Afonso V was the 10th king of Portugal (1438–81), known as the African from his campaigns in Morocco. The son of King Edward (Duarte) and Queen Leonor, daughter of King Ferdinand I of Aragon, Afonso succeeded to the throne at the age of six. In 1440 his mother was deprived of the regency by his

Afonso IV was the seventh king of Portugal (1325–57). Afonso IV was the son of King Dinis and of Isabella, daughter of Peter II of Aragon. Afonso resented his father’s generosity toward two illegitimate sons and in 1320 demanded to be given power, remaining in open revolt until May 1322. His mother

Afonso I was the first king of Portugal (1139–85), who conquered Santarém and Lisbon from the Muslims (1147) and secured Portuguese independence from Leon (1139). Alfonso VI, emperor of Leon, had granted the county of Portugal to Afonso’s father, Henry of Burgundy, who successfully defended it

Afonso II was the third king of Portugal (1211–23), under whom the reconquest of the south from the Muslims was continued. Afonso II was the son of King Sancho I and Queen Dulcia, daughter of Ramón Berenguer IV of Barcelona. His obesity seems to have been caused by illness in his youth, and he was

Afonso V was the 10th king of Portugal (1438–81), known as the African from his campaigns in Morocco. The son of King Edward (Duarte) and Queen Leonor, daughter of King Ferdinand I of Aragon, Afonso succeeded to the throne at the age of six. In 1440 his mother was deprived of the regency by his

Afonso IV was the seventh king of Portugal (1325–57). Afonso IV was the son of King Dinis and of Isabella, daughter of Peter II of Aragon. Afonso resented his father’s generosity toward two illegitimate sons and in 1320 demanded to be given power, remaining in open revolt until May 1322. His mother

Afonso I was the first king of Portugal (1139–85), who conquered Santarém and Lisbon from the Muslims (1147) and secured Portuguese independence from Leon (1139). Alfonso VI, emperor of Leon, had granted the county of Portugal to Afonso’s father, Henry of Burgundy, who successfully defended it

Afonso II was the third king of Portugal (1211–23), under whom the reconquest of the south from the Muslims was continued. Afonso II was the son of King Sancho I and Queen Dulcia, daughter of Ramón Berenguer IV of Barcelona. His obesity seems to have been caused by illness in his youth, and he was

Afonso de Albuquerque was a Portuguese soldier, conqueror of Goa (1510) in India and of Melaka (1511) on the Malay Peninsula. His program to gain control of all the main maritime trade routes of the East and to build permanent fortresses with settled populations laid the foundations of Portuguese

Afonso V was the 10th king of Portugal (1438–81), known as the African from his campaigns in Morocco. The son of King Edward (Duarte) and Queen Leonor, daughter of King Ferdinand I of Aragon, Afonso succeeded to the throne at the age of six. In 1440 his mother was deprived of the regency by his

Afonso VI was the king of Portugal, whose reign was marked by internal disputes between his partisans and those of his brother Pedro. Afonso succeeded his father, John IV, in 1656, but his mother acted as regent until 1662. His reign saw a series of victories against Spain, including the battles of

Afonso I was the ruler of Kongo (historical kingdom in west-central Africa) and the first of a line of Portuguese vassal kings that lasted until the early 20th century. He is sometimes called “The Apostle of Kongo” for his role in making Kongo a Christian kingdom. Nothing is known of his early

Latin American dance: Brazil: …and maracatus from Pernambuco and afoxé and bloco afro from Salvador. The oldest of the Afro-Brazilian afoxé groups, Filhos de Gandhy, was founded in the 1940s as a way to exhibit themes of brotherhood, peace, and tolerance within an environment that was rife with discrimination. This group organized an all-male…

cancer: Molecular evaluation: …pancreatic or gastrointestinal cancers; and alpha-fetoprotein and chorionic gonadotropin, which can indicate testicular cancer. The diagnostic tests that are necessary to identify genetic alterations and tumor markers and thereby predict the efficacy of a drug are sometimes referred to as companion diagnostics.

Agence France-Presse (AFP), French cooperative news agency, one of the world’s great wire news services. It is based in Paris, where it was founded under its current name in 1944, but its roots go to the Bureau Havas, which was created in 1832 by Charles-Louis Havas, who translated reports from

Thakin Than Tun: …was general secretary of the Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League (AFPFL).

