Love’s Labour’s Lost: …and three of his noblemen—Berowne (Biron), Longaville, and Dumaine (Dumain)—debate their intellectual intentions. Their plans are thrown into disarray, however, when the Princess of France, attended by three ladies (Rosaline, Maria, and Katharine), arrives on a diplomatic mission from the king of France and must

Armand de Gontaut, baron de Biron was a soldier and marshal of France during the 16th-century Wars of Religion. As a young page of Margaret, queen of Navarre, Biron attracted the attention of the Marshal de Brissac (Charles de Cossé), who took him to Piedmont. There he commanded the artillery but

Armand-Louis de Gontaut, duke de Biron was a military commander with the French forces in the American Revolution, and one of the peers of France who supported the French Revolution, only to be sacrificed to the guillotine during the Reign of Terror. In his youth, as Duke de Lauzun, he dissipated

Charles de Gontaut, baron and duke de Biron was the son of Armand who won the favour of King Henry IV by his courage and enterprise at Arques and Ivry and was made admiral of France and Brittany in 1592 after his father’s death. He was relieved of that post and made marshal in 1594 on the recovery

Ernst Johann, