George Seaton: Later films: …his biggest box-office hit with Airport, a thriller based on Arthur Hailey’s best-selling novel about an airport during a blizzard and a plane that is carrying a suicide bomber. (Henry Hathaway was also credited for directing the exterior scenes.) In addition to a nomination for best picture, the film earned…

novel: Social and economic aspects: …Godfather (1969) or Arthur Hailey’s Airport (1968) are easy to read and easy to translate, so they win all around. It occasionally happens that an author is more popular abroad than he is at home: the best-selling novels of the Scottish physician-novelist A.J. Cronin are no longer highly regarded in…

Dana Andrews: …returning to motion pictures in Airport 1975 (1974) and The Last Tycoon (1976).

radar: Airport surveillance radar: Airport surveillance radar systems are capable of reliably detecting and tracking aircraft at altitudes below 25,000 feet (7,620 metres) and within 40 to 60 nautical miles (75 to 110 km) of their airport. Systems of this type have been installed at more…

airport: Passenger terminal layout and design: As passenger throughput at airports increases, the passenger terminal becomes a more important element of the airport, attaining a dominant status in the largest facilities. The passenger terminal may amount to less than 10 percent of the total…

Ottumwa: …is the site of the Airpower Museum, which displays a large collection of antique airplanes and artifacts from early aviation. Lake Wapello State Park is to the southwest near Drakesville, and the house that was used for Grant Wood’s painting American Gothic (1930) is in Eldon to the southeast. Inc.…

airship, a self-propelled lighter-than-air craft. Three main types of airships, or dirigibles (from French diriger, “to steer”), have been built: nonrigids (blimps), semirigids, and rigids. All three types have four principal parts: a cigar-shaped bag, or balloon, that is filled with a

aerospace industry: Airships: …Britain when Airship Developments, later Airship Industries, created a successful fleet of multirole airships. The prototype, the AD500, first flew in 1979, and the production model, the Skyship 500, made its maiden flight two years later. Commercial service, consisting of sightseeing tours over London, began in 1986. Using vectored thrust…

aerospace industry: Airships: …Britain when Airship Developments, later Airship Industries, created a successful fleet of multirole airships. The prototype, the AD500, first flew in 1979, and the production model, the Skyship 500, made its maiden flight two years later. Commercial service, consisting of sightseeing tours over London, began in 1986. Using vectored thrust…

Barry Hannah: …daring stylist was secured with Airships, a collection of short stories that appeared in 1978. The book’s recurrent motif of American Civil War valour is developed more fully in the short novel Ray (1980). Hannah’s other novels include The Tennis Handsome (1983), which portrays the misadventures of a dissipated professional…

motion sickness, sickness induced by motion and characterized by nausea. The term motion sickness was proposed by J.A. Irwin in 1881 to provide a general designation for such similar syndromes as seasickness, train sickness, car sickness, and airsickness. The term, though imprecise for scientific

airport: Modern airports: Support facilities on the airside of the field include meteorology, fire and rescue, power and other utilities, aircraft maintenance, and airport maintenance. Landside facilities are the passenger and cargo terminals and the access system, which includes parking, roads, public transport facilities, and loading and unloading areas.

air space, in international law, the space above a particular national territory, treated as belonging to the government controlling the territory. It does not include outer space, which, under the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, is declared to be free and not subject to national appropriation. The

airspeed indicator, instrument that measures the speed of an aircraft relative to the surrounding air, using the differential between the pressure of still air (static pressure) and that of moving air compressed by the craft’s forward motion (ram pressure); as speed increases, the difference

Sean Parker: In 2011 he cofounded Airtime, a social video-calling service that went live the following year but struggled. Parker left the Founders Fund in 2014 and relaunched Airtime in 2016.

traffic control: History: …travel along established routes called airways, which are analogous to guideways, even though they are not physical constructions. They are defined by a particular width (e.g., 32 miles) and also have defined altitudes, which separate air traffic moving in opposite directions along the same airway. Because of the ability to…

respiratory system, the system in living organisms that takes up oxygen and discharges carbon dioxide in order to satisfy energy requirements. In the living organism, energy is liberated, along with carbon dioxide, through the oxidation of molecules containing carbon. The term respiration denotes

optics: Resolution and the Airy disk: When a well-corrected lens is used in place of a pinhole, the geometrical ray divergence is eliminated by the focussing action of the lens, and a much larger aperture may be employed; in that case the diffraction spreading becomes small indeed. The image…

isostasy: The Airy hypothesis says that Earth’s crust is a more rigid shell floating on a more liquid substratum of greater density. Sir George Biddell Airy, an English mathematician and astronomer, assumed that the crust has a uniform density throughout. The thickness of the crustal layer is…

isostasy: The Airy hypothesis says that Earth’s crust is a more rigid shell floating on a more liquid substratum of greater density. Sir George Biddell Airy, an English mathematician and astronomer, assumed that the crust has a uniform density throughout. The thickness of the crustal layer is…

Sir George Biddell Airy was an English scientist who was astronomer royal from 1835 to 1881. Airy graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1823. He became Lucasian professor of mathematics at Cambridge in 1826 and Plumian professor of astronomy and director of the Cambridge observatory in

androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), rare genetic disorder in which a genetically male individual fails to respond naturally to the effects of male hormones (also known as androgens). Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is an X-chromosome-linked recessive disorder, being caused by a mutation

Celtic literature: Developments of the 18th century: …Gaelic book of secular poetry, Ais-eiridh na Sean Chánain Albannaich (“Resurrection of the Ancient Scottish Tongue”), in 1751. He rallied his fellow Highlanders to Prince Charles Edward’s cause in the ’45 rising with Brosnachadh nam Fineachan Gaidhealach (“Incitement to the Highland Clans”) and a song of welcome to the Prince.…

Aisén, región, southern Chile, bounded on the east by Argentina and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. Aisén includes the Chonos Archipelago, the Taitao Peninsula, and the mainland between the Palena River in the north and O’Higgins Lake in the south. It is divided into the provinces of Aisén,

Aisén, región, southern Chile, bounded on the east by Argentina and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. Aisén includes the Chonos Archipelago, the Taitao Peninsula, and the mainland between the Palena River in the north and O’Higgins Lake in the south. It is divided into the provinces of Aisén,

China: The rise of the Manchu: and his son Abahai, the Aisin Gioro clan of the Jianzhou tribe won hegemony among the rival Juchen tribes of the northeast, then through warfare and alliances extended its control into Inner Mongolia and Korea. Nurhachi created large, permanent civil-military units called “banners” to replace the small hunting groups used…

aisle, portion of a church or basilica that parallels or encircles the major sections of the structure, such as the nave, choir, or apse (aisles around the apse are usually called ambulatories). The aisle is often set off by columns or by an arcade. The name derives from the French for “wing,”

aisling, in Irish literature, a poetic or dramatic description or representation of a vision. The Vision of Adamnán is one of the best-known examples. In the 18th century the aisling became popular as a means of expressing support for the exiled Roman Catholic king James II of England and Ireland

Celtic literature: Prose: …Aislinge Meic Con Glinne (The Vision of MacConglinne).

Picardy: of Oise, Somme, and Aisne. In 2016 Picardy was joined with the région of Nord–Pas-de-Calais to form the new administrative entity of Hauts-de-France.

Champagne-Ardenne: …and is drained by the Aisne River. Other important rivers include the Meuse and the Marne.

World War I: The First Battle of the Marne: The First Battle of the Aisne marked the real beginning of trench warfare on the Western Front. Both sides were in the process of discovering that, in lieu of frontal assaults for which neither had the manpower readily available, the only alternative was to try to…

Joyce Cary: …1932 that his first novel, Aissa Saved, appeared. The story of an African girl converted to Christianity but still retaining pagan elements in her faith, it was followed by three more African novels—An American Visitor (1933), The African Witch (1936), and Mister Johnson (1939)—and a novel about the decline of…

Jonas Aistis was a poet whose lyrics are considered among the best in Lithuanian literature and who was the first modern Lithuanian poet to turn to personal expression. Aistis studied literature at the University of Kaunas and in 1936 went to France to study French literature at the University of

amphibian: Annotated classification: (adelospondylians) †Order Aistopoda(aistopodans) Upper Mississippian to Lower Permian. Lepospondylous vertebrae; elongate body with reduced or no limbs; and forked single-headed ribs. †Order Nectridea (nectrideans) Lower Pennsylvanian to Middle Permian. Lepospondylous vertebrae; elongate body with reduced well-differentiated

amphibian: Annotated classification: (adelospondylians) †Order Aistopoda(aistopodans) Upper Mississippian to Lower Permian. Lepospondylous vertebrae; elongate body with reduced or no limbs; and forked single-headed ribs. †Order Nectridea (nectrideans) Lower Pennsylvanian to Middle Permian. Lepospondylous vertebrae; elongate body with reduced well-differentiated