Aphraates was a Syrian ascetic and the earliest-known Christian writer of the Syriac church in Persia. Aphraates became a convert to Christianity during the reign of the anti-Christian Persian king Shāpūr II (309–379), after which he led a monastic life, possibly at the Monastery of St. Matthew

Afram River, river, in southern Ghana, western Africa. It rises 16 miles (26 km) northwest of Mampong and flows southeast into Lake Volta (formerly the Afram was a tributary of the Volta River). The Afram is about 55 miles (90 km) long. The river is important for fishing, despite its running dry

tanker: Aframax. The maximum size of vessel to use the Average Freight Rate Assessment method for calculating shipping rates, these tankers are around 240 metres (790 feet) long and have capacities of 80,000 to 120,000 dwt. They carry roughly 500,000 to 800,000 barrels. Panamax. The maximum…

grains of paradise, pungent seeds of Aframomum melegueta, a reedlike plant of the family Zingiberaceae. Grains of paradise have long been used as a spice and traditionally as a medicine. The wine known as hippocras was flavoured with them and with ginger and cinnamon. The plant is native to

Spain: The French invasion and the War of Independence, 1808–14: These groups became convinced afrancesados, as members of the pro-French party were pejoratively called. Relying on their support, Napoleon entirely underestimated the possibility of popular resistance to the occupation of Spain by French armies. Although the uprising of May 2, 1808, in Madrid was suppressed, local uprisings against the…

Lucius Afranius was a Roman general, a devoted adherent of Pompey the Great. Afranius’s hometown, Picenum, was a Pompeian stronghold. He served under Pompey against Sertorius and then held a praetorship and a command in a Gallic province, where he earned a triumph. He again served under Pompey as a

Afro-Asiatic languages, languages of common origin found in the northern part of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and some islands and adjacent areas in Western Asia. About 250 Afro-Asiatic languages are spoken today by a total of approximately 250 million people. Numbers of speakers per language

Sierra Leone: Civil war: …for the coup, formed the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), which included members of the RUF, to rule the country; President Kabbah was sent into exile. The AFRC met with increasing resistance on all fronts: domestically, its troops were engaged in battle with militia forces loyal to Kabbah’s government; internationally,…

ifrit, in Islamic mythology and folklore, a class of powerful malevolent supernatural beings. The exact meaning of the term ifrit in the earliest sources is difficult to determine. It does not occur in pre-Islamic poetry and is only used once in the Qurʾān, in the phrase “the ifrit of the jinn”

classical scholarship: Renaissance humanism: …vernacular poetry his Latin epic Africa, a skillful imitation of the Roman poets. Like almost everyone before Politian, Petrarch knew little or no Greek (on the manuscript of Homer that he possessed, see above, Greek in the West). Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–75) also looked actively for ancient manuscripts and actively forwarded…

Africa, the second largest continent (after Asia), covering about one-fifth of the total land surface of Earth. The continent is bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, on the north by the Mediterranean Sea, on the east by the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, and on the south by the mingling waters

Africa, in ancient Roman history, the first North African territory of Rome, at times roughly corresponding to modern Tunisia. It was acquired in 146 bce after the destruction of Carthage at the end of the Third Punic War. Initially, the province comprised the territory that had been subject to

Robert Motherwell: …that such paintings as “Africa” (1964–65; Baltimore Museum of Art) look like enlarged details of elegant calligraphy, while “Indian Summer, #2” (1962–64) combines the bravura brushwork typical of Abstract Expressionism with the broad areas of evenly applied colour characteristic of the then-emerging Colour Field Painting style. By the end…

Africa Cup of Nations, the most prestigious football (soccer) competition in Africa. It is contested by national teams and is organized by the Confédération Africaine de Football (CAF). The competition’s format has changed over time, with the number of teams increasing from 3 in 1957 to, after

The Africa Cup of Nations (also called the African Cup of Nations) has been awarded more than 30 times since its inception in 1957, but no team has won the football (soccer) competition more than the Egyptian national team. The Africa Cup of Nations, or AFCON, the most prestigious football

Damon Albarn: …in 2006 he founded the Africa Express, an initiative that fostered cross-fertilization between African and Western performers. Albarn joined with Nigerian drummer Tony Allen (formerly of Fela Kuti’s band) on the albums The Good, the Bad & the Queen (2007), recorded by an ensemble that also featured former Clash bassist…

