Ahl-e Ḥaqq, (Arabic: “People of Truth,” or “People of God”), a secret, syncretistic religion, derived largely from Islām, whose adherents are found in western Iran, with enclaves in Iraq. They retain the 12 imams of the Ithnā ʿAsharīyah sect and such aspects of Islāmic mysticism as the communal

Conrad Ahlers was a West German journalist who in 1962 precipitated a political crisis (known as the Spiegel affair) in West Germany with an article he wrote as an editor of the weekly newsmagazine Der Spiegel. The piece—which reported that, in one NATO commander’s opinion, West German forces were

Lars Valerian Ahlfors was a Finnish mathematician who was awarded one of the first two Fields Medals in 1936 for his work with Riemann surfaces. He also won the Wolf Prize in 1981. Ahlfors received his Ph.D. from the University of Helsinki in 1932. He held an appointment there from 1938 to 1944,

Victoria Benedictsson was a writer noted for her natural and unpretentious stories of Swedish folk life and her novels dealing with social issues. Having grown up in a home marred by marital discord, she married, at an early age, a widower much older than herself. Her marriage was unhappy. After an

Lars Ahlin was an influential Swedish novelist of the mid-20th century. Ahlin’s family struggled financially, and he left school at age 13 to work, although he later attended several folk high schools. He eventually settled in Stockholm, where he began his career as a writer. The early novel Tåbb

drug: Autonomic nervous system drugs: …carried out by American pharmacologist Raymond Ahlquist, who suggested that these agents acted on two principal receptors. A receptor that is activated by the neurotransmitter released by an adrenergic neuron is said to be an adrenoceptor. Ahlquist called the two kinds of adrenoceptor alpha (α) and beta (β). This theory…

Aḥmad was the 10th ruler of the Ḥusaynid dynasty of Tunisia. Succeeding his brother as the ruler of Tunis in 1837, Aḥmad began at once to modernize his armed forces: Tunisian cadets were sent to France, a military and technical academy was established, and European instructors invited to Tunis. He

Muhammad was the founder of Islam and the proclaimer of the Qurʾān. He is traditionally said to have been born in 570 in Mecca and to have died in 632 in Medina, where he had been forced to emigrate to with his adherents in 622. The Qurʾān yields little concrete biographical information about the

Yemen: The age of imperialism: …the plotters, however, Yaḥyā’s son Aḥmad succeeded in bringing together many of the tribal elements of the north, overthrew the new government, and installed himself as imam. Although Imam Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyā had indicated that he supported many of the popular political, economic, and social demands (e.g., creation of a…

Sīmjūrid Dynasty: …the family was a certain Aḥmad, originally a slave of the Sāmānid king Esmāʿīl. Aḥmad was appointed governor of Seistan by the Sāmānids in c. 912. His descendant Ebrāhīm Sīmjūrī became governor of Khorāsān during the reign of the Sāmānid Nūḥ I. Ebrāhīm’s son Abū ol-Ḥasan Sīmjūrī created a virtually…

Aḥmadiyyah: …that of Egypt named after Aḥmad al-Badawī, one of the greatest saints of Islam (died 1276). Al-Badawī achieved great fame for his knowledge of Islamic sciences, but he eventually abandoned speculative theology and devoted himself to contemplation in seclusion. Soon he became known as a miracle-working saint and had thousands…

Aḥmad al-Manṣūr was the sixth ruler of the Saʿdī dynasty, which he raised to its zenith of power by his policy of centralization and astute diplomacy. Al-Manṣūr resisted the demands of his nominal suzerain, the Ottoman sultan, by playing off the European powers, namely, France, Portugal, Spain, and

Najāḥid Dynasty: …the Zaydī imām of Ṣanʿāʾ, Aḥmad al-Mutawakkil, and to agree to recognize him as ruler of Zabīd. The Ethiopians were, however, defeated, and ʿAli ibn Mahdī took the Najāḥid capital in 1159.