Papal States: Early history: …of Pavia, the Lombard king Aistulf ceded territory in northern and central Italy. It was probably also about this time that the Donation of Constantine was forged by an unknown cleric in Rome. A legitimate donation by Charlemagne and decrees by Louis the Pious and his son Lothar I confirmed…

information theory: Algorithmic information theory: In the 1960s the American mathematician Gregory Chaitin, the Russian mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov, and the American engineer Raymond Solomonoff began to formulate and publish an objective measure of the intrinsic complexity of a message. Chaitin, a research scientist at IBM, developed the…

commodities fraud: The CTFC and fraud: …non-option-related fraud case involved the American International Trading Company (AITC), a Los Angeles-based company. In the 1970s the company offered a managed-account program for trading in commodity futures contracts and required an investment of as little as $2,000. AITC promised profits to speculators and guaranteed customers that they would not…

Charli XCX is a British singer and songwriter who was known to fans for her experimental electro-pop music for more than a decade when she found mainstream success with the release of her sixth album, Brat, in 2024. Critics have often praised her music for challenging boundaries while maintaining

Callimachus: …interests, was the Aitia (Causes), probably produced between 270 and 245 bce. This work is a narrative elegy in four books, containing a medley of recondite tales from Greek mythology and history by which the author seeks to explain the legendary origin of obscure customs, festivals, and names. The…

Indian philosophy: Roles of sacred texts, mythology, and theism: … (pertaining to the deities), the aitihasika (pertaining to the tradition), the adhiyajna (pertaining to the sacrifices), and the adhyatmika (pertaining to the spirit). Such interpretations apparently prevailed in the Upanishads; the myths were turned into symbols, though some of them persisted as models and metaphors.

condensation nucleus: …nuclei in the atmosphere, called Aitken nuclei, but they ordinarily play no role in cloud formation because they do not induce condensation unless the air is highly supersaturated with water vapour. Nuclei that have diameters of several microns and are composed of a hygroscopic, or moisture-attracting, substance (e.g., sea salt)…

Battle of Tanga: …in East Africa, Major General Arthur Aitken sailed from Bombay with Indian Expeditionary Force B, comprising an infantry brigade, two artillery batteries, and a machine-gun company from the Indian Army, numbering about 8,000 soldiers altogether. Unfortunately, this command included many poorly trained men. Little intelligence existed regarding local German forces,…

John Aitken was a Scottish physicist and meteorologist who, through a series of experiments and observations in which he used apparatus of his own design, elucidated the crucial role that microscopic particles, now called Aitken nuclei, play in the condensation of atmospheric water vapour in clouds

Robert Grant Aitken was an American astronomer who specialized in the study of double stars, of which he discovered more than 3,000. From 1891 to 1895 Aitken was professor of mathematics and astronomy at the University of the Pacific, Stockton, Calif. In 1895 he joined the staff of Lick

Sir Maxwell Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook was a financier in Canada, politician and newspaper proprietor in Great Britain, one of three persons (the others were Winston Churchill and John Simon) to sit in the British cabinet during both World Wars. An idiosyncratic and successful journalist, he

Sir Maxwell Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook was a financier in Canada, politician and newspaper proprietor in Great Britain, one of three persons (the others were Winston Churchill and John Simon) to sit in the British cabinet during both World Wars. An idiosyncratic and successful journalist, he

Chingiz Aytmatov was an author, translator, journalist, and diplomat, best known as a major figure in Kyrgyz and Russian literature. Aytmatov’s father was a Communist Party official executed during the great purges directed by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in the late 1930s. Aytmatov’s literary

Aetolia, district of ancient Greece, located directly north of the Gulf of Corinth and bounded by Epirus (north), Locris (east), and Acarnania (west). In modern Greece, Aetolia is linked with Acarnania in the department of Aitolía kai Akarnanía. Aetolia, particularly its cities Pleuron and Calydon,

All-India Trade Union Congress (AITUC), India’s second largest trade union federation after the Indian National Trade Union Congress. The AITUC was formed by the Indian National Congress (the central organ of the independence movement) in 1920 to represent India at the International Labour

Aitutaki Atoll, one of the southern Cook Islands, a self-governing state in free association with New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean. Aitutaki Atoll is volcanic in origin and rises to about 450 feet (140 metres). Its 12 offshore islets, however, are low coral formations. The main settlement is