World Malaria Day, annual observance held on April 25 to raise awareness of the global effort to control and ultimately eradicate malaria. World Malaria Day, which was first held in 2008, developed from Africa Malaria Day, an event that had been observed since 2001 by African governments. The

Maghreb, region of North Africa bordering the Mediterranean Sea. The Africa Minor of the ancients, it at one time included Moorish Spain and now comprises essentially the Atlas Mountains and the coastal plain of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. The weather of the Maghreb is characterized by

Africa: …what Caesar had designated as Africa Nova (“New Africa”)—the old kingdoms of Numidia and Mauretania—so that the province’s western boundary was the Ampsaga (modern Rhumel) River in modern northeastern Algeria. The province generally retained those dimensions until the late 2nd century ce, when a new province of Numidia, created in…

Italian East Africa, group of Italian possessions in eastern Africa in the period 1936–41. It comprised Ethiopia (annexed by Italy on May 9, 1936, and proclaimed a part of Italian East Africa June 1) together with the Italian colonies of Eritrea and Italian Somaliland (now part of Somalia). Italy’s

Youssou N’Dour: …career, and his 34th album, Africa Rekk, was released in 2016. His later works included History (2019), which features reworkings of his earlier music. The Japan Art Association awarded N’Dour the Praemium Imperiale for music in 2017, a prize recognizing lifetime achievement in fields not usually covered by the Nobel…

Santana: …Isley Brothers; and the acclaimed Africa Speaks (2019), which featured the vocals of flamenco-fusion artist Buika and was produced by Rick Rubin.

Africa: …combined the old province of Africa Vetus (“Old Africa”) with what Caesar had designated as Africa Nova (“New Africa”)—the old kingdoms of Numidia and Mauretania—so that the province’s western boundary was the Ampsaga (modern Rhumel) River in modern northeastern Algeria. The province generally retained those dimensions until the late 2nd…

Horn of Africa, region of eastern Africa. It is the easternmost extension of African land and for the purposes of this article is defined as the region that is home to the countries of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia, whose cultures have been linked throughout their long history. Other

Édouard Maunick: Maunick’s later collections include Africaines du temps jadis (1976; “African Women of Times Gone By”) and En mémoire du mémorable suivi de Jusqu’en terre Yoruba (1979; “A Memory of the Memorable, Followed by As Far as the Land of the Yoruba”).

Félix Houphouët-Boigny: …as a cofounder of the African Agricultural Syndicate, formed by disgruntled African planters (1944) to protect their interests against European settlers. In the first Côte d’Ivoire elections (1945) he was elected a deputy to the French National Assembly and was easily reelected in 1946. That year he also founded the…

African American English (AAE), a language variety that has also been identified at different times in dialectology and literary studies as Black English, black dialect, and Negro (nonstandard) English. Since the late 1980s, the term has been used ambiguously, sometimes with reference to only

African American folktale, storytelling tradition that evolved among enslaved African Americans in the 18th and 19th centuries. When slaves arrived in the New World from Africa in the 1700s and 1800s, they brought with them a vast oral tradition. The details and characters of the stories evolved

Black History Month, monthlong commemoration of African American history and achievement that takes place each February in the United States. It was begun in 1976. The idea for a Black History Month was first conceived by the historian Carter G. Woodson and members of his Association for the Study

African American literature, body of literature written by Americans of African descent. Beginning in the pre-Revolutionary War period, African American writers have engaged in a creative, if often contentious, dialogue with American letters. The result is a literature rich in expressive subtlety

Black theater, in the United States, a dramatic movement encompassing plays written by, for, and about African Americans. The minstrel shows of the early 19th century are believed by some to be the roots of Black theater, but they initially were written by white people, acted by white performers in

Ebonics, dialect of American English spoken by a large proportion of African Americans. Many scholars hold that Ebonics, like several English creoles, developed from contacts between nonstandard varieties of colonial English and African languages. Its exact origins continue to be debated, however,

African Americans, one of the largest of the many ethnic groups in the United States. African Americans are mainly of African ancestry, but many have non-Black ancestors as well. African Americans are largely the descendants of enslaved people who were brought from their African homelands by force

