Susan Ahn Cuddy was the first Asian American woman to become an officer in the U.S. Navy. She was also the navy’s first woman gunnery officer, becoming an expert on the use and maintenance of various weapons. Her career helped build the foundation for women and Asian Americans entering the U.S.

Viktor Ahn is a South Korean-born Russian short-track speed skater who won six Olympic gold medals and six world championships (2003–07 and 2014) to establish himself as one of the top performers in his sport’s history. Ahn started short-track skating at age eight, inspired by countryman Chae

Gustav Freytag: …literary work was the novel-cycle Die Ahnen, 6 vol. (1873–81), which unfolded the story of a German family from the 4th century ce up to Freytag’s own time. His Bilder aus der deutschen Vergangenheit, 5 vol. (1859–67; partial Eng. trans. Pictures of German Life, 1862–63) were originally contributed to Die…

Franz Grillparzer: Die Ahnfrau, written in the trochaic Spanish verse form, has many of the outward features of the then-popular “fate tragedy” (Schicksalsdrama), but the characters are themselves ultimately responsible for their own destruction. A striking advance was the swiftly written tragedy Sappho (1818). Here the tragic…

Ahn Cheol-Soo: …and computer entrepreneur who founded AhnLab, Inc., South Korea’s largest Internet security firm. He later entered politics, establishing the People’s Party (later reformed as Bareunmirae) and staging several unsuccessful bids for the presidency.

Turing Award: The oldest recipient was Alfred Vaino Aho, who was 79 when he received the award in 2020 for his work on algorithms and the theory of programming language implementation.

Finland: Domestic affairs: …parties and with the Centre’s Esko Aho as prime minister, immediately faced Finland’s worst peacetime economic recession. During the early 1990s production dropped sharply and unemployment skyrocketed, largely because trade with Russia had shrunk to a fraction of the Soviet-era level. There was also a general policy of privatizing state-owned…

Juhani Aho was a novelist and short-story writer who began as a realist but toward the end of his life made large concessions to Romanticism. A country clergyman’s son, Aho studied at Helsinki University, worked as a journalist, and was an active member of the liberal group Nuori Suomi (“Young

aholehole, any of several species of fishes constituting the family Kuhliidae (order Perciformes). Various members of the genus Kuhlia inhabit marine or fresh waters in the Indo-Pacific region, whereas representatives of the other two genera are restricted to freshwater or brackish habitats of

Ahom, tribe that ruled much of Assam from the 13th century until the establishment of British rule in 1838. Their power in Assam reached its peak during the reign of King Rudra Singh (1696–1714). They originated in the Chinese province of Yunnan and began migrating into Indochina and northern

Tai languages: The distribution and classification of Tai languages: Ahom, an extinct language once spoken in Assam (India), has a considerable amount of literature. The Tai languages are divided into three linguistic groups—the Southwestern, the Central, and the Northern. Thai and Lao, the official languages of Thailand and Laos, respectively, are the best known…

Benin: Decolonization and independence: …Sourou-Migan Apithy (president in 1964–65), Justin Ahomadégbé (1972), and Hubert Maga (1960–63 and 1970–72), drawing their principal support respectively from Porto-Novo, Abomey, and the north. After independence in 1960, these political problems were exacerbated by economic difficulties, reflected in student and trade union unrest. The ensuing instability resulted in six…

Spain: Finance: …savings banks is the Barcelona-based La Caja de Ahorros y de Pensiones (the Bank for Pensions and Savings), popularly known as “La Caixa.” La Caixa is the largest shareholder in the CaixaBank financial group, proof that the boundary between savings banks and commercial banks had become somewhat blurry in the…

Spain: Finance: …set of banks known as cajas de ahorros (savings banks), which account for about half of the country’s total savings deposits and about one-fourth of all bank credit. These not-for-profit institutions originally were provincially or regionally based and were required to invest a certain amount in their home provinces, but…

Dahomey women warriors, women soldiers of the western African kingdom of Dahomey known for their fierceness and prowess in combat and for being protectors of the king. In the Dahomeans’ Fon language, they were called mino (“our mothers”) or ahosi (wives of the king). When Europeans first