Netherlands: Culture: …the heavily factual chronicle of Lieuwe van Aitzema, with its interspersed commentary of skeptical wisdom; Abraham de Wicquefort’s history of the Republic (principally under the first stadtholderless administration); and the histories and biographies by Geeraert Brandt. These were works in which a proud new nation took account of its birth…

Alba: …century bc) was situated at Aiud, and remnants of Daco-Roman villages have been found at Aiud, Sebeş, and Alba Iulia. Vineyards are worked in the Mureş River valley. Corn (maize) is grown in southern areas, and wheat is cultivated in the north. Mercury, gold, silver, and other nonferrous metals are…

Laayoune, town, northern Western Sahara, 8 miles (13 km) inland from the Atlantic Ocean and situated in the geographic region of Saguia el-Hamra. It was the capital of Western Sahara from 1940 to 1976 (when Western Sahara was a northwest African overseas province of Spain known as Spanish Sahara);

Roman religion: Deification of functions: …them in a crisis (Aius Locutius). They multiplied functional deities of this kind to an extraordinary degree of “religious atomism,” in which countless powers or forces were identified with one phase of life or another. Their functions were sharply defined; and in approaching them it was important to use…

materials science: Materials for ground transportation: …of America (Alcoa) called the aluminum intensive vehicle (AIV), and a similar one at Reynolds Metals, were established to develop materials and processes for making automobile “space frames” consisting of aluminum-alloy rods and die-cast connectors joined by welding and adhesive bonding. Not to be outdone, another aluminum company, Alcan Aluminium…

Artturi Ilmari Virtanen: …procedure (known by his initials, AIV) for adding dilute hydrochloric or sulfuric acid to newly stored silage, thereby increasing the acidity of the fodder beyond that point. In a series of experiments (1928–29), he showed that acid treatment has no adverse effect on the nutritive value and edibility of the…

kava, nonalcoholic euphoria-producing beverage made from the root of the pepper plant, principally Piper methysticum, in most of the South Pacific islands. It is yellow-green in colour and somewhat bitter. The primary active ingredients of kava are known as kavalactones; other substances, including

South Asian arts: Medieval temple architecture: South Indian style of Karnataka: …and two cave temples at Aihole are early 8th century. Among structural temples built during the rule of the Cālukyas of Bāẖāmi are examples in the North Indian style; but, because the Karnataka region was more receptive to southern influences, there are a large number of examples that are basically…

All India Women’s Conference (AIWC), organization dedicated to improving women’s education and social welfare in India. The All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) is one of the oldest women’s organizations in the country. Several hundred local AIWC branches are located across India, with thousands of

Aiwel, in the indigenous religion of the Dinka people of South Sudan, the legendary ancestor and founder of the priesthood known as the spearmasters. According to legend, Aiwel was the son of a water spirit and a human mother. After his mother died during his childhood, Aiwel went to live with his

Aiwel, in the indigenous religion of the Dinka people of South Sudan, the legendary ancestor and founder of the priesthood known as the spearmasters. According to legend, Aiwel was the son of a water spirit and a human mother. After his mother died during his childhood, Aiwel went to live with his

wood duck, (Aix sponsa), small colourful North American perching duck (family Anatidae), a popular game bird. Once in danger of extinction from overhunting and habitat destruction, the species has been saved by diligent conservation efforts. Wood ducks nest in tree cavities up to 15 metres (50

Aix-en-Provence, city, Bouches-du-Rhône département, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes région, southern France, north of Marseille. Lying on the plain 1 mile (1.6 km) from the right bank of the Arc River, it is on the crossroads of main routes to Italy and the Alps. The conquering Roman proconsul Sextius

Aachen, city, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), western Germany. Its municipal boundaries coincide on the west with the frontiers of Belgium and the Netherlands. It was a royal residence of the emperor Charlemagne, and it served as the principal coronation site of Holy Roman emperors and of

Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, (October 1–November 15, 1818), the first of the four congresses held by Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and France to discuss and take common action on European problems following the Napoleonic Wars (1800–15). This congress (held at Aix-la-Chapelle—now Aachen,

France: Foreign affairs: …Sweden, which led to the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668). Then, in the Dutch War that followed shortly afterward (1672–78), Louis intended to warn the Dutch that France was a serious commercial competitor and to force the Dutch to give him a free hand in the Spanish Netherlands when the issue…