Morocco: The Spanish Zone: …of the former Moroccan governor Aḥmad al-Raisūnī (Raisūlī), who was half patriot and half brigand. The Spanish government found it difficult to tolerate his independence; in March 1913 al-Raisūnī retired into a refuge in the mountains, where he remained until his capture 12 years later by another Moroccan leader, Abd…

Morocco: The Spanish Zone: …of the former Moroccan governor Aḥmad al-Raisūnī (Raisūlī), who was half patriot and half brigand. The Spanish government found it difficult to tolerate his independence; in March 1913 al-Raisūnī retired into a refuge in the mountains, where he remained until his capture 12 years later by another Moroccan leader, Abd…

Tijāniyyah: Founded by Aḥmad al-Tijānī (1737–1815), formerly of the Khalwatī order, about 1781 in Fez, Morocco, it places great emphasis on good intentions and actions rather than on elaborate or extreme ritual.

Rifāʿīyah: …established in Basra, Iraq, by Aḥmad ar-Rifāʿī (d. 1187), the order preserved his stress on poverty, abstinence, and self-mortification. It also performed the ritual prayer (dhikr) essential to all Ṣūfī orders in a distinct manner: members link arms to form a circle and throw the upper parts of their bodies…

Aḥmad Bābā was a jurist, writer, and a cultural leader of the western Sudan. A descendant of a line of jurists, Aḥmad Bābā was educated in Islāmic culture, including jurisprudence. When Timbuktu was conquered by the Sultan of Morocco in 1591, he was accused of refusing to recognize the Sultan’s

Tunisia: Domestic development: In 1961 Ahmad Ben Salah took charge of planning and finance. His ambitious efforts at forced-pace modernization, especially in agriculture, were foiled, however, by rural and conservative opposition. Expelled from the party and imprisoned in 1969, Ben Salah escaped in 1973 to live in exile. His fall…

ʿImād al-Dawlah: ʿAlī and his brothers Aḥmad and Ḥasan were followers of Mardāvīz ebn Zeyār of northern Iran. In 934, ʿAlī revolted against local Zeyārid rulers and conquered Fārs province in southern Iran. He made Shīrāz his capital and ruled there until his death. After Aḥmad established control over the Abbasid…

ʿImād al-Dawlah: ʿAlī and his brothers Aḥmad and Ḥasan were followers of Mardāvīz ebn Zeyār of northern Iran. In 934, ʿAlī revolted against local Zeyārid rulers and conquered Fārs province in southern Iran. He made Shīrāz his capital and ruled there until his death. After Aḥmad established control over the Abbasid…

Ferdowsī: …good offices of the minister Aḥmad ebn Ḥasan Meymandī was able to secure the sultan’s acceptance of the poem. Unfortunately, Maḥmūd then consulted certain enemies of the minister as to the poet’s reward. They suggested that Ferdowsī should be given 50,000 dirhams, and even this, they said, was too much,…

Fuʾād I was the first king of Egypt (1922–36) following its independence from Great Britain. The youngest son of Ismāʿīl Pasha, Fuʾād spent most of his childhood with his exiled father in Naples. Following his education at the military academy in Turin, Italy, he served in a number of

Aḥmad Grāñ was the leader of a Muslim movement that all but subjugated Ethiopia. At the height of his conquest, he held more than three-quarters of the kingdom, and, according to the chronicles, the majority of men in these conquered areas had converted to Islam. Once Aḥmad Grāñ had gained control

al-Yaʿqūbī was an Arab historian and geographer, author of a history of the world, Tāʾrīkh ibn Wāḍiḥ (“Chronicle of Ibn Wāḍiḥ”), and a general geography, Kitāb al-buldān (“Book of the Countries”). Until 873 al-Yaʿqūbī lived in Armenia and Khorāsān, under the patronage of the Iranian dynasty of the

Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal was a Muslim theologian, jurist, and martyr for his faith. He was the compiler of the Musnad, a collection of sayings and traditions of the Prophet Muhammad arranged by isnād, and the formulator of the Ḥanbalī school, the most strictly traditionalist of the four orthodox schools of

Aḥmad Grāñ was the leader of a Muslim movement that all but subjugated Ethiopia. At the height of his conquest, he held more than three-quarters of the kingdom, and, according to the chronicles, the majority of men in these conquered areas had converted to Islam. Once Aḥmad Grāñ had gained control

Rasulid dynasty: Aḥmad ibn Ismāʿīl (reigned 1400–24) regained temporary control and offered Mamluk trade in the Red Sea keen competition, but, soon after his death, internal unrest, revolts of enslaved people, and the plague hastened the fall of the dynasty. Yemen then passed into the hands of…

Ismāʿīl: …and death of his nephew Aḥmad ibn Mahraz.

