weaver ant: The African weaver ant (Oecophylla longinoda) is found in tropical forested areas of Africa, and the range of the Asian weaver ant (O. smaragdina) includes southeastern Asia, northern Australia, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. Weaver ants are used as a biological control

Magnoliales: Timber: Enantia chlorantha (African whitewood), a yellowwood from Liberia, Ivory Coast, and Cameroon, produces a sulfurous yellow dye; the wood also is used locally to make unpainted furniture and veneers. Cleistopholis patens (otu) yields a soft, light wood from western Africa that finds some of the same uses…

ass: …horse family, Equidae, especially the African wild ass (Equus africanus) sometimes referred to as the true ass. The related Asiatic wild ass, sometimes called the Asian wild ass or the half-ass (E. hemionus), is usually known by the local names of its various races: e.g., kulan (E. hemionus kulan, Mongolia)…

African wild dog, (Lycaon pictus), wild African carnivore that differs from the rest of the members of the dog family (Canidae) in having only four toes on each foot. Its coat is short, sparse, and irregularly blotched with yellow, black, and white. The African wild dog is about 76–102 cm (30–41

African wildcat, (Felis silvestris libyca), small, tabbylike cat (family Felidae) found in open and forested regions of Africa and Asia. Likely the first cat to be domesticated, the African wildcat is somewhat larger and stockier than the modern house cat, with which it interbreeds readily. Its

African Wildlife Foundation, international organization dedicated to conserving wildlife and habitats in Africa. It was founded in 1961 as the African Wildlife Leadership Foundation, Inc. Its programs include establishing reserves, conducting scientific research, training local conservationists,

African Wildlife Foundation, international organization dedicated to conserving wildlife and habitats in Africa. It was founded in 1961 as the African Wildlife Leadership Foundation, Inc. Its programs include establishing reserves, conducting scientific research, training local conservationists,

stork: The African wood stork (Ibis ibis), or yellow-billed stork, is about 100 cm (3 feet) tall, with a yellowish bill and red facial skin.

Tom Mboya: …1959 he helped found the African-American Students Foundation to raise money to send East African (originally only Kenyan) university students to the United States on charter flights, thus making it possible for many more students to study abroad.

Mali: 2012 coup and warfare in the north: …UN-backed force, known as the African-led International Support Mission in Mali (AFISMA), was not expected to occur until well into 2013.

Africanized honeybee, (Apis mellifera scutellata ×A. mellifera), hybrid honeybee resulting from the accidental release of African honeybees into the Western Hemisphere in 1957 and their subsequent crossbreeding with local European honeybees. The Africanized honeybees, known for their rigorous

Africanized honeybee, (Apis mellifera scutellata ×A. mellifera), hybrid honeybee resulting from the accidental release of African honeybees into the Western Hemisphere in 1957 and their subsequent crossbreeding with local European honeybees. The Africanized honeybees, known for their rigorous

Scipio Africanus was a Roman general noted for his victory over the Carthaginian leader Hannibal in the great Battle of Zama (202 bce), ending the Second Punic War. For his victory he won the surname Africanus (201 bce). Publius Cornelius Scipio was born into one of the great patrician families in

Scipio Africanus the Younger was a Roman general famed both for his exploits during the Third Punic War (149–146 bc) and for his subjugation of Spain (134–133 bc). He received the name Africanus and celebrated a triumph in Rome after his destruction of Carthage (146 bc). He acquired the

Sextus Julius Africanus was the first Christian historian known to produce a universal chronology. His life is not well documented, but evidence indicates that Africanus traveled considerably in Asia, Egypt, and Italy and later lived chiefly at Emmaus, in Palestine, where he served as prefect. He

Africatown, community in Mobile, Alabama, that was established by survivors of the last forced voyage of enslaved Africans to the United States. It is the only American community ever created by West Africans who had personally survived the Middle Passage. Over time, the surrounding area became

Afrocentrism, cultural and political movement whose mainly African American adherents regard themselves and all other Blacks as syncretic Africans and believe that their worldview should positively reflect traditional African values. The terms Afrocentrism, Afrocology, and Afrocentricity were

Africville, African-Canadian village formerly located just north of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Founded in the mid-18th century, Africville became a prosperous seaside community, but the City of Halifax demolished it in the 1960s in what many said was an act of racism after decades of neglect and

