Alençon, town, Orne département, Normandy région, northwestern France. Alençon lies at the juncture of the Sarthe and Briante rivers, in the centre of a plain ringed by wooded hills. It is known for its tulle and lace (especially point d’Alençon), introduced from Venice in the mid-17th century.

Alençon lace, needle lace produced in Alençon in northwestern France. The city of Alençon was already famous for its cutwork and reticella (see embroidered lace) when in 1665 Louis XIV’s minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert introduced Venetian lacemakers into the area to teach the local women the secrets

François, duc d’Anjou was the fourth and youngest son of Henry II of France and Catherine de Médicis; his three brothers—Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III—were kings of France. But for his early death at age 30, he too would have been king. Catherine de Médicis gave him Alençon in 1566, and he

St. Joan of Arc: Joan’s mission: …authorities in the presence of Jean, duc d’Alençon, a relative of Charles, who showed himself well-disposed toward her. She was then taken to Poitiers for three weeks, where she was further questioned by eminent theologians who were allied to the dauphin’s cause. These examinations, the record of which has not…

Giulio Aleni was a Jesuit priest who was the first Christian missionary in the province of Kiangsi, China. Aleni entered the Society of Jesus in 1600 and was sent to the Far East. He landed at Macau in 1610 and went to China three years later. During his more than 30 years in China, he adopted that

Alentejo, region and historical province of south-central Portugal. It lies southeast of the Tagus (Tejo) River and is bounded on the east by the Spanish frontier and on the southwest by the Atlantic Ocean. It is an almost featureless tableland of less than 650 feet (200 m) in elevation in the

tapestry: 17th and 18th centuries: …designed many of the popular alentours tapestries, in which the central subject, presented as a painting bordered by a frame simulating gilded wood, is eclipsed by the rich use of ornamental devices surrounding it. Boucher’s Loves of the Gods were also alentours and enjoyed a great success and popularity, especially…

ʿalenu, (Hebrew: “it is our duty”), the opening word of an extremely old Jewish prayer, which has been recited at the end of the three periods of daily prayer since the European Middle Ages. The first section of the ʿalenu is a prayer of thanks for having set Israel apart for the service of God;

Teatro Farnese: …was begun in 1618 by Giovanni Battista Aleotti for Ranuccio I Farnese, and it officially opened in 1628. At one end of the large, rectangular wooden structure was a stage area designed for deep-perspective scenery and spectacular effects. The stage area, divided in half by two half walls, had provision…

Aleph, Japanese new religious movement founded in 1987 as AUM Shinrikyo (“AUM Supreme Truth”) by Matsumoto Chizuo, known to his followers as Master Asahara Shoko. The organization came to public attention when it was learned that several of its top leaders had perpetrated the Tokyo subway attack of

Jorge Luis Borges: Life: …volume of English translations titled The Aleph, and Other Stories, 1933–1969 (1970). During this time, he and another writer, Adolfo Bioy Casares, jointly wrote detective stories under the pseudonym H. Bustos Domecq (combining ancestral names of the two writers’ families), which were published in 1942 as Seis problemas para Don…

aleph-null (ℵ0), in mathematics, the cardinality of the infinite set of natural numbers {1, 2, 3, …}. The cardinality, or cardinal number, of a set is the number of elements of a set. For example, the number 3 is the cardinality of the set {1, 2, 3} as well as of any set that can be put into a

history of logic: The continuum problem and the axiom of constructibility: …natural numbers, called ℵ1 (aleph-one), is equal to the cardinality of the set of all real numbers. The continuum hypothesis states that ℵ1 is the second infinite cardinal—in other words, there does not exist any cardinality strictly between ℵo and ℵ1. Despite its prominence, the problem of the continuum…

lancet fish, either of two species of widely distributed, deepwater marine fish of the genus Alepisaurus (family Alepisauridae). Lancet fish are elongated and slender, with a long, very tall dorsal fin and a large mouth that is equipped with formidable fanglike teeth. The fish grow to a large size,

lancet fish: The shortnose lancet fish (A. brevirostris) inhabits the Atlantic and south Pacific oceans.