From the beginnings of the sport in the United States, and particularly from the early 19th century, African Americans have made significant contributions to horse racing. Organized horse racing dates from the second half of the 17th century in North America. It became a major pastime for wealthy

aardvark, (Orycteropus afer), stocky African mammal found south of the Sahara Desert in savanna and semiarid areas. The name aardvark—Afrikaans for “earth pig”—refers to its piglike face and burrowing habits. The aardvark weighs up to 65 kg (145 pounds) and measures up to 2.2 metres (7.2 feet)

African architecture, the architecture of Africa, particularly of sub-Saharan Africa. In North Africa, where Islam and Christianity had a significant influence, architecture predominates among the visual arts. Included here are the magnificent mosques built of mud in Djenné and Mopti in Mali, the

osteoglossomorph: Life cycle and reproduction: The African arowana (Heterotis niloticus) prepares a crude nest from grasses in newly flooded swamp plains. The male guards the young and leads them from the nest on feeding excursions. Both sexes of Arapaima gigas of South America dig a spawning pit and guard the developing…

African art, the visual arts of native Africa, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, including such media as sculpture, painting, pottery, rock art, textiles, masks, personal decoration, and jewelry. For more general explorations of media, see individual media articles (e.g., painting, sculpture,

African arts, the visual, performing, and literary arts of native Africa, particularly those of sub-Saharan Africa. The African arts are treated in a number of articles; see African literature; South African literature; African architecture; African art; African dance; African music; and African

asparagus: Other species: aethiopicus), African asparagus fern (or bridal creeper, A. asparagoides), and asparagus fern (A. densiflorus) are grown for their attractive lacy foliage and are common ornamentals.

baobab: The African baobab (A. digitata) boasts the oldest known angiosperm tree: carbon-14 dating places the age of a specimen in Namibia at about 1,275 years. Known as the “Tree of Life,” the species is found throughout the drier regions of Africa and features a water-storing trunk…

black duck: African black duck (A. sparsa), of sub-Saharan Africa, is not a close relative. It dives more than other dabbling ducks and is less social. Some authorities consider it a link with the perching duck group.

black rhinoceros, (Diceros bicornis), the third largest rhinoceros and one of two African species of rhinoceros. The black rhinoceros typically weighs between 700 and 1,300 kg (1,500 and 2,900 pounds); males are the same size as females. It stands 1.5 metres (5 feet) high at the shoulder and is 3.5

black rhinoceros, (Diceros bicornis), the third largest rhinoceros and one of two African species of rhinoceros. The black rhinoceros typically weighs between 700 and 1,300 kg (1,500 and 2,900 pounds); males are the same size as females. It stands 1.5 metres (5 feet) high at the shoulder and is 3.5

pangolin: Some pangolins, such as the African black-bellied pangolin (Manis longicaudata, also classified as Phataginus tetradactyla) and the Chinese pangolin (M. pentadactyla), are almost entirely arboreal; others, such as the giant ground pangolin (M. gigantea, also classified as Smutsia gigantea) of Africa, are terrestrial. All are nocturnal and able to swim…

African Blood Brotherhood (ABB), American black liberation group active in the post-World War I period that advocated the position that socialist revolution was possible within the context of race politics and working-class unity. The African Blood Brotherhood (ABB) was based on the ideas of both

African Blood Brotherhood (ABB), American black liberation group active in the post-World War I period that advocated the position that socialist revolution was possible within the context of race politics and working-class unity. The African Blood Brotherhood (ABB) was based on the ideas of both

Cape buffalo, (Syncerus caffer caffer), the largest and most formidable of Africa’s wild bovids (family Bovidae) and a familiar sight to visitors of African parks and reserves. The Cape buffalo is the only member of the buffalo and cattle tribe (Bovini) that occurs naturally in Africa. (The forest,

African bullfrog, (Pyxicephalus adspersus), species of large frog (family Pyxicephalidae) that is found mainly in Southern Africa. African bullfrogs live in many different habitats, including grasslands, shrublands, freshwater lakes, marshes, and farmland. The animals are sometimes kept as pets.