Angra Mainyu, the evil, destructive spirit in the dualistic doctrine of Zoroastrianism. According to the earliest version of the myth, he is the twin brother of Spenta Mainyu, the Holy Spirit, and both were the sons of Ahura Mazdā (Ormizd or Ormazd), the Wise Lord and supreme deity of

Al-Ahram, daily newspaper published in Cairo, long regarded as Egypt’s most authoritative and influential newspaper and one of the most important papers in the Arab world. Al-Ahram was founded in Alexandria in 1875 by two Lebanese Christian brothers, Salīm and Bishārah Taqlā. It became a daily in

Angela Ahrendts is an American business executive who held high-level positions at a number of fashion companies—notably Burberry Group PLC, where she served as CEO (2006–14)—before becoming vice president of retail and online stores (2014–19) at computer giant Apple Inc. After graduating (1981)

number game: 20th century: Between 1904 and 1920 Wilhelm Ahrens published several works, the most significant being his Mathematische Unterhaltungen und Spiele (2 vol., 1910) with an extensive bibliography.

Angra Mainyu, the evil, destructive spirit in the dualistic doctrine of Zoroastrianism. According to the earliest version of the myth, he is the twin brother of Spenta Mainyu, the Holy Spirit, and both were the sons of Ahura Mazdā (Ormizd or Ormazd), the Wise Lord and supreme deity of

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the primary federal agency in charge of producing research that helps to improve the quality, safety, accessibility, affordability, and effectiveness of health care in the United States. The research sponsored and conducted by the Agency for

African horse sickness (AHS), disease of Equidae (horses, mules, donkeys, and zebras) caused by an orbivirus called AHSV (family Reoviridae) that is transmitted by arthropods, notably biting midges (Culicoides imicola). The disease, which is not usually fatal to indigenous zebra herds, is often

Al-Hasa: The Al-Hasa region derives its name from the oasis at its centre. The region is bounded on the north by Kuwait, on the east by the Persian Gulf, on the south by the desert Rubʿ al-Khali, or Empty Quarter, and on the west by the Dahnā…

Al-Hasa, oasis and region in eastern Saudi Arabia. Al-Hasa oasis, the largest oasis in Saudi Arabia, lies about 40 miles (65 km) west of the Persian Gulf. It has about 30,000 acres (12,000 hectares) of palm groves and other crops that are irrigated by the flow of 60 or more artesian springs. Many

al-Aḥsāʾī was the founder of the heterodox Shīʿite Muslim Shaykhī sect of Iran. After spending his early years studying the Islāmic religion and traveling widely in Persia and the Middle East, al-Aḥsāʾī in 1808 settled in Yazd, Persia, where he taught religion. His interpretation of the Shīʿite

al-Maqdisī: …of the lands of Islām, Aḥson at-taqāsīm fi maʿrifat al-aqālīm (985; “The Best of Classification for the Knowledge of Regions”).

Martti Ahtisaari was a Finnish politician and noted mediator who was president of Finland (1994–2000). In 2008 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace for his efforts to resolve international conflicts. Born in Viipuri, Finland, Ahtisaari was displaced along with the rest of his family when the

Oceanic art and architecture: Polynesia: …with a raised platform (ahu) across one end. A row of upright stone slabs along the ahu were backrests for the gods, while other stones indicated the places of human officiants. The grounds went through various phases of development in the island groups and were the Polynesians’ most conspicuous…

avocado, (Persea americana), tree of the family Lauraceae and its edible fruit. Avocados are native to the Western Hemisphere from Mexico south to the Andean regions and are widely grown in warm climates. Avocado fruits have greenish or yellowish flesh with a buttery consistency and a rich nutty

Ahuachapán, city, western El Salvador, on the small Molino River (with a hydroelectric station) at the foot of La Lagunita Volcano. Originally called Güeciapam by the Indians, it was renamed Agüecha before becoming the town (1823) and the city (1862) of Ahuachapán. A manufacturing and distributing

bald cypress: The closely related Montezuma, or Mexican, cypress (T. mucronatum) is native to the southwestern U.S., Mexico, and Guatemala. It is generally considered to be a separate species and is distinguished from the bald cypress by its shorter, persistent leaves and larger cones. It rarely produces knees.