lancet fish: The longnose lancet fish (A. ferox) is found in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The shortnose lancet fish (A. brevirostris) inhabits the Atlantic and south Pacific oceans.

slickhead, any of several deep-sea fishes, family Alepocephalidae (order Salmoniformes), found in almost all oceans at depths up to 5,500 m (17,800 feet) or more. Slickheads are dark, soft, and herringlike; species vary greatly in structure, and a few possess light-producing organs. Some common

protacanthopterygian: Annotated classification: Superfamily Alepocephaloidei About 130 species; 3 to 700 cm (about 1 inch to about 23 feet); marine, deep-sea; worldwide. Adipose fin lacking; swim bladder lacking; teeth small; intestine with pyloric caecae. Light organs present in some species (on raised papillae). Tail supported by 3 vertebral centra.…

Odysseus Elytis was a Greek poet and winner of the 1979 Nobel Prize for Literature. Born the scion of a prosperous family from Lesbos, he abandoned the family name as a young man in order to dissociate his writing from the family soap business. Elytis studied law at Athens University. Intrigued by

Aleppo, principal city of northern Syria. It is situated in the northwestern part of the country, about 30 miles (50 km) south of the Turkish border. Aleppo is located at the crossroads of great commercial routes and lies some 60 miles (100 km) from both the Mediterranean Sea (west) and the

cutaneous leishmaniasis, infectious skin disease that is caused by any of multiple different trypanosome parasites in the genus Leishmania. The disease is the most commonly occurring form of leishmaniasis and is prevalent especially in the Americas, Asia, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East.

biblical literature: Masoretic texts: …production of the model so-called Aleppo Codex, now in Jerusalem. Written by Solomon ben Buya’a, it was corrected, punctuated, and furnished with a Masoretic apparatus by Aaron ben Moses ben Asher about 930. Originally containing the entire Hebrew Bible in about 380 folios, of which 294 are extant, the Aleppo…

Aleppo earthquake of 1138, earthquake, among the deadliest ever recorded, that struck the Syrian city of Aleppo (Ḥalab) on Oct. 11, 1138. The city suffered extensive damage, and it is estimated that 230,000 people were killed. Aleppo is located in northern Syria. The region, which sits on the

gallic acid: …the genus Caesalpinia) and in Aleppo and Chinese galls (swellings of plant tissue), from which it is obtained commercially by the action of acids or alkalies. An Aleppo gall has a spherical shape, is hard and brittle, and is about the size of a hickory nut; it is produced on…

oak: Major species and uses: …on the twigs of the Aleppo oak (Q. infectoria) are a source of Aleppo tannin, used in ink manufacture; commercial cork is obtained from the bark of the cork oak (Q. suber), and the tannin-rich kermes oak (Q. coccifera) is the host of the kermes insect, once harvested for a…

Battle of Aleppo, decisive defeat on November 11, 1400, at Aleppo, in what is now Syria, of the Mameluke forces of Sultan Faraj at the hands of a great army led by the Turkic conqueror Timur. Following his devastating invasion of India, Timur turned his army to the west. His attack on the Syrian

Zangid dynasty: The most noteworthy is the Great Mosque in Aleppo, whose renovation was completed in 1190. The building, a perfect continuation of the Zangid artistic tradition, demonstrates simplicity in decorative architecture. It is built around a large, open, marble-floored court, with a polychrome mihrab (prayer niche facing Mecca). Large areas of…

arartree, (Tetraclinis articulata), only species of the genus Tetraclinis of the cypress family (Cupressaceae), found in hot, dry areas of southeastern Spain, Malta, and northern Africa. A pyramidal tree 12 to 15 metres (about 40 to 50 feet) tall, the arartree has fragrant, brown or reddish-brown

alerce, (species Fitzroya cupressoides), coniferous tree that is the only species of the genus Fitzroya, of the cypress family (Cupressaceae), native to southern Chile and southern Argentina. In the wild it grows to become one of the oldest and largest trees in the world. The alerce is thought to