African bush elephant, (Loxodonta africana), one of two living species of African elephants (genus Loxodonta) and the largest of all living elephant species. The African bush elephant is also Earth’s largest living land animal, and it is one of the world’s most famous, being renowned globally for

osteoglossomorph: General features: …the arowana [Scleropages], and the butterfly fish [Pantodon]) in Africa, South America, and Australasia (believed by many authorities to have once been joined as a single landmass called Gondwana) is of particular zoogeographical interest.

Edward Hoagland: …Journal from British Columbia (1969), African Calliope: A Journey to the Sudan (1979), Early in the Season: A British Columbia Journal (2008), and Alaskan Travels: Far-Flung Tales of Love and Adventure (2012). Perhaps his best work is his nature essays and editorials, which combine a lifelong fondness for wilderness with…

tigereye, semiprecious quartz gem displaying chatoyancy, a vertical luminescent band like that of a cat’s eye. Veins of parallel, blue asbestos (crocidolite) fibres are first altered to iron oxides and then replaced by silica. The gem has a rich yellow to yellow-brown or brown colour and, when

human rights: Human rights in Africa: … [AU] in 2002) adopted the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights. Also known as the “Banjul Charter” for having been drafted in Banjul, Gambia, it entered into force on October 21, 1986, and boasts the vast majority of the states of Africa as parties.

Camara Laye: …autobiographical novel L’Enfant noir (1953; The Dark Child) recreates nostalgically his childhood days in Guinea in a flowing, poetic prose. The life he depicts in a traditional African town is an idyllic one in which human values are paramount and the inevitable alienation from the land that accompanies Western technology…

civet: …otter civet (Cynogale bennetti), the African civet (Civettictis civetta), and the rare Congo water civet (Genetta piscivora) are semiaquatic. Civets feed on small animals and on vegetable matter. Their litters usually consist of two or three young.

clawed frog: …the African clawed frog, or platanna (X. laevis) of southern Africa, a smooth-skinned frog about 13 cm (5 inches) long. It is valuable for mosquito control, because it eats the eggs and young of those insects. Native to sub-Saharan Africa, X. laevis was introduced to the United States and Britain.…

otter: Freshwater otters: African clawless otters (Aonyx capensis) and Congo clawless otters (A. congicus or A. capensis congicus) occupy murky waterways and thus rely more on manual dexterity than on vision to obtain food (mostly crabs) from under rocks. Their front feet are handlike and partially webbed.

crossopterygian: General features: …the Coelacanthidae and named it Latimeria chalumnae. The generic name was given in honour of Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer, an associate who first brought the strange fish to his notice, whereas the species name recalls the site of its capture. Between 1952 and 2000, about 200 specimens of Latimeria were caught on…

porcupine: Old World porcupines (family Hystricidae): European populations of the African crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata) retreat into their dens during storms and cold spells, but they do not hibernate. This species lives in Italy and Sicily, where it may have been introduced by human beings, and in Britain, where it was certainly introduced.

maned rat, (Lophiomys imhausi), a long-haired and bushy-tailed East African rodent that resembles a porcupine and is named for its mane of long, coarse black-and-white-banded hairs that begins at the top of the head and extends beyond the base of the tail. The maned rat is a large rodent (up to 2.7

Africa Cup of Nations, the most prestigious football (soccer) competition in Africa. It is contested by national teams and is organized by the Confédération Africaine de Football (CAF). The competition’s format has changed over time, with the number of teams increasing from 3 in 1957 to, after

African cypress, (genus Widdringtonia), genus of four species of coniferous trees and shrubs in the cypress family (Cupressaceae), native to southern Africa. Some species produce fragrant durable yellowish or brownish wood of local importance. African cypresses are large woody plants with scalelike

African dance, performing art deeply woven into the social fabric of Africa and generally involving aspects of music and theatre as well as rhythmic bodily movement. See also African music and mask. In African societies, dance serves a complex diversity of social purposes. Within an indigenous

flag of Benin: …had been used by the African Democratic Rally—i.e., the legislators in the French National Assembly who represented French West Africa following World War II. The colours were also associated with Ethiopia, the oldest independent African state, and with the flags of contemporaneously independent Ghana (1957 flag design), Cameroon (1957), and…

African Development Bank (ADB), African organization established in 1964, operational beginning in 1966, and dedicated to financing the economic and social development of its African member countries. Its membership includes 53 African states and 24 non-African countries. ADB headquarters are in