Ahuitzotl was the eighth king of the Aztecs, under whose reign (1486–1502) the Aztec empire reached its greatest extent. The aggressive Ahuitzotl succeeded his brother, Tizoc, to the throne. He proved an effective warrior, conquering tribes as far south as present-day Guatemala and in territory

galactorrhea: …been pregnant is termed the Ahumada–del Castillo, or the Argonz–del Castillo, syndrome. Such galactorrhea appears to result from excesses of secretion from the pituitary eosinophils.

Zoroastrianism: Cosmology: …with the help of the Ahuna Vairya prayer (the most sacred Zoroastrian prayer), and he lay prostrate for another period of 3,000 years, the second in a total of four. He was then stirred up by the prostitute (Primal Woman) and went back to the attack, this time in the…

Hawaiian: …basic unit of land, the ahupuaa, usually extended from the shore to the mountaintop, with rights in the adjoining sea waters, so that the occupants had the means of supplying all their wants—the sea for fish; the littoral for coconuts; the valley for taro, their principal food; the lower slopes…

asura, in Hindu mythology, class of beings defined by their opposition to the devas or suras (gods). The term asura appears first in the Vedas, a collection of poems and hymns composed 1500–1200 bce, and refers to a human or divine leader. Its plural form gradually predominated and came to

Ahura Mazdā, supreme god in ancient Iranian religion, especially Zoroastrianism, the religious system of the Iranian prophet Zarathustra (c. 6th century bce; Greek name Zoroaster). Ahura Mazdā was worshipped by the Persian king Darius I (reigned 522–486 bce) and his successors as the greatest of

Tubuai Islands: …curved around the harbour of Ahurei Bay. The whole group was brought under French control between 1880 and 1889.

Ahvāz, city, capital of Khūzestān province, southwestern Iran. Ahvāz is situated on both banks of the Kārūn River where it crosses a low range of sandstone hills. The town has been identified with Achaemenid Tareiana, a river crossing on the royal road connecting Susa, Persepolis, and Pasargadae.

Åland Islands, archipelago constituting Åland (Ahvenanmaa) autonomous territory, southwestern Finland. The islands lie at the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia, 25 miles (40 km) east of the Swedish coast, at the eastern edge of the Åland Sea. The archipelago has a land area of 599 square miles (1,551

ḥāl, in Ṣūfī Muslim mystical terminology, a spiritual state of mind that comes to the Ṣūfī from time to time during his journey toward God. The aḥwāl are graces of God that cannot be acquired or retained through an individual’s own efforts. When the soul is purified of its attachments to the

Ahvāz, city, capital of Khūzestān province, southwestern Iran. Ahvāz is situated on both banks of the Kārūn River where it crosses a low range of sandstone hills. The town has been identified with Achaemenid Tareiana, a river crossing on the royal road connecting Susa, Persepolis, and Pasargadae.

Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono: …until 2020, when his son Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono assumed the post.

sloth: Three-toed sloths: The three-toed sloth (family Bradypodidae) is also called the ai in Latin America because of the high-pitched cry it produces when agitated. All four species belong to the same genus, Bradypus, and the coloration of their short facial hair bestows them with a…

Ai, ancient Canaanite town destroyed by the Israelites under their leader Joshua (Joshua 7–8). Biblical references agree in locating Ai (Hebrew: ha-ʿAy, “The Ruin”) just east of Bethel (modern Baytīn in the West Bank). This would make it identical with the large early Bronze Age site now called

sweetfish, delicately flavoured marine fish that migrates upstream to spawn in clear waters. It is found in East Asia and is of the family Osmeridae. The sweetfish is light yellow or olive-coloured, about 30 cm (1 foot) long, and similar to a small trout in appearance. It is distinguished by a

human nutrition: Dietary Reference Intakes: …scientific evidence, another parameter, the Adequate Intake (AI), is given, based on estimates of intake levels of healthy populations. Lastly, the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the highest level of a daily nutrient intake that will most likely present no risk of adverse health effects in almost all individuals…

Amnesty International (AI), international nongovernmental organization (NGO) founded in London on May 28, 1961, that seeks to publicize violations by governments and other entities of rights recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), especially freedom of speech and of

artificial intelligence (AI), the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings. The term is frequently applied to the project of developing systems endowed with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as