Afrīdī, Pashtun tribe inhabiting the hill country from the eastern spurs of the Spīn Ghar Range to northern Pakistan. The Afrīdīs, whose territory straddles the Khyber Pass, are of uncertain origin. Fighting between the Afrīdīs and the troops of the Mughal dynasty of India occurred frequently in

logistics: Staged resupply: In 1941–42 the German Afrika Korps in Libya was supplied across the Mediterranean through the small port of Tripoli and eastward over a single coastal road that had no bases or magazines and was exposed to enemy air attack—a distance of up to 1,300 miles, depending on the location…

Afrikaans language, West Germanic language of South Africa, developed from 17th-century Dutch, sometimes called Netherlandic, by the descendants of European (Dutch, German, and French) colonists, indigenous Khoisan peoples, and African and Asian slaves in the Dutch colony at the Cape of Good Hope.

South African literature: In Afrikaans: Although Afrikaans had diverged sufficiently from its parent Dutch by about 1750 to be considered a language on its own, the first Afrikaans texts were not published until more than a century later. In 1875 a group of nationally conscious men established the Association…

National Party (NP), South African political party, founded in 1914, which ruled the country from 1948 to 1994. Its following included most of the Dutch-descended Afrikaners and many English-speaking whites. The National Party was long dedicated to policies of apartheid and white supremacy, but by

Afrikaner, a South African of European descent whose native language is Afrikaans. They are descendants of the Boers. See

Afrikaner Bond, one of the first organized political parties of Cape Colony, Southern Africa, founded by the Rev. Stephanus Jacobus du Toit in 1879–80. In 1883 it amalgamated with Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr’s Boeren Beschermings Vereeniging (“Farmer’s Protection Association”). Du Toit attempted to create

Afrikaner-Broederbond, South African secret society composed of Afrikaans-speaking Protestant, white men over the age of 25. Although its political power was extensive and evident throughout South African society for many decades, its rituals and membership—by invitation only—remained secret. The

Afrikaner Bond, one of the first organized political parties of Cape Colony, Southern Africa, founded by the Rev. Stephanus Jacobus du Toit in 1879–80. In 1883 it amalgamated with Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr’s Boeren Beschermings Vereeniging (“Farmer’s Protection Association”). Du Toit attempted to create

National Party: …walked out and formed the Afrikaner Party (1941).

South Africa: Afrikaner rebellion and nationalism: When Britain declared war on Germany in 1914, South Africa’s dominion status meant that it was automatically at war, and its troops mobilized to invade German South West Africa. This sparked a rebellion led by former Boer generals, who held high-ranking…

Southern Africa: Germans in South West Africa: …1830s of the Oorlam chief Jonker Afrikaner and his well-armed followers significantly altered the regional balance of power. Responding to an appeal from the Nama, who were being driven from their grazing lands by Herero expansion, Afrikaner settled at Windhoek. By gaining control over the all-important trade routes from Walvis…

Afrikaner-Broederbond, South African secret society composed of Afrikaans-speaking Protestant, white men over the age of 25. Although its political power was extensive and evident throughout South African society for many decades, its rituals and membership—by invitation only—remained secret. The

Afrikaner-Broederbond, South African secret society composed of Afrikaans-speaking Protestant, white men over the age of 25. Although its political power was extensive and evident throughout South African society for many decades, its rituals and membership—by invitation only—remained secret. The

Out of Africa, memoir by Danish writer Isak Dinesen, published in English in 1937 and translated the same year by the author into Danish as Den afrikanske farm. It is an autobiographical account of the author’s life from 1914 to 1931 after her marriage to Baron Bror Blixen-Finecke, when she managed

Gahanbar: …rites are first celebrated: the Āfringān, being prayers of love or praise; the Bāj, prayers honoring yazatas (angels) or fravashis (guardian spirits); the Yasna, the central Zoroastrian rite, which includes the sacrifice of the sacred liquor, haoma; and the Pavi, prayers honoring God and his spirits, performed jointly by the…

French Equatorial Africa, collectively, four French territories in central Africa from 1910 to 1959. In 1960 the former territory of Ubangi-Shari (Oubangui-Chari), to which Chad (Tchad) had been attached in 1920, became the Central African Republic and the Republic of Chad; the Middle Congo