Shehu Ahmadu Lobbo was a Fulani Muslim leader in western Africa who established a theocratic state in the Macina region of what is now Mali. Influenced by the teachings of the Islamic reformer Usman dan Fodio, he began a holy war (jihad) in 1818 or possibly as early as 1810. He defeated the forces

Aḥmad was the 10th ruler of the Ḥusaynid dynasty of Tunisia. Succeeding his brother as the ruler of Tunis in 1837, Aḥmad began at once to modernize his armed forces: Tunisian cadets were sent to France, a military and technical academy was established, and European instructors invited to Tunis. He

Āl Bū Saʿīd dynasty: Aḥmad ibn Saʿīd, who had been governor of Ṣuḥār, Oman, in the 1740s under the Persian Yaʿrubids, managed to displace the Yaʿrubids by about 1749 and become imam of Oman and of Zanzibar, Pemba, and Kilwa in East Africa. His successors—known as sayyids or, later,…

Aḥmad ibn Ṭūlūn was the founder of the Ṭūlūnid dynasty in Egypt and the first Muslim governor of Egypt to annex Syria. As a child Aḥmad was taken into slavery and placed in the private service of the ʿAbbāsid caliph at the new capital of Sāmarrāʾ. Later he studied theology in the city of Tarsus

Mosque of Aḥmad ibn Ṭūlūn, huge and majestic red brick building complex built in 876 by the Turkish governor of Egypt and Syria. It was built on the site of present-day Cairo and includes a mosque surrounded by three outer ziyādahs, or courtyards. Much of the decoration and design recalls the

al-Balādhurī was a Muslim historian best known for his history of the formation of the Arab Muslim empire. Al-Balādhurī lived most of his life in Baghdad and studied there and in Syria. He was for some time a favoured visitor at the Baghdad court of the ʿAbbāsid caliphs. His chief extant work, a

Sheikh Khalifa ibn Hamad Al Thani: …1972 by deposing his cousin Sheikh Ahmad ibn Ali Al Thani, whose profligate spending habits had aroused popular opposition. Khalifa’s family, including his sons and brothers, virtually controlled the government, holding 10 of 15 ministries in 1975.

history of Arabia: The Zaydīs and ʿAlawīs: …refugee from disturbances in Iraq, Aḥmad ibn ʿĪsā al-Muhājir, arrived in Hadhramaut, then under Ibāḍite domination, and founded the ʿAlawite (ʿAlawī) Sayyid house, which was instrumental in spreading the Shāfiʿite (Shāfiʿī) school of Islamic law to India, Indonesia, and East Africa.

India: External and internal rivalries: …the new sultan, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Aḥmad II (reigned 1436–58). Even though Aḥmad II had to face a rebellion by one of his brothers, a precedent was set for a rule of primogeniture, which seemed to alleviate the problem of succession disputes for the rest of the century. Unfortunately for later…

India: External and internal rivalries: … (reigned 1458–61) and Niẓām al-Dīn Aḥmad III (reigned 1461–63) sought the help of Muḥammad Begarā of Gujarat against Malwa and warded off the invasions.

Iraq: Il-Khanid successors (1335–1410): …during the reign of Sultan Aḥmad Jalāyir, Timur (Tamerlane), a new conqueror from Central Asia, took Baghdad and Tikrīt. Aḥmad was able to reoccupy his capital briefly, but Timur again besieged and sacked Baghdad in 1401, dealing it a blow from which it did not recover until modern times. Timurid…

Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan was a Muslim educator, jurist, and author, founder of the Anglo-Mohammedan Oriental College at Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, and the principal motivating force behind the revival of Indian Islam in the late 19th century. His works, in Urdu, included Essays on the Life of