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, (Oct. 18, 1748), treaty negotiated largely by Britain and France, with the other powers following their lead, ending the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48). The treaty was marked by the mutual restitution of conquests, including the fortress of Louisbourg on Cape

Aix-les-Bains, city and Alpine spa, Savoie département, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes région, southeastern France, southwest of Geneva. A summer and winter resort with a beach on Bourget Lake (France’s largest lake) and an aerial cableway up fir-covered Mount Revard (5,125 feet [1,562 metres]), it is a

Aix-Marseille University, coeducational, state-financed, autonomous institution of higher learning founded under France’s 1968 Orientation Act, reforming higher education. The institution developed out of the original University of Provence, founded in 1409 as a studium generale by Louis II of

Aix-Marseille University, coeducational, state-financed, autonomous institution of higher learning founded under France’s 1968 Orientation Act, reforming higher education. The institution developed out of the original University of Provence, founded in 1409 as a studium generale by Louis II of

Aix-Marseille University, coeducational, state-financed, autonomous institution of higher learning founded under France’s 1968 Orientation Act, reforming higher education. The institution developed out of the original University of Provence, founded in 1409 as a studium generale by Louis II of

grāmadevatā: …exceptional male village deity is Aiyaṉar, who in South India is the village watchman and whose shrine is always separate from those of the female goddesses. A similar male deity, known variously as Dharma-Ṭhakur, Dharma-Rāj, and Dharma-Rāy, is found in Bengali villages.

grāmadevatā: …exceptional male village deity is Aiyaṉar, who in South India is the village watchman and whose shrine is always separate from those of the female goddesses. A similar male deity, known variously as Dharma-Ṭhakur, Dharma-Rāj, and Dharma-Rāy, is found in Bengali villages.

Mani Shankar Aiyar is an Indian diplomat, politician, and government official who, after a distinguished foreign-service career, became a senior leader in the Indian National Congress (Congress Party). Aiyar’s family migrated to India from newly formed Pakistan, following the partition of British

South Asian arts: Tamil: …Carittiram (“The Fatal Rumor”), by Rajam Aiyar, whom many judge to be the most important prose writer of 19th-century Tamil literature. In this work, the author created a series of characters that appear to have become classics; the story is a romance, yet life in rural Tamil country is treated…

Aiyetoro, utopian Christian settlement of the Nigerian Holy Apostles’ Community established in 1947. The Holy Apostles’ Community was founded by a small group of the Cherubim and Seraphim Society, itself a part of the Aladura religious movement (a Charismatic Christian movement having affinities

Aegina, island, one of the largest in the Saronic group of Greece, about 16 miles (26 km) south-southwest of Piraeus. With an area of about 32 square miles (83 square km), it is an eparkhía (eparchy) of the nomós (department) of Piraeus. The northern plains and hills are cultivated with vines and

John Heartfield: …works were created for the Arbeiter-Illustrierte Zeitung (AIZ; “Workers’ Illustrated Newspaper”), a widely circulated left-wing weekly that he worked for from 1927 to 1938. Because he was a regular contributor to journals and newspapers, his work was gaining a lot of exposure—so much so that in 1929 an entire room…

Aizawa Yasushi was a Japanese nationalist thinker whose writings helped provoke the movement that in 1868 overthrew the Tokugawa shogunate and restored power to the emperor. Aizawa’s fief of Mito, one of the branches of the great Tokugawa family, was a centre of Confucian learning and loyalty.

Aizawa Yasushi was a Japanese nationalist thinker whose writings helped provoke the movement that in 1868 overthrew the Tokugawa shogunate and restored power to the emperor. Aizawa’s fief of Mito, one of the branches of the great Tokugawa family, was a centre of Confucian learning and loyalty.

Aizawl, city, capital of Mizoram state, northeastern India. It is situated in the north-central part of the state on a ridge at an elevation of about 2,950 feet (900 metres). Aizawl was included in the territory that became part of the newly created Assam state in 1950. The tribal peoples of the

Ueno: The Aizen Temple in Ueno is dedicated to the god of love. The industry of the city includes the traditional manufacture of sake (rice wine), textiles, stoneware, and umbrellas. Ueno is connected by railway to Nara (west) and Nagoya (east). Pop. (2005) 100,623; (2010) 97,207.