French West Africa, administrative grouping under French rule from 1895 until 1958 of the former French territories of West Africa: Senegal, French Guinea, the Ivory Coast, and the French Sudan, to which Dahomey (Benin) was added in 1899. Certain territories of the Sudan were grouped together under

ifrit, in Islamic mythology and folklore, a class of powerful malevolent supernatural beings. The exact meaning of the term ifrit in the earliest sources is difficult to determine. It does not occur in pre-Islamic poetry and is only used once in the Qurʾān, in the phrase “the ifrit of the jinn”

ifrit, in Islamic mythology and folklore, a class of powerful malevolent supernatural beings. The exact meaning of the term ifrit in the earliest sources is difficult to determine. It does not occur in pre-Islamic poetry and is only used once in the Qurʾān, in the phrase “the ifrit of the jinn”

East African mountains: Soils: …dark peaty loams of the Afro-Alpine zone and the strong brown loams of high organic content in the forest belt, to the ferruginous (iron-bearing) soils of the lower slopes. Volcanic material presents a range from the unaltered rock of the most recent eruptions to the well-developed fertile soils on surfaces…

African Americans, one of the largest of the many ethnic groups in the United States. African Americans are mainly of African ancestry, but many have non-Black ancestors as well. African Americans are largely the descendants of enslaved people who were brought from their African homelands by force

William Grant Still: …was best known for his Afro-American Symphony (1931).

Malcolm X: Final years and legacy: In 1965 he founded the Organization of Afro-American Unity as a secular vehicle to internationalize the plight of Black Americans and to make common cause with the people of the developing world—to move from civil rights to human rights.

East African Rift System, one of the most extensive rifts on Earth’s surface, extending from Jordan in southwestern Asia southward through eastern Africa to Mozambique. The system is some 4,000 miles (6,400 km) long and averages 30–40 miles (48–64 km) wide. The system consists of two branches. The

continental shield: The African Shield, sometimes called the Ethiopian Shield, extends eastward to include western Saudi Arabia and the eastern half of Madagascar.

Afro-Asiatic languages, languages of common origin found in the northern part of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and some islands and adjacent areas in Western Asia. About 250 Afro-Asiatic languages are spoken today by a total of approximately 250 million people. Numbers of speakers per language

Brazil: Ethnic groups: …to by outside scholars as Afro-Brazilians) can be further characterized as pardos (of mixed ethnicities) or pretos (entirely African); the latter term is usually used to refer to those with the darkest skin colour. Although skin colour is the main basis of the distinction between pardo and preto, this distinction…

dance: World dance: The many Afro-Caribbean dance forms are usually considered to constitute a distinct form because they share certain characteristic movements. As in Indian dance, the legs are frequently bent, with the feet stamping out rhythms against the ground. The torso and back are also very mobile, executing sinuous…

Cuba: Occupation by the United States: …was effectively racist and eliminated Afro-Cubans from politics. The Platt Amendment (1901) gave the United States the right to oversee Cuba’s international commitments, economy, and internal affairs and to establish a naval station at Guantánamo Bay on the island’s southeastern coast. Most of its provisions were repealed in 1934, but…

Latin American dance: Cuba: Afro-Cuban ritual dances form a huge group of Cuban dances and reflect the four main groups of Africans that were transported to Cuba: the Kongo-Angola of west-central Africa, Arará (as they are known in Cuba, descendants of Fon and other ethnic groups from what are…

Latin jazz, a style of music that blends rhythms and percussion instruments of Cuba and the Spanish Caribbean with jazz and its fusion of European and African musical elements. Latin jazz was the result of a long process of interaction between American and Cuban music styles. In New Orleans around

Latin jazz: Norman Granz recorded the successful Afro-Cuban Jazz Suite, which featured the Machito orchestra along with soloists Charlie Parker on alto saxophone, Buddy Rich on drums, Flip Phillips on tenor saxophone, and Harry (“Sweets”) Edison on trumpet, with arrangements by Arturo (“Chico”) O’Farrill. Musicians in Cuba, led by pianists Frank Emilio…

percussion instrument: The Americas: …of Nigeria are played in Cuba; the claves, a pair of cylindrical percussion sticks of Haiti and Cuba, are standard equipment in Western rhythm bands. The xylophone may already have entered the Western Hemisphere in pre-Columbian times. Known chiefly as the marimba, it has been accepted in Western musical culture.…