Aḥmad Mūsā was a painter active at the court of the Il Khans at Tabrīz. He is said to have learned painting from his father and to have “drawn the veil from the face of painting and invented the art of the Persian miniature.” He was active under Abū Saʿīd (ruled 1316–35), the last of the Mongol

Aḥmad Shah was the Mughal emperor of India from 1748 to 1754, a period when the Mughal dynasty was in decline. According to accounts of his reign, Aḥmad Shah largely ceded leadership to others, including the queen mother, Udham Bai, and the eunuch superintendent of the harem, the emperor’s vicar

Ahmad Qavam: …plotting against the life of Aḥmad Shah, the last of the Qājār monarchs, and was exiled until 1928. He was again prime minister in 1942 during the early reign of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi but resigned the following year after bread riots broke out in Tehrān. Restored to office in…

Aḥmad Shah Durrānī was the founder of the state of Afghanistan and ruler of an empire that extended from the Amu Darya (ancient Oxus River) to the Indian Ocean and from Khorāsān into Kashmir, the Punjab, and Sindh. Head of the central government, with full control of all departments of state in

Bidar: …of the Bahmanīs, whose ruler Aḥmad Shah Bahmanī moved the site of his capital from Gulbarga (now Kalaburagi) to Bidar about 1425. He rebuilt and extended the fort that still dominates the city’s layout. Bidar became an independent sultanate in 1531 under the Barīd Shāhī dynasty. The city was annexed…

Aḥmad Shah Durrānī was the founder of the state of Afghanistan and ruler of an empire that extended from the Amu Darya (ancient Oxus River) to the Indian Ocean and from Khorāsān into Kashmir, the Punjab, and Sindh. Head of the central government, with full control of all departments of state in

Shaykh Aḥmad Sirhindī was an Indian mystic and theologian who was largely responsible for the reassertion and revival in India of orthodox Sunnite Islam as a reaction against the syncretistic religious tendencies prevalent during the reign of the Mughal emperor Akbar. Shaykh Aḥmad, who through his

Iraq: Il-Khanid successors (1335–1410): …during the reign of Sultan Aḥmad Jalāyir, Timur (Tamerlane), a new conqueror from Central Asia, took Baghdad and Tikrīt. Aḥmad was able to reoccupy his capital briefly, but Timur again besieged and sacked Baghdad in 1401, dealing it a blow from which it did not recover until modern times. Timurid…

Aḥmad Grāñ was the leader of a Muslim movement that all but subjugated Ethiopia. At the height of his conquest, he held more than three-quarters of the kingdom, and, according to the chronicles, the majority of men in these conquered areas had converted to Islam. Once Aḥmad Grāñ had gained control

Ahmed Yesevi was a poet and Sufi (Muslim mystic), an early Turkish mystic leader who exerted a powerful influence on the development of mystical orders throughout the Turkish-speaking world. Very little is known about his life, but legends indicate that his father died when the boy was young and

ʿUrābī Pasha was an Egyptian nationalist who led a social-political movement that expressed the discontent of the Egyptian educated classes, army officials, and peasantry with foreign control. ʿUrābī, the son of a village sheikh, studied in Cairo at al-Azhar, the preeminent institution of Arabic

al-Aḥsāʾī was the founder of the heterodox Shīʿite Muslim Shaykhī sect of Iran. After spending his early years studying the Islāmic religion and traveling widely in Persia and the Middle East, al-Aḥsāʾī in 1808 settled in Yazd, Persia, where he taught religion. His interpretation of the Shīʿite

Ahmadabad, city, eastern Gujarat state, west-central India. It lies along the Sabarmati River about 275 miles (440 km) north of Mumbai (Bombay). Ahmadabad is at the junction of the main roads leading to Mumbai and central India, the Kathiawar Peninsula, and the Rajasthan border. The city is also a

Hodeidah: …of the deepwater port at Aḥmadī, several miles north. This port, with modern facilities for ships drawing up to 26 feet (8 metres) of water, is built in the lagoon of Al-Kathīb Bay and is protected from winds by a hook-shaped spit that culminates in Cape Al-Kathīb. The old port…

Al-Aḥmadī, town, southern Kuwait. The oasis town was built after 1946 with the development of the oil field in which it is located. Al-Aḥmadī is the headquarters of the Kuwait Oil Company. Pipelines link it with Mīnāʾ (port) al-Aḥmadī, on the Persian Gulf to the east, where a refinery and tanker

