Organized Trades was the

Super Bowl, in U.S. professional football, the championship game of the National Football League (NFL), played by the winners of the league’s American Football Conference and National Football Conference each January or February. The game is hosted by a different city each year. (Read Walter Camp’s

Oman: Plant and animal life: …channels known as aflāj (singular: falaj). The channels often run underground and originate in wells near mountain bases. The aflāj collectively were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2006.

Michel ʿAflaq was a social and political leader who played a major role in the Arab nationalist movement during and after World War II. ʿAflaq first saw nationalism as centring upon the issue of imperialism; he especially resented the French, who after World War I (1914–18) held a mandate over

Michel ʿAflaq was a social and political leader who played a major role in the Arab nationalist movement during and after World War II. ʿAflaq first saw nationalism as centring upon the issue of imperialism; he especially resented the French, who after World War I (1914–18) held a mandate over

aflatoxin, Complex of toxins formed by molds of the genus Aspergillus, which frequently contaminate improperly stored nuts (especially peanuts), grains, meals, and certain other foods. Discovered after an outbreak of “turkey X disease” in England in 1960, aflatoxins may cause liver disease and

virus: Infectious patterns: …have also been linked to acute flaccid myelitis, a polio-like disease characterized by sudden muscle weakness and paralysis.

Ray Davies: Life as a Kink: However, after that tour the American Federation of Musicians (the labour union representing musicians) denied the Kinks permits to perform in the U.S. for four years. No official reason was given, but it was believed that the ban stemmed from a backstage fight with a producer while the Kinks were…

Canada: Indigenous affairs: …National Indian Brotherhood (now the Assembly of First Nations), while Métis and nonstatus Indians were represented by the Native Council of Canada. These and other organizations advocated policies including aboriginal rights (recognized in the Constitution Act [Canada Act] of 1982), improved education, and economic development. In 1983 a government report…

Nollywood: Digital era (2010s– ): New Nollywood after 2009: …up by directors such as Kunle Afolayan, Kemi Adetiba, and Tunde Kelani to improve the quality of Nigerian cinema. By the 2010s there was a renewed interest in fresh, creative plots with well-written dialogue, as well as in procuring better equipment to improve the visual quality of movies. Afolayan’s 2009…

Afonso I was the first king of Portugal (1139–85), who conquered Santarém and Lisbon from the Muslims (1147) and secured Portuguese independence from Leon (1139). Alfonso VI, emperor of Leon, had granted the county of Portugal to Afonso’s father, Henry of Burgundy, who successfully defended it

Afonso I was the first king of Portugal (1139–85), who conquered Santarém and Lisbon from the Muslims (1147) and secured Portuguese independence from Leon (1139). Alfonso VI, emperor of Leon, had granted the county of Portugal to Afonso’s father, Henry of Burgundy, who successfully defended it

Afonso I was the ruler of Kongo (historical kingdom in west-central Africa) and the first of a line of Portuguese vassal kings that lasted until the early 20th century. He is sometimes called “The Apostle of Kongo” for his role in making Kongo a Christian kingdom. Nothing is known of his early

Afonso I was the ruler of Kongo (historical kingdom in west-central Africa) and the first of a line of Portuguese vassal kings that lasted until the early 20th century. He is sometimes called “The Apostle of Kongo” for his role in making Kongo a Christian kingdom. Nothing is known of his early

Afonso II was the third king of Portugal (1211–23), under whom the reconquest of the south from the Muslims was continued. Afonso II was the son of King Sancho I and Queen Dulcia, daughter of Ramón Berenguer IV of Barcelona. His obesity seems to have been caused by illness in his youth, and he was

Afonso III was the fifth king of Portugal (1248–79), who supplanted his brother, King Sancho II, and completed the reconquest of the Algarve from the Muslims. The younger son of Afonso II and Urraeca, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile, Afonso emigrated and became, by marriage, count of Boulogne.

Afonso IV was the seventh king of Portugal (1325–57). Afonso IV was the son of King Dinis and of Isabella, daughter of Peter II of Aragon. Afonso resented his father’s generosity toward two illegitimate sons and in 1320 demanded to be given power, remaining in open revolt until May 1322. His mother