Tanzania: Political process: …colony to independence, and the Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP) of Zanzibar, which had taken power after a coup in 1964, merged to form the Revolutionary Party (Chama cha Mapinduzi; CCM), and a new constitution was adopted the same year. Prior to the 1992 amendment, the CCM dominated all aspects of political…

Afro-Asiatic languages, languages of common origin found in the northern part of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and some islands and adjacent areas in Western Asia. About 250 Afro-Asiatic languages are spoken today by a total of approximately 250 million people. Numbers of speakers per language

Afrocentrism, cultural and political movement whose mainly African American adherents regard themselves and all other Blacks as syncretic Africans and believe that their worldview should positively reflect traditional African values. The terms Afrocentrism, Afrocology, and Afrocentricity were

Isabel Allende: …recetas, y otros afrodisíacos (1997; Aphrodite: A Memoir of the Senses), shared her personal knowledge of aphrodisiacs and includes family recipes. Mi país inventado (2003; My Invented Country) recounted her self-imposed exile after the September 11, 1973, revolution in Chile and her feelings about her adopted country, the United States—where…

Afrofuturism, cultural movement blending art, science, and technology with African and African diasporic history and culture, reimagining the Black experience and envisioning alternate empowered futures through speculative and innovative lenses in art, film, television, writing, and music.

Antwerp Zoo: …then newly discovered okapi and Congo peafowl. In 1936 the zoo acquired 36 hectares (90 acres) in Planckendael on which it later developed a breeding station for endangered species such as the bongo antelope and Indian rhinoceros.

ape: the modern apes are Proconsul, Afropithecus, Dryopithecus, and Sivapithecus, the latter being a possible ancestor of the orangutan.

primate: Eocene: …Quercy deposits of France, and Afrotarsius chatrathi, from the Fayum of Egypt, are likely to contain the ancestor of the modern genus Tarsius. The tarsier is indeed a “living fossil” (in the best sense of that overworked term), and teeth referred to the modern genus Tarsius are known from the…

Ethiopian region, one of the major land areas of the world defined on the basis of its characteristic animal life. Part of the Paleotropical, or Afro-Tethyan, realm, it encompasses Africa south of the Sahara and the southwestern tip of Arabia. The island of Madagascar is part of the separate

radio: American radio goes to war: …were programs produced by the Armed Forces Radio Service (AFRS), a wartime unit that broadcast on shortwave and sent recorded transcriptions of the shows to low-powered radio stations at outposts around the world. The AFRS also sent specially edited versions of popular network shows that had already been broadcast. Its…

James Turrell: For the groundbreaking work Afrum-Proto (1966), Turrell projected high-intensity tungsten light into a shadowed corner, creating the illusion of a floating cube, and in the series Mendota Stoppages (1969–74), he cut the walls of the derelict Mendota Hotel, Ocean Park, California, to stream calibrated shafts of light into dark…

American Friends Service Committee, organization to promote peace and reconciliation through programs of social service and public information, founded by American and Canadian Friends (Quakers) in 1917. In World War I, the AFSC helped conscientious objectors to find work in relief projects and

American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME), American union representing a wide variety of public- and private-sector employees including local and state government workers, hospital workers, university employees, teachers, and other public school workers. Almost all

Iran: The Afghan interlude: Nādr, an Afshārid Turkmen from northern Khorāsān, was eventually able to reunite Iran, a process he began on behalf of the Safavid prince Ṭahmāsp II (reigned 1722–32), who had escaped the Afghans. After Nādr had cleared the country of Afghans, Ṭahmāsp made him governor of a large…

IJsselmeer: …building of a dam (Afsluitdijk; completed 1932) separating the IJsselmeer from both the Waddenzee (the northern part of the former Zuiderzee) and the North Sea.