Albert was an antipope in 1101. He was cardinal bishop of Silva Candida when elected early in 1101 as successor to the antipope Theodoric of Santa Ruffina, who had been set up against the legitimate pope, Paschal II, by an imperial faction supporting the Holy Roman emperor Henry IV in his struggle

Ellesmere Island: …Eureka, Grise Ford (Aujuittuq), and Alert, a weather station and military outpost that is the northernmost community in North America. Petroleum deposits have been discovered on the island. During the summer of 2008, large portions of the Ayles, Markham, Ward-Hunt, and Serson ice shelves calved into icebergs.

Alès, town, Gard département, Occitanie région, southeastern France. It lies along a bend of the Gardon d’Alès River, at the foot of the Cévennes mountains, north-northwest of Nîmes. The town’s name meant “industry” in the language of its 10th-century-bce Phoenician founders. Alestium was its Roman

Huguenot: …Huguenots were defeated, and the Peace of Alès was signed on June 28, 1629, whereby the Huguenots were allowed to retain their freedom of conscience but lost all their military advantages. No longer a political entity, the Huguenots became loyal subjects of the king. Their remaining rights under the Edict…

leśyā: …of the emotions, and the aleśī are those liberated beings (siddhas) who no longer experience any feelings, neither pain nor pleasure, not even humour. The three bad emotions (ill will, envy, and untruthfulness) give the leśyā a bitter taste, harsh or dull colour, a smell that can be likened to…

Alesia, ancient town situated on Mont Auxois, above the present-day village of Alise-Sainte-Reine in the département of Côte d’Or, France. Alesia is famous as the site of the siege and capture of Vercingetorix by Julius Caesar in 52 bce that ended Gallic resistance to Caesar. The Gallic town was

Battle of Alesia, (52 bce), Roman military blockade of Alesia, a city in eastern Gaul, during the Gallic Wars. Roman forces under the command of Julius Caesar besieged Alesia, within which sheltered the Gallic general Vercingetorix and his massive host. Caesar directed his troops to erect a series

Battle of Alesia, (52 bce), Roman military blockade of Alesia, a city in eastern Gaul, during the Gallic Wars. Roman forces under the command of Julius Caesar besieged Alesia, within which sheltered the Gallic general Vercingetorix and his massive host. Caesar directed his troops to erect a series

Arturo Alessandri Palma was a Chilean president (1920–25, 1932–38) who early defended workers’ groups, especially the nitrate miners of the north, but later, as a member of the Liberal Party, became more conservative. The son of an Italian immigrant, Alessandri was graduated in law from the

Chile: The presidency of Jorge Alessandri Rodríguez: Ibáñez was succeeded (1958–64) by the son of Arturo Alessandri Palma, Jorge Alessandri Rodríguez, who won the support of the Conservative and Liberal parties. To satisfy popular demands without altering profoundly the structures of the country, he launched a public works program…

Alessandria, city, Piedmont regione, northwestern Italy. The city lies at the confluence of the Bormida and Tanaro rivers, southeast of Turin (Torino). It was founded in 1168 by the towns of the Lombard League as an Alpine valley stronghold against the Holy Roman emperor Frederick I (Frederick

Alexandrist, any of the Italian philosophers of the Renaissance who, in the controversy about personal immortality, followed the explanation of Aristotle’s De anima (On the Soul) given by Alexander of Aphrodisias, who held that it denied individual immortality. Thomas Aquinas and his followers had

Alexandrist, any of the Italian philosophers of the Renaissance who, in the controversy about personal immortality, followed the explanation of Aristotle’s De anima (On the Soul) given by Alexander of Aphrodisias, who held that it denied individual immortality. Thomas Aquinas and his followers had

Alessandro was the first duke of Florence (1532–37). Alessandro was born to unmarried parents. His paternity is ascribed either to Lorenzo de’ Medici (1492–1519), duke of Urbino, or, with more likelihood, to Giulio de’ Medici, nephew of Lorenzo the Magnificent. Giulio became a cardinal and in 1519

Giovanni Pacini: He attracted particular notice with Alessandro nelle Indie (1824; “Alexander in the Indies”), an opera seria (“serious opera”) based on Andrea Leone Tottola’s updating of a text by 18th-century librettist Pietro Metastasio, and L’ultimo giorno di Pompei (1825; “The Last Day of Pompei”), also an opera seria.

Friedrich von Flotow: …brief version of the opera Alessandro Stradella, which later, in its complete form, enjoyed great success. In 1839 he collaborated with Albert Grisar and Auguste Pilati on Le Naufrage de la Méduse (“The Wreck of the Medusa”). Between 1840 and 1878 he produced 19 light operas. Martha, composed to a…

Alès, town, Gard département, Occitanie région, southeastern France. It lies along a bend of the Gardon d’Alès River, at the foot of the Cévennes mountains, north-northwest of Nîmes. The town’s name meant “industry” in the language of its 10th-century-bce Phoenician founders. Alestium was its Roman

Ålesund, municipality and port, western Norway, north of the mouth of Stor Fjord. The municipality is set on several islands—including Nørvøya, Aspøya, Heissa (Hessa), and Oksnøya—which are connected by bridges. According to legend, the settlement dates from the 9th century when Rollo (Rolf) the

Ålesund: Ålesund University College was established there in 1994 through the amalgamation of three smaller institutions. Pop. (2015 est.) mun., 46,316.

patristic literature: The Apologists: …century ad (compare his devastating Alēthēs logos, or True Word, written c. 178), were only two among many “cultured despisers.” But, second, orthodoxy had to take issue with distorting tendencies within, whether these took the form of gnosticism or of other heresies, such as the so-called semi-gnostic Marcion’s rejection of…

modal logic, formal systems incorporating modalities such as necessity, possibility, impossibility, contingency, strict implication, and certain other closely related concepts. The most straightforward way of constructing a modal logic is to add to some standard nonmodal logical system a new

modality, in logic, the classification of logical propositions according to their asserting or denying the possibility, impossibility, contingency, or necessity of their content. Modal logic, which studies the logical features of such concepts, originated with Aristotle, was extensively studied by

Aletsch Glacier, the Alps’ largest and longest glacier, lying in the Bernese Alps of south-central Switzerland. Covering an area of 66 square miles (171 square km), it is divided into the Great Aletsch (main) and the Middle and Upper Aletsch (branches). The main glacier is 15 miles (24 km) long and

tung tree: montana), Japan wood oil tree (A. cordata), and lumbang tree (A. trisperma), are decorative and are planted as shade trees or as sources of tung oil in the subtropical and tropical areas of many countries, including the American Deep South, where they grow rapidly under favourable…

tung tree, (Aleurites fordii), small Asian tree of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), commercially valuable for tung oil (q.v.), which is extracted from its nutlike seeds. In the Orient tung oil was traditionally used for lighting, but it also has important modern industrial uses. The tung tree

tung tree: …tung and its relatives, the candlenut tree (Aleurites moluccana), mu tree (A. montana), Japan wood oil tree (A. cordata), and lumbang tree (A. trisperma), are decorative and are planted as shade trees or as sources of tung oil in the subtropical and tropical areas of many countries, including the American…

tung tree: …the candlenut tree (Aleurites moluccana), mu tree (A. montana), Japan wood oil tree (A. cordata), and lumbang tree (A. trisperma), are decorative and are planted as shade trees or as sources of tung oil in the subtropical and tropical areas of many countries, including the American Deep South, where they…

tung tree: cordata), and lumbang tree (A. trisperma), are decorative and are planted as shade trees or as sources of tung oil in the subtropical and tropical areas of many countries, including the American Deep South, where they grow rapidly under favourable soil conditions.

whitefly: The citrus blackfly (Aleurocanthus woglumi) is well established in Mexico and the West Indies. A sooty fungus that grows on the honeydew excreted by the citrus blackfly reduces the host plant’s ability to photosynthesize.

Aleut, an Indigenous person of the Aleutian Islands and western portion of the Alaska Peninsula of northwestern North America. The name Aleut derives from Russian; depending upon dialect, the people refer to themselves as Unangan or Unangas (the plural of Unangax̂) and Sugpiat (the plural of

Arctic: Contemporary developments: The Aleut International Association, a sister group, formed in 1998. These organizations are particularly active in promoting the preservation of Indigenous cultures and languages and in attempting to protect the northern environment from global warming and resource exploitation. They are two of the six Indigenous associations…

Aleut language, one of two branches of the Eskimo-Aleut languages (Eskaleut languages). Two mutually intelligible dialects survive: Eastern Unangam Tunuu (Eastern Aleut) and Atkan Unangam Tunuu (Atkan Aleut). A third dialect, Attu Unangam Tunuu (Attu Aleut), now extinct in Alaska, survives on

Eskimo-Aleut languages, family of languages spoken in Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat), Canada, the United States (in Alaska), and Russia (in eastern Siberia), by the Inuit and Unangan (Aleut) peoples. Unangan is a self-name; Aleut is the name the Russians used for these people. The term Eskimo was

Aleutian Basin, submarine depression forming the floor of the southwestern section of the Bering Sea in the Pacific Ocean. On the west it rises to meet Siberia and the Kamchatka Peninsula; on the northeast, the continental shelf of North America off southwestern Alaska; and on the south, the

Aleutian Current, surface oceanic current, an eastward-flowing mixture of the Kuroshio (Japan Current) and the Oya Current, located between the Aleutian Islands and latitude 42° N. Approaching the North American coast, the current divides to become the Alaska and California currents. Another branch

Aleutian Islands, chain of small islands that separate the Bering Sea (north) from the main portion of the Pacific Ocean (south). They extend in an arc southwest, then northwest, for about 1,100 miles (1,800 km) from the tip of the Alaska Peninsula to Attu Island, Alaska, U.S. The Aleutians occupy

Aleutian low, large atmospheric low-pressure (cyclonic) centre that frequently exists over the Aleutian Islands region in winter and that shifts northward and almost disappears in summer. Although the Aleutian low is associated with smaller eastward-moving low- and high-pressure centres, the

Aleutian Range, segment of the Pacific mountain system, western North America. The range extends southwestward for about 600 miles (1,000 km) from the west end of the Alaska Range to the head of Cook Inlet of the Gulf of Alaska, Alaska, U.S. The Aleutian Islands represent a southwestern extension

Aleutian Trench, submarine trench located on the south side of the Aleutian Islands between the Gulf of Alaska and the Komandor Islands in the North Pacific Ocean. The Aleutian Trench reaches a maximum depth of 26,604 feet (8,109 metres) at about 51° N, 178° W. The average slopes of its northern

alewife, (Pomolobus, or Alosa, pseudoharengus), important North American food fish of the herring family, Clupeidae. Deeper-bodied than the true herring, the alewife has a pronounced saw-edge on the underside; it grows to about 30 cm (1 foot). Except for members of a few lake populations, it spends

tavern: …were run by women (alewives) and marked by a broom stuck out above the door. The English inns of the Middle Ages were sanctuaries of wayfaring strangers, cutthroats, thieves, and political malcontents. The tavern, the predecessor of the modern restaurant, originated the custom of providing a daily meal at…

Alex Boncayao Brigade, Manila-based death squad that assassinated dozens of people on the orders of the Communist Party of the Philippines, Marxist-Leninist (CPP-ML) during the 1980s. The CPP-ML broke away from the main Philippine Communist Party in 1968–69 and created the New People’s Army (NPA).