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is an Iranian political leader who served as president of Iran (2005–13). Ahmadinejad, the son of a blacksmith, grew up in Tehrān, where in 1976 he entered the Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST) to study civil engineering. During the Iranian Revolution (1978–79),

Aḥmadiyyah, modern Islamic sect and a name shared by several Sufi (Muslim mystic) orders. The sect was founded in Qādiān in the Punjab, India, in 1889 by Mīrzā Ghulām Aḥmad (c. 1839–1908), who claimed to be the mahdī (a figure expected by some Muslims at the end of the world), the Christian

Ahmadnagar, city, west-central Maharashtra state, western India. It lies in the Balaghat Range along the Sina River, 130 miles (210 km) east of Mumbai (Bombay). The city was known as Bhinar in early Yadava times. It was conquered by Malik Aḥmad Niẓām Shah, founder of the Niẓām Shāhī dynasty, in

Kaduna: Zaria has the Ahmadu Bello University (1962) and agricultural, livestock, and education institutes. Kaduna town has several colleges as well as institutes for trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and eye diseases. The National Museum (1975), with archaeological and ethnographic exhibits, is also in the town.

Shehu Ahmadu Lobbo was a Fulani Muslim leader in western Africa who established a theocratic state in the Macina region of what is now Mali. Influenced by the teachings of the Islamic reformer Usman dan Fodio, he began a holy war (jihad) in 1818 or possibly as early as 1810. He defeated the forces

Shehu Ahmadu Lobbo was a Fulani Muslim leader in western Africa who established a theocratic state in the Macina region of what is now Mali. Influenced by the teachings of the Islamic reformer Usman dan Fodio, he began a holy war (jihad) in 1818 or possibly as early as 1810. He defeated the forces

ʿUmar Tal: Military achievements.: …mission, proposed a duel with Aḥmadu III, the leader of the Fulani army. But the latter refused the judgment of God. ʿUmar won the battle, and Aḥmadu was captured and beheaded.

Ahmadu Seku was the second and last ruler of the Tukulor empire in West Africa, celebrated for his resistance to the French occupation. Succeeding his father, al-Ḥājj ʿUmar, in 1864, Ahmadu ruled over a great empire centred on the ancient Bambara kingdom of Segu, in present Mali. By the Treaty of

Yemen Uprising of 2011–12: Uprising: Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar, commander of the army’s 1st Armoured Division, announced his support for the opposition and vowed to use his troops to protect the protesters. The defection of Ahmar, considered to be the most powerful military officer in Yemen, was quickly followed by similar…

Mesopotamian art and architecture: Painting and decorative arts: …bce), a country palace at Til Barsip (modern Tall al-Ahmar) was decorated in this way, with the conventional motifs of relief designs rather clumsily adapted to this very different medium. A few years later, such paintings were extensively used to decorate both wall faces and ceilings in Sargon II’s palace…

Bayezid II: Bayezid, fearing that Ahmed might seek assistance from Shah Ismāʿīl and unable to resist pressures from some of his advisers and from the corps of Janissaries, who favoured Selim, recalled Selim from Crimea and abdicated (April 1512) in his favour. Bayezid died the following month.

Russia: Ivan III: …into increasing conflict with Khan Ahmed of the Golden Horde and became interested in an alliance with Moscow against Ahmed and Lithuania. Ivan, eager to dissolve the connection between Lithuania and Crimea but not wanting to alienate Ahmed, stalled for time. In 1481, when Ahmed died, Ivan was able to…

Mali: Cultural institutions: …is the Municipal Library; the Ahmed Baba Institute, a centre that houses and preserves a large collection of historical Arabic and African manuscripts, is located in Timbuktu. These institutions suffer from lack of funds and are often closed. The civilian government has sought outside funding for these cultural organizations in…

Zog I was the president of Albania from 1925 to 1928 and king from 1928 to 1939. Though able to manipulate Albania’s internal affairs to his own advantage, he came to depend heavily on Benito Mussolini’s Italy and was eventually ousted by the Italian dictator on the eve of World War II. Siding with