Hegelianism: Anti-Hegelian criticism: …his Afsluttende uvidenskabelig Efterskrift (1846; Concluding Unscientific Postscript)—Kierkegaard waged a continuous polemic against the philosophy of Hegel. He regarded Hegel as motivated by the spirit of the harmonious dialectical conciliation of every opposition and as committed to imposing universal and panlogistic resolutions upon the authentic antinomies of life. Kierkegaard saw…

American Federation of Teachers (AFT), U.S. trade union for classroom educators, school personnel, and public employees. It was formed in 1916 as an affiliate of the American Federation of Labor (see AFL–CIO). Through collective bargaining and teachers’ strikes, it has obtained for its members

Afṭasid dynasty, Muslim Berber dynasty that ruled one of the party kingdoms (ṭāʾifahs) at Badajoz in western Spain (1022–94) in the period of disunity after the demise of the Umayyad caliphate of Córdoba. The Lower Frontier (modern central Portugal) had enjoyed a measure of autonomy after the death

Aftenposten, daily newspaper published in Oslo. It is one of the leading newspapers in Norway and in all of Scandinavia. It was established in 1860 by Christian Schibsted and played a significant role in developing a sense of Norwegian nationhood. Noted from its founding for the strength of its

Gregory Maguire: His later books include After Alice (2015), which was inspired by Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland; Hiddensee: A Tale of the Once and Future Nutcracker (2017); and A Wild Winter Swan (2020), a reimagining of the fairy tale “The Wild Swans” by Hans Christian Andersen. In 2021 Maguire…

Robert Frost: North of Boston and fame: …Man,” “Home Burial,” and “After Apple-Picking.” In London, Frost’s name was frequently mentioned by those who followed the course of modern literature, and soon American visitors were returning home with news of this unknown poet who was causing a sensation abroad. The Boston poet Amy Lowell traveled to England…

George Steiner: …wrote in several languages, and After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation (1975) is perhaps his most ambitious work. In 1996 Steiner published No Passion Spent: Essays 1978–1995, about language and its relation to both religion and literature.

Grace Slick: Jefferson Airplane: After Bathing at Baxter’s, released in 1968, received mostly positive reviews from critics, though it was seen as a commercial disappointment. That same year Crown of Creation was a commercial and critical success, reaching number six on the Billboard pop chart. It showed the band…

After Dark, series of interactive screensaver software created by the American software company Berkeley Systems from the late 1980s to the mid-1990s. The series later developed into a collection of games and gained a large cult following. The original After Dark software allowed users to apply

Haruki Murakami: Works: …Shore) and Afutā dāku (2004; After Dark). 1Q84 (2009), its title a reference to George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-four (1949), shifts between two characters as they navigate an alternate reality of their own making; the book’s dystopian themes range from the September 11 attacks to vigilante justice. Shikisai o motanai Tazaki

Jim Thompson: After Dark, My Sweet (1955), considered one of Thompson’s best works, presents a mentally imbalanced narrator who becomes embroiled in a kidnapping scheme with his lover but kills himself rather than harm her.

M. Night Shyamalan: …The Last Airbender (2010), and After Earth (2013), were widely panned by critics. However, he was able to reestablish his reputation for good storytelling and compelling character development in The Visit (2015) and Split (2016), the latter being a sequel to Unbreakable.

Tenzing Norgay: After Everest (1978), as told to Malcolm Barnes, tells of his travels after the Everest ascent and his directorship of the Field Training Himalayan Mountaineering Institute in Darjeeling, which the Indian government established in 1954. Tenzing: Hero of Everest (2003), a biography of Tenzing Norgay…

Dannie Abse: …his first book of verse, After Every Green Thing (1949), in a declamatory style. Walking Under Water (1952) followed. He established his mature voice and his reputation with Tenants of the House (1957), in which he addressed moral and political concerns with parables. Poems, Golders Green (1962) explores the poet’s…

Robert O. Keohane: In his best-known work, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (1984), Keohane accepted the neorealist premise that states are rational egoists but argued that the pursuit of self-interest can lead to cooperation. He further disputed the neorealist claim that interstate cooperation can exist only when…

Joan Didion: …the essays constituting the volume After Henry (1992; also published as Sentimental Journeys).

Martin Scorsese: Films of the 1980s: Raging Bull, The King of Comedy, and The Color of Money: After Hours (1985) was a minor but amusing diversion, with Griffin Dunne as a mild-mannered office worker who finds himself imperiled by a variety of colorful characters on one long, strange night. Shot on location by cinematographer Michael Ballhaus, this is an exhilarating, unusual illustration…

Elizabeth Jane Howard: … (1956), The Sea Change (1959), After Julius (1965), and Something in Disguise (1969). The last two were later adapted as television plays for which Howard wrote the scripts. She was perhaps best known for the semiautobiographical novels known as the Cazalet Chronicles—The Light Years (1990), Marking Time (1991), Confusion (1993),…

Jean Rhys: …such novels as Postures (1928), After Leaving Mr. Mackenzie (1931), Voyage in the Dark (1934), and Good Morning, Midnight (1939).