Ōmoto, religious movement of Japan that had a large following in the period between World War I and World War II and that served as a model for numerous other sects in that country. The teaching of Ōmoto is based on divine oracles transmitted through a peasant woman, Deguchi Nao, whose healing

Caryophyllales: Economic importance: Aizoaceae includes ice plants, sea figs (also called beach apples), and living stones (lithops). Stem or leaf succulents in Cactaceae and Aizoaceae are commonly collected and used in rock gardens.

Aizu-wakamatsu, city, Fukushima ken (prefecture), northeast-central Honshu, Japan. It is situated in the centre of the Aizu Basin, surrounded by volcanic mountains. A castle was built on the site in 1384. Much of the present city dates from 1590, when the castle was rebuilt and named Tsuruga

RuPaul: Later albums and RuPaul’s Drag Race: …also cocreated the TV series AJ and the Queen (2020), in which he played a drag queen traveling across the United States, accompanied by a 10-year-old girl; the comedy aired on Netflix. In 2024 RuPaul released the candid memoir The House of Hidden Meanings.

Steely Dan: …The Royal Scam (1976) and Aja (1977). Difficulties in completing Gaucho (1980) persuaded Becker and Fagen to give the group a rest, and they pursued separate careers for many years. Fagen’s first solo album, The Nightfly (1982), recaptured many of Steely Dan’s strengths; Becker produced albums for various artists. In…

western Africa: The southward expansion of Oyo: …country southwestward to the small Aja states on the coast in which the Europeans had established trading posts. A measure of control was also asserted more directly to the south over other Yoruba peoples and kings in the forest. Here a boundary was established with the kingdom of Benin, which…

African dance: The social context: …adolescent boys perform the lively Ajabure with ceremonial swords. The transition from one age grade to the next may be marked by rites and festivities. In initiation rites for adolescents, dances may stress sexual fertility as well as customary behaviour between the sexes. In the Otufo initiation rites for girls…

Ajaccio, town and capital of Corse-du-Sud département, Corsica région, France. It is a Mediterranean port on the west coast of the island of Corsica. Napoleon’s birthplace, Maison Bonaparte, is now a museum, as is part of the town hall. The original settlement of Ajax was founded by the Romans 2

ajaeng, large Korean bowed zither having seven strings. Its body is about 160 cm (62 inches) long and 25 cm (10 inches) wide and is made of paulownia wood. The ajaeng’s strings, made of twisted silk, are supported by separate movable bridges. The bow with which it is played, some 65 cm (25 inches)

ajaeng: The modern ajaeng sanjo is basically a smaller version of the ajaeng, about 120 cm (47 inches) long, and it has eight strings. The ajaeng sanjo is used for a variety of genres, including sanjo (virtuosic solo music), folk songs, and shaman ensembles.

spoonbill: …a rosy tinge, but the roseate spoonbill (Ajaia ajaja), of North and South America, about 80 cm long, is deep pink with a white neck and upper back. It ranges from the Gulf Coast of Texas and the West Indies to Argentina and Chile. In some places it has been…

Mozarabic language, archaic dialect of Spanish that was spoken in those parts of Spain under Arab occupation from the early 8th century until about 1300. Mozarabic retained many archaic Latin forms and borrowed many words from Arabic. Although almost completely overshadowed by Arabic during the

Ajanta Caves, Buddhist rock-cut cave temples and monasteries, located near Ajanta village, north-central Maharashtra state, western India, that are celebrated for their wall paintings. The temples are hollowed out of granite cliffs on the inner side of a 70-foot (20-metre) ravine in the Wagurna

Ajanta Caves, Buddhist rock-cut cave temples and monasteries, located near Ajanta village, north-central Maharashtra state, western India, that are celebrated for their wall paintings. The temples are hollowed out of granite cliffs on the inner side of a 70-foot (20-metre) ravine in the Wagurna

Ajaria: Geography: …Georgians, Russians, Armenians, and the Ajars themselves, a Georgian population Islamicized under Turkish rule. Although the Ajars are not a nationality distinct from other Georgians, they do represent a distinctive cultural segment of the Georgian homeland. Of the total population, less than one-half is urban and two-thirds live in the…

Ajaria: Geography: Two east-west ranges, the Ajar-Imeretinsky in the north and the Shavshetsky in the south, rise from the Black Sea coastal lowlands to more than 9,200 feet (2,800 metres). Between the ranges lies the Ajaristskali River valley, which is closed at the eastern end by a third range, the Arsiyan…