Alex Chilton: …by the million sing for Alex Chilton” captured the newfound appreciation for Chilton’s groundbreaking work. Chilton essentially retired from recording new material in the 21st century, but he remained a prolific live performer until his death.

James Patterson: film 2012), Kill Alex Cross (2011), Alex Cross, Run (2013), Cross the Line (2016), Target: Alex Cross (2018), and Deadly Cross (2020). Patterson later launched a spin-off series that centres on Cross’s son; it began with Ali Cross (2019).

James Patterson: 2012), Kill Alex Cross (2011), Alex Cross, Run (2013), Cross the Line (2016), Target: Alex Cross (2018), and Deadly Cross (2020). Patterson later launched a spin-off series that centres on Cross’s son; it began with Ali Cross (2019).

Alex Haley: …the state later constructed the Alex Haley Interpretive Center (2010), which educated visitors in genealogical methodology.

Paul Mazursky: Directing: The two men then wrote Alex in Wonderland (1970), a satire about Hollywood that starred Donald Sutherland as a compulsively fantasizing film director and Ellen Burstyn as his supportive wife; the film was an homage to 8 12 by director Federico Fellini, who made a cameo appearance. Alex in Wonderland…

Amazon Alexa, virtual assistant program developed and sold by the e-commerce company Amazon. Users can interact with Alexa by speaking to any device programmed to include it. The program is most commonly found on smart speakers (e.g., the Amazon Echo), smart displays, television sets, and glasses

Oliver Stone: …about professional football, and in Alexander (2004), a poorly received biography of Alexander the Great starring Colin Farrell. World Trade Center (2006), a retelling of the events of September 11, 2001, from the viewpoint of two police officers, returned Stone to the center of public debate. While the film was…

Eusebius of Caesarea: …fully support either Arius or Alexander, bishop of Alexandria from 313 to 328, whose views appeared to tend toward Sabellianism (a heresy that taught that God was manifested in progressive modes). Eusebius wrote to Alexander, claiming that Arius had been misrepresented, and he also urged Arius to return to communion…

Alexander was the sole Byzantine emperor from May 11, 912, and the third son of the emperor Basil I. He founded the Macedonian dynasty and caused the renewal of warfare between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire. Alexander was crowned co-emperor with his brother Leo VI in 879 after the death of

Alexander was the king of Greece from 1917 to 1920. The second son of King Constantine (ruled 1913–17 and 1920–22) and Queen Sophia, Alexander became king (June 12, 1917) when his father was forced by the Allies of World War I to abdicate and thereby allow his country to join them in the war.

Alexander (V) was an antipope from 1409 to 1410. Alexander became a Franciscan theologian and then archbishop of Milan (1402). Pope Innocent VII appointed him cardinal (1405) and papal legate to Lombardy. Unanimously elected by the invalid Council of Pisa in 1409 when he was 70 years old, Alexander

Alexander was the king of Poland (1501–06) of the Jagiellonian dynasty, successor to his brother John Albert (Jan Olbracht). Alexander carried on the hopeless struggle of the crown against the growing power of the Polish senate and nobles, who deprived him of financial control and curtailed his

Alexander was the king of Serbia (1889–1903), whose unpopular authoritarian reign resulted not only in his assassination but also in the end of the Obrenović dynasty. The only child of Prince (later King) Milan (reigned 1868–89) and his consort, Natalie, Alexander ascended the Serbian throne on

Alexander was the prince of Serbia from 1842 to 1858. The third son of Karadjordje (Karageorge, or Karaðorðe), who had led the movement to win Serb autonomy from the Ottoman Turks (1804–13), Alexander lived in exile until 1842, when the Skupština (Serb parliament) elected him prince of Serbia.