Ricky Gervais: …as a suicidal widower in After Life, which aired on Netflix in 2019–22.

Richard Jefferies: …and the remarkable fantasy novel After London (1885), set in a future in which urban civilization has collapsed after an environmental crisis. In this late period also he wrote some moving essays in an introspective style, collected in The Life of the Fields (1884), The Open Air (1885), and Field…

After Many a Summer Dies the Swan, a comedic novel written by Aldous Huxley. Published in 1939 under the title After Many a Summer, the novel was republished under its current title later in the same year. Written soon after Huxley left England and settled in California, the novel is Huxley’s

Taylor Tomlinson: When she began hosting After Midnight in 2024, she was the only woman hosting a late-night show on U.S. network television.

Robert Z. Leonard: Dancing Lady to Ziegfeld Girl: In 1935 Leonard made After Office Hours, a lacklustre melodrama about a socialite-turned-reporter (Bennett) who is exploited by a wily newspaper editor (Gable). Escapade (1935), however, was more successful. The comedy, which was set in prewar Vienna, featured Luise Rainer, in her Hollywood debut, opposite William Powell. Next was…

Viktor Mikhaylovich Vasnetsov: …that reason paintings such as After Prince Igor’s Battle with the Polovtsy (1880), Ivan Tsarevich Riding the Gray Wolf (1889), and Alyonushka (1881) were extremely popular in Russia. They became, in a sense, surrogates for Russian history, and during the Soviet era many were reproduced in schoolbooks and on consumer…

James Blish: …a thematically connected series called After Such Knowledge—from a line in T.S. Eliot’s poem “Gerontion” (1920), “After such knowledge, what forgiveness?”—that examined the competition between religion and science. The other novels in the series included Doctor Mirabilis (1964), a historical novel about the 13th-century English philosopher and scientist Roger Bacon,…

John Rechy: …Adventures of Lyle Clemens (2003), After the Blue Hour (2017), and Pablo! (2018). In addition, he published the essay collection Beneath the Skin (2004). About My Life and the Kept Woman (2008) is a memoir.

Kara Walker: …City featured her exhibition titled After the Deluge, which was inspired in part by the devastation wreaked the previous year by Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. The exhibition juxtaposed pieces from the museum’s own collection—many of which depicted black figures or images demonstrating the terrific power of water—with some of…

After the Fall, a play in two acts by Arthur Miller, produced and published in 1964. The play presents retrospectively a series of encounters over a 25-year span between the protagonist, Quentin, a lawyer who is about 50 years old, and his intimate associates. His first wife, Louise, accuses him of

Henning Mankell: …Shoes) and Svenska gummistövlar (2015; After the Fire), his last novel. Both of the works centre on a reclusive former surgeon. He also penned several books—including Eldens hemlighet (1995; Secrets in the Fire)—for a younger audience. In addition, Mankell maintained the connection with the theatre that started in his youth.…

Neil Young: Harvest, Rust Never Sleeps, and Harvest Moon: On his next solo album, After the Gold Rush (1970), Young underlined his stance as a rock-and-roll shaman, a visionary who projected his psyche onto the world and thereby exorcised his own demons and those of his audience. Harvest (1972) continued the confessional vein, and its rare stylistic continuity made…

Linda Ronstadt: …the Grammy Award-winning single “After the Gold Rush.” Her album of children’s songs, Dedicated to the One I Love, also won a Grammy, in 1996. Ronstadt’s subsequent releases included the jazz album Hummin’ to Myself (2004) and the folk-oriented Adieu False Heart (2006).

Jody Williams: She was coauthor of After the Guns Fall Silent: The Enduring Legacy of Landmines (1995), which examines the socioeconomic impact of land-mine contamination in four countries, and coeditor of Banning Landmines: Disarmament, Citizen Diplomacy, and Human Security (2008). In 2007 she was appointed to lead a United Nations High-Level…