Ai Qing was a Chinese poet whose free verse was influential in the development of xinshi (“new poetry”). The son of a well-to-do landowner, Ai Qing was encouraged to learn Western languages. He studied painting in Paris from 1928 to 1932, and he developed an appreciation for Western literature.

artificial intelligence programming language, a computer language developed expressly for implementing artificial intelligence (AI) research. In the course of their work on the Logic Theorist and GPS, two early AI programs, Allen Newell and J. Clifford Shaw of the Rand Corporation and Herbert Simon

Ai Qing was a Chinese poet whose free verse was influential in the development of xinshi (“new poetry”). The son of a well-to-do landowner, Ai Qing was encouraged to learn Western languages. He studied painting in Paris from 1928 to 1932, and he developed an appreciation for Western literature.

Ai Weiwei is a Chinese artist and activist who produced a multifaceted array of creative work, including sculptural installations, architectural projects, photographs, and videos. While Ai’s art was lauded internationally, the frequently provocative and subversive dimension of his art, as well as

Ai Weiwei is a Chinese artist and activist who produced a multifaceted array of creative work, including sculptural installations, architectural projects, photographs, and videos. While Ai’s art was lauded internationally, the frequently provocative and subversive dimension of his art, as well as

history of artificial intelligence (AI), a survey of important events and people in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) from the early work of British logician Alan Turing in the 1930s to advancements at the turn of the 21st century. AI is the ability of a digital computer or

artificial intelligence, situated approach, method of achieving artificial intelligence (AI). Traditional AI has by and large attempted to build disembodied intelligences whose only interaction with the world has been indirect (CYC, for example). Nouvelle AI, on the other hand, attempts to build

kyōgen: …an independent dramatic form, and ai-kyōgen came to refer specifically to Noh interludes.

aerospace industry: Character of the industry: …industry are represented through the Aerospace Industries Association of America (AIA), an aerospace-industry-funded organization whose membership consists of the major companies in the field. The AIA provides a forum for technical and policy issues concerning the industry and serves as a lobbying agent for the common interests of its members.…

construction: Emergence of design professionals: …both in London, and the American Institute of Architects (1857). Official government licensing of architects and engineers, a goal of these societies, was not realized until much later, beginning with the Illinois Architects Act of 1897. Concurrent with the rise of professionalism was the development of government regulation, which took…

Solar Dynamics Observatory: …and Magnetic Imager (HMI), the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA), and the Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE). HMI studies changes in the Sun’s magnetic field by capturing images of the Sun in polarized light every 50 seconds. AIA observes the solar corona in eight wavelengths of ultraviolet light every 10 seconds.…

Ugo Foscolo: …to Napoleon in his tragedy Aiace (first performed 1811; “Ajax”) again brought suspicion on him; in 1812 he moved to Florence, where he wrote another tragedy, Ricciarda, and most of his highly acclaimed unfinished poem, Le grazie (published in fragments 1803 and 1818, in full 1822; “The Graces”). In 1813…

All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), regional political party of India, principally in Tamil Nadu state. It was formed in 1972 by actor-turned-politician M.G. Ramachandran (popularly known as MGR), who broke away from the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (Dravidian Progressive Federation;

Aeacus: …Aegina, where a festival, the Aiakeia, was held in his honour.

Ajax: …and where a festival called Aianteia was celebrated in his honour.

Ajax, in Greek legend, son of Telamon, king of Salamis, described in the Iliad as being of great stature and colossal frame, second only to the Greek hero Achilles in strength and bravery. He engaged Hector (the chief Trojan warrior) in single combat and later, with the aid of the goddess Athena,

Ajax, in Greek legend, son of Oileus, king of Locris; he was said to be boastful, arrogant, and quarrelsome. For his crime of dragging King Priam’s daughter Cassandra from the statue of the goddess Athena and violating her, he barely escaped being stoned to death by his Greek allies. Odysseus knew

boxing: Amateur boxing: …matches are controlled by the Association Internationale de Boxe Amateur (AIBA), formed in 1946.

robot: Robot toys: … introduced a doglike robot named AIBO, with two dozen motors to activate its legs, head, and tail, two microphones, and a color camera all coordinated by a powerful microprocessor. More lifelike than anything before, AIBOs chased colored balls and learned to recognize their owners and to explore and adapt. Although…