Alexander Aetolus was a Greek poet and scholar of Pleuron, in Aetolia. He was appointed by Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the Macedonian king of Egypt, to work on the tragedies in the library at Alexandria. Nothing remains of his own tragic writing except the title of one play, Astragalistae (“The Dice

Alexander Archipelago, group of about 1,100 islands (actually the tops of a submerged section of the Coast Ranges) off the coast of southeastern Alaska, U.S. Named by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1867 to honour Alexander II, tsar of Russia, the islands are included within the Tongass

Alexander Balas was the king of Syria and Pergamum (Greek Asia Minor) and ruler of the remains of the Seleucid Empire (150–145 bc). The pretended son of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, he won the Seleucid throne with the help of mercenaries, challenging and slaying Demetrius I Soter, the direct Seleucid

Alexander Bay, inlet of the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the Orange River on the extreme northwest coast of Northern Cape province, South Africa. Its mouth is less than 3 miles (5 km) wide and is nearly closed by sandbars, which are widely breached during high floods. The gap in the southern end

Alexander City, city, Tallapoosa county, east-central Alabama, U.S., 75 miles (120 km) southeast of Birmingham. Early settlement began in 1836, and gold was discovered in the area in the early 1840s. It was known as Youngsville until 1873, when it was named for General Edward Porter Alexander,

St. Petersburg: Admiralty Side: …600-ton granite monolith of the Alexander Column (1830–34), the tallest of its kind in the world and so finely set that its base is not fastened, thrusts up for 165 feet (50 metres) near the centre of the square.

Alexander Balas was the king of Syria and Pergamum (Greek Asia Minor) and ruler of the remains of the Seleucid Empire (150–145 bc). The pretended son of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, he won the Seleucid throne with the help of mercenaries, challenging and slaying Demetrius I Soter, the direct Seleucid

Writing on the very eve (1928) of his famed accidental discovery of that world-changing antibiotic he called penicillin, Scottish bacteriologist and Nobel Prize winner Alexander Fleming (1881–1955), later Sir Alexander, laid out the problem his work would begin to solve. Fleming’s co-author was

Franco-Provençal dialect: …of a manuscript, the so-called Alexander fragment, dating from the 11th–12th century and apparently part of a lost poem, is Franco-Provençal in character, but others maintain that it, like other literary texts from the region, is mainly Provençal with some French features. Since the 16th century there has been local…

Alexander I was the 10th king of ancient Macedonia, who succeeded his father, Amyntas I, about 500 bc. More than a decade earlier, Macedonia had become a vassal state of Persia; and in 480 Alexander was obliged to accompany Xerxes I in a campaign through Greece, though he secretly aided the Greek

Alexander I was the first prince of modern autonomous Bulgaria. The son of Prince Alexander of Hesse (previously created prince of Battenberg upon his morganatic marriage) and a favourite nephew of Alexander II of Russia, Alexander served during 1877 with the Russian forces in the Russo-Turkish War

Alexander I was the emperor of Russia (1801–25), who alternately fought and befriended Napoleon I during the Napoleonic Wars but who ultimately (1813–15) helped form the coalition that defeated the emperor of the French. He took part in the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), drove for the establishment

Alexander I was the king of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (1921–29) and of Yugoslavia (1929–34), who struggled to create a united state out of his politically and ethnically divided collection of nations. He was the second son of Peter Karadjordjević—king of Serbia (1903–18) and king

Alexander I was the king of Scotland from 1107 to 1124. The son of King Malcolm III Canmore (reigned 1058–93), Alexander succeeded to the throne upon the death of his brother King Edgar (ruled 1097–1107). In accordance with Edgar’s instructions, Alexander allowed his younger brother and heir,

St. Alexander I ; feast day May 3) was the sixth pope and successor to St. Evaristus. Little is known about Alexander’s rule, which is attested by St. Eusebius (pope 309/310). Some Roman Catholic writers ascribe to him the introduction of holy water and the custom of mixing sacramental wine with