Cemal Paşa was a Turkish army officer and a leading member of the Ottoman government during World War I. Cemal joined the secret Committee of Union and Progress while a staff officer, becoming a member of the military administration after the Revolution of 1908. A forceful provincial governor, he

Aḥmad Grāñ was the leader of a Muslim movement that all but subjugated Ethiopia. At the height of his conquest, he held more than three-quarters of the kingdom, and, according to the chronicles, the majority of men in these conquered areas had converted to Islam. Once Aḥmad Grāñ had gained control

Ahmed Haşim was a writer, one of the most outstanding representatives of the Symbolist movement in Turkish literature. Born into a prominent family, Haşim developed his knowledge of French literature and his fondness for poetry at Galatasaray Lycée in Constantinople (now Istanbul). After briefly

Ahmed I was an Ottoman sultan from 1603 to 1617, whose authority was weakened by wars, rebellions, and misrule. The rebellions he was able to suppress; he executed some of the viziers and exiled many palace dignitaries for bribery and intrigue, and he introduced a new regulation for the improvement

Blue Mosque, 17th-century mosque that is one of the most magnificent structures of the Ottoman Empire, set next to the Byzantine Hippodrome and across from the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey. Known for having six minarets (rather than the standard four) and for its many domes and semidomes, the

Ahmed II was an Ottoman sultan (1691–95) whose reign was marked by the continuing war with the Holy League (Austria-Poland-Venice). Soon after his accession to the throne, Ahmed’s forces were defeated by the Austrians at Slankamen, Hung. The able grand vizier (chief minister) Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa

Ahmed III was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1703 to 1730. The son of Mehmed IV, he succeeded to the throne in 1703 upon the deposition of his brother Mustafa II. Ahmed III cultivated good relations with England and France and afforded refuge at his court to Charles XII of Sweden after his

Iraq: The 18th-century Mamluk regime: …from Istanbul, and his son Ahmed Paşa (1724–47) established a Georgian mamlūk (slave) household, through which they exercised authority and administered the province. The mamlūks (Turkish: kölemen) were mostly Christian slaves from the Caucasus who converted to Islam, were trained in a special school, and were then assigned to military…

Mahmud I: …by Comte de Bonneval (Humbaraci Ahmed Paşa, a French convert to Islām), participated in political and military affairs and attempted a partial reform of the army. A patron of music and literature, he wrote poetry in Arabic.

Ottoman Empire: The Young Turk Revolution of 1908: …among those were Murad Bey, Ahmed Rıza, and Prince Sabaheddin. As editor of Mizan (“Balance”), published first in Istanbul (1886) and later in Cairo and Geneva, Murad Bey preached liberal ideas combined with a strong Islamic feeling; that may have contributed to his defection and return to Istanbul in 1897.…

Ahmed Vefik Paşa was an Ottoman statesman and scholar who presided over the first Ottoman Parliament (1877) and who is known for his contributions to Turkish studies. Born into a family of diplomats, Ahmed Vefik was appointed (1849) imperial commissioner in the Danubian principalities and later

Ahmed Yesevi was a poet and Sufi (Muslim mystic), an early Turkish mystic leader who exerted a powerful influence on the development of mystical orders throughout the Turkish-speaking world. Very little is known about his life, but legends indicate that his father died when the boy was young and

Ahmed Yesevi was a poet and Sufi (Muslim mystic), an early Turkish mystic leader who exerted a powerful influence on the development of mystical orders throughout the Turkish-speaking world. Very little is known about his life, but legends indicate that his father died when the boy was young and

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed was a statesman who was president of India from 1974 to 1977. The son of an army doctor from Assam, Ahmed was educated in India and studied history at the University of Cambridge, graduating in 1927. After returning to India, he was elected to the Assam legislature (1935). As

Iajuddin Ahmed was the 17th president of Bangladesh (2002–09). From October 2006 to January 2007 he served simultaneously as president and as head of a military-backed caretaker government. Ahmed was born in the Mushinganj district of Bangladesh (then part of India), and he pursued his higher

Ottoman Empire: World War I, 1914–18: …new government was formed under Ahmed Izzet Paşa on October 9. On October 30 the Ottomans signed the Armistice of Mudros.