Jean Aicard was a French poet, novelist, and dramatist, best known for his poems of the Provence region. As a young man Aicard studied law but abandoned it to devote himself to literature. His first book of poetry, Jeunes croyances (1867; “Beliefs of a Youth”), showed the influence of the Romantic

Jean Aicard was a French poet, novelist, and dramatist, best known for his poems of the Provence region. As a young man Aicard studied law but abandoned it to devote himself to literature. His first book of poetry, Jeunes croyances (1867; “Beliefs of a Youth”), showed the influence of the Romantic

Aichbühl, site of a Middle Neolithic settlement (end of the 3rd millennium bce) on the shores of Lake Feder (Federsee) in southeastern Baden-Württemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany. Foundations of 25 rectangular buildings arranged in an irregular row along the shoreline were uncovered in the

industrial design: American hegemony and challenges from abroad: …founders was the typeface designer Otl Aicher, a corporate-branding specialist, noted author of graphic standards manuals for his clients, and designer whose clients included Lufthansa and Munich’s transportation authority. Aicher’s contributions to the development of postwar graphic design and corporate identity may have even surpassed those of the legendary Herbert…

Aichi, ken (prefecture), central Honshu, Japan, on the Pacific coast. Nagoya, at the head of Ise Bay, is the prefectural capital. More than half of Aichi’s area lies within the Nōbi Plain and two smaller plains to the east. The northwestern border with Gifu prefecture is formed by the Kiso River,

biodiversity loss: Solutions to biodiversity loss: …20 biodiversity goals, called the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, was unveiled at the CBD meeting held in Nagoya, Japan, in October 2010. The purpose of the list was to make issues of biodiversity mainstream in both economic markets and society at large and to increase biodiversity protection by 2020. Since 2010,…

Gregor Aichinger was a German composer of religious music during the stylistic transition from the late Renaissance to early Baroque. Aichinger took holy orders and became organist to the family of Jakob Fugger at Augsburg from 1584. He visited Italy in 1584–87 and again in 1598–1600. His music is

Ilse Aichinger was an Austrian poet and prose writer whose work, often surreal and presented in the form of parables, reflects her preoccupation with the Nazi persecution of the Jews during World War II. Aichinger’s education was interrupted by World War II when, because she was half Jewish, she

aid, a tax levied in medieval Europe, paid by persons or communities to someone in authority. Aids could be demanded by the crown from its subjects, by a feudal lord from his vassals, or by the lord of a manor from the inhabitants of his domain. A feudal lord could ask his vassals for an aid

buoy, floating object anchored at a definite location to guide or warn mariners, to mark positions of submerged objects, or to moor vessels in lieu of anchoring. Two international buoyage systems are used to mark channels and submerged dangers. In both systems, buoys of standardized colours and

social welfare program, any of a variety of governmental programs designed to protect citizens from the economic risks and insecurities of life. The most common types of programs provide benefits to the elderly or retired, the sick or invalid, dependent survivors, mothers, the unemployed, the

Dominique Pire: In 1949 he founded Aid to Displaced Persons, which sought to guarantee moral and material aid to refugees, regardless of their nationality or religion, and soon had branches throughout Europe. Between 1950 and 1954 Pire founded four “homes of welcome” in Belgium for aged refugees. Seven European “villages” were…

entitlement: some have been means-tested (Medicaid, Aid to Families with Dependent Children [AFDC], and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly known as food stamps), while others have been available to most or all people independent of means (social security and Medicare). Legally mandated employer-provided benefits have included

foreign aid, the international transfer of capital, goods, or services from a country or international organization for the benefit of the recipient country or its population. Aid can be economic, military, or emergency humanitarian (e.g., aid given following natural disasters). Foreign aid can

Giuseppe Verdi: The later middle years of Giuseppe Verdi: …libretto exactly to his needs, Aida. Verdi wrote a detailed scenario—much simpler than those of the previous two operas—employing Antonio Ghislanzoni, a competent poet, to turn it into verse, the metres of which were often dictated by the composer. Commissioned by the khedive of Egypt to celebrate the opening of…

Tim Rice: Later career: Chess, Disney, and Elton John: …well as a revival of Aida (2000). For the musical The Wizard of Oz (2011), which was based on the 1939 film starring Judy Garland, Rice reunited with Lloyd Webber to write several new songs; it was their first major collaboration in more than three decades. Rice’s later credits included…

Aidan was the king of the Scottish kingdom of Dalriada. He was the son of Gabran, king of Dalriada. Aidan was inaugurated as king at Iona by St. Columba. He refused to allow his kingdom to remain dependent on the Irish Dalriada; but, coming into collision with his southern neighbours, he led a

Saint Aidan ; feast day August 31) was an apostle of Northumbria, monastic founder, and the first bishop of Lindisfarne, or Holy Island, off the coast of Northumberland. Aidan was a monk at Iona, an island of the Inner Hebrides in Scotland, when King Oswald of Northumbria requested that he be made

France: Tax reform: …internal and external; and the aides, or excise taxes, levied on the sale of items as diverse as wine, tobacco, and iron. All the indirect taxes were extremely unpopular and had much to do with the state’s inability to rally the rural masses to its side in 1789. In the…

aide-de-camp, (French: “camp assistant”), an officer on the personal staff of a general, admiral, or other high-ranking commander who acts as his confidential secretary in routine matters. On Napoleon’s staff such officers were frequently of high military qualifications and acted both as his “eyes”

Hades, in ancient Greek religion, god of the underworld. Hades was a son of the Titans Cronus and Rhea, and brother of the deities Zeus, Poseidon, Demeter, Hera, and Hestia. After Cronus was overthrown by his sons, his kingdom was divided among them, and the underworld fell by lot to Hades. There

Zhu Wen: …on the throne as the Aidi emperor and was forced to abdicate to Zhu in 907. Zhu then proclaimed himself first emperor of the Hou Liang dynasty. Five years later he was murdered by his own eldest son, who succeeded him on the throne.

China: From Chengdi to Wang Mang: …reigns of Chengdi (33–7 bce), Aidi (7–1 bce), and Pingdi (1 bce–6 ce), the conduct of state affairs and the atmosphere of the court were subject to the weakness or youth of the emperors, the lack of an heir to succeed Chengdi, and the rivalries between four families of imperial…

Ama Ata Aidoo is a Ghanaian writer whose work, written in English, emphasized the paradoxical position of the modern African woman. Aidoo began to write seriously while an honours student at the University of Ghana (B.A., 1964). She won early recognition with a problem play, The Dilemma of a Ghost

Ama Ata Aidoo is a Ghanaian writer whose work, written in English, emphasized the paradoxical position of the modern African woman. Aidoo began to write seriously while an honours student at the University of Ghana (B.A., 1964). She won early recognition with a problem play, The Dilemma of a Ghost

epic: The heroic life: As long as the goddesses Aidos (a personification of the sense of shame) and Nemesis (a personification of divine retribution) stay with humankind, however, helping people observe their moira without committing excesses, one can still gain riches, merits, and glory by the sweat of one’s brow. Only if one knows…

Guillain-Barré syndrome: Pathophysiology: Demyelinating forms include acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), which is the most commonly occurring version of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Axonal forms include acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) and acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN). Miller Fisher syndrome is a rare and often rapidly developing variant of the syndrome…

AIDS, transmissible disease of the immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV is a lentivirus (literally meaning “slow virus”; a member of the retrovirus family) that slowly attacks and destroys the immune system, the body’s defense against infection, leaving an individual

Susan Sontag: …Sign of Saturn (1980), and AIDS and Its Metaphors (1989). She also wrote the historical novels The Volcano Lover: A Romance (1992) and In America (2000).

ACT UP, international organization founded in the United States in 1987 to bring attention to the AIDS epidemic. It was the first group officially created to do so. ACT UP has dozens of chapters in the United States and around the world whose purpose is to find a cure for AIDS, while at the same

aids for activities of daily living (AADLs), products, devices, and equipment used in everyday functional activities by the disabled or the elderly. A form of assistive technology, aids for activities of daily living (AADLs) include a wide range of devices. Potential categories of equipment may

AIDS: Social, legal, and cultural aspects: …than 48,000 panels of the AIDS Memorial Quilt, which has been displayed worldwide both to raise funds and to emphasize the human dimension of the tragedy. The United Nations designated December 1 as World AIDS Day.