Pan-Africanism: (African diaspora refers to the long-term historical process by which people of African descent have been scattered from their ancestral homelands to other parts of the world.) In more-general terms, Pan-Africanism is the sentiment that people of African descent have a great deal in common,…

campion: Major species: African dream root (S. undulata), native to southern Africa, has been used by diviners and shamans to induce prophetic states of lucid dreaming; it is considered sacred by the Xhosa people.

drongo: 5-inch) African drongo (D. adsimilis; perhaps the same as D. macrocercus) is common throughout sub-Saharan Africa.

dwarf crocodile, (Osteolaemus tetraspis), the world’s smallest living crocodile species, growing to a maximum length of 1.8 meters (5.9 feet) and a maximum weight of 45.4 kg (100 pounds). The species inhabits swamps and small freshwater streams in sub-Saharan western and central Africa, from Guinea

Ben Okri: Okri’s other works included An African Elegy (1992), a collection of poems that urges Africans to overcome the forces of chaos within their countries, and the long poem Mental Flight (1999). Other volumes of poetry included Wild (2012), Rise Like Lions: Poetry for the Many (2018), and A Fire…

African bush elephant, (Loxodonta africana), one of two living species of African elephants (genus Loxodonta) and the largest of all living elephant species. The African bush elephant is also Earth’s largest living land animal, and it is one of the world’s most famous, being renowned globally for

English language: African English: Africa is one of the world’s most multilingual areas, if people are measured against languages. Upon a large number of indigenous languages rests a slowly changing superstructure of world languages (Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese). The problems of language are everywhere linked with…

Burkina Faso: Finance: Burkina Faso’s currency is the CFA (Communauté Financière Africaine) franc, which has been officially pegged to the euro. It is issued by the Central Bank of West African States, an agency of the West African Economic and Monetary Union, which consists of eight countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau,…

finfoot: The African finfoot (Podica senegalensis) is the largest species, 46–53 cm (18–21 inches) long. It occurs from Senegal to the Congo basin and from Ethiopia to the Cape of Good Hope. It has bright red feet and a slate-gray neck with an ill-defined whitish stripe down…

eagle: …well-known African species is the African fish eagle (H. vocifer), found along lakes, rivers, and coastlines from south of the Sahara to the Cape of Good Hope.

African forest elephant, (Loxodonta cyclotis), one of two living species of African elephants (genus Loxodonta) and one of the world’s largest living land animals. The African forest elephant was long thought to be a subspecies of the African bush elephant (or African savanna elephant; Loxodonta

New York Manumission Society: African Free School: In 1787, before even whites had access to a free education, the New York Manumission Society opened its first African Free School, which provided free education for some 40 boys and girls in a single room. Classes focused on reading, writing, and…

African Games, international athletics (track-and-field) competition sponsored by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) and contested by athletes representing the nations of Africa. The African Games were first held in 1965, in Brazzaville, Congo, and consisted of contests

squirrel: Natural history: …squirrels (genus Ratufa) and the African giant squirrels (genus Protoxerus), rarely descend from the high canopy. Others, like the pygmy squirrel of Sulawesi (Prosciurillus murinus), travel and forage at intermediate levels between ground and canopy. Some large tropical squirrels, such as the Sulawesi giant squirrel (Rubrisciurus rubriventer) and the northern…

golden cat: …of the family Felidae: the African golden cat (Profelis aurata), or the Asian golden cat (Catopuma temminckii), also known as Temminck’s cat.

oriole: The African golden oriole (O. auratus) is similar. The maroon oriole (O. traillii) of the Himalayas to Indochina is one of the Asian species of oriole that have a glowing crimson colouring instead of the ordinary yellow one. Northern Australia has the yellow oriole (O. flavicinctus),…

jackal: …Europe to Southeast Asia, the African golden wolf (C. anthus), found in northern and eastern Africa, and the black-backed (C. mesomelas) and side-striped (C. adustus) jackals of southern and eastern Africa. Jackals grow to a length of about 85–95 cm (34–37 inches), including the 30–35-cm (12–14-inch) tail, and weigh about…

flower chafer: …the best-known member is the African goliath beetle (Goliathus giganteus). This insect is white with bold black lines on its promontum (the upper plate of the prothorax) and has brown wing covers (elytra). It may be more than 10 cm (4 inches) long and has black, leathery wings that are…