Ahmadabad, city, eastern Gujarat state, west-central India. It lies along the Sabarmati River about 275 miles (440 km) north of Mumbai (Bombay). Ahmadabad is at the junction of the main roads leading to Mumbai and central India, the Kathiawar Peninsula, and the Rajasthan border. The city is also a

Taceddin Ahmedi was one of the greatest poets of 14th-century Anatolia. As a young man, Ahmedi studied with the famous scholar Akmal ad-Din (al-Babarti) in Cairo. He then went to Kütahya, in Anatolia, and wrote for the ruler Amīr Süleyman (1367–86). Later he went to the court of the Ottoman sultan

Taceddin Ahmedi was one of the greatest poets of 14th-century Anatolia. As a young man, Ahmedi studied with the famous scholar Akmal ad-Din (al-Babarti) in Cairo. He then went to Kütahya, in Anatolia, and wrote for the ruler Amīr Süleyman (1367–86). Later he went to the court of the Ottoman sultan

Taceddin Ahmedi was one of the greatest poets of 14th-century Anatolia. As a young man, Ahmedi studied with the famous scholar Akmal ad-Din (al-Babarti) in Cairo. He then went to Kütahya, in Anatolia, and wrote for the ruler Amīr Süleyman (1367–86). Later he went to the court of the Ottoman sultan

Ahmadnagar, city, west-central Maharashtra state, western India. It lies in the Balaghat Range along the Sina River, 130 miles (210 km) east of Mumbai (Bombay). The city was known as Bhinar in early Yadava times. It was conquered by Malik Aḥmad Niẓām Shah, founder of the Niẓām Shāhī dynasty, in

Rhind papyrus: …frequently, it is called the Ahmes papyrus in honour of the scribe who copied it about 1650 bc.

Rhind papyrus, ancient Egyptian scroll bearing mathematical tables and problems. This extensive document from ancient Egypt has been the source of much information about Egyptian mathematics. The papyrus was bought in 1858 in a Nile resort town by a Scottish antiquary, Alexander Henry Rhind, hence

Ahmet Paşa Bursali was one of the most important figures in 15th-century Turkish literature. Born into a prominent family, Ahmet Paşa received a classical Islamic education and was appointed as a teacher in the madrasah (religious college) in the city of Bursa. In 1451 he became judge of the city

Ahmose I, was king of ancient Egypt (reigned c. 1539–15 bce) and founder of the 18th dynasty who completed the expulsion of the Hyksos (Asiatic rulers of Egypt), invaded Palestine, and re-exerted Egypt’s hegemony over northern Nubia, to the south. Resuming the war of liberation against the Hyksos

Amasis was a king (reigned 570–526 bce) of the 26th dynasty (664–525 bce; see ancient Egypt: The Late period [664–332 bce]) of ancient Egypt, a general who seized the throne during a revolt against King Apries. The account of the 5th-century-bce Greek historian Herodotus reveals Amasis as a shrewd

ancient Egypt: Ahmose: …he married his full sister Ahmose-Nofretari. The queen was given the title of God’s Wife of Amon. Like her predecessors of the 17th dynasty, Queen Ahmose-Nofretari was influential and highly honored. A measure of her importance was her posthumous veneration at Thebes, where later pharaohs were depicted offering to her…

Ahn Cheol-Soo is a physician, educator, politician, and computer entrepreneur who founded AhnLab, Inc., South Korea’s largest Internet security firm. He later entered politics, establishing the People’s Party (later reformed as Bareunmirae) and staging several unsuccessful bids for the presidency.

Viktor Ahn is a South Korean-born Russian short-track speed skater who won six Olympic gold medals and six world championships (2003–07 and 2014) to establish himself as one of the top performers in his sport’s history. Ahn started short-track skating at age eight, inspired by countryman Chae

Ahn Cheol-Soo is a physician, educator, politician, and computer entrepreneur who founded AhnLab, Inc., South Korea’s largest Internet security firm. He later entered politics, establishing the People’s Party (later reformed as Bareunmirae) and staging several unsuccessful bids for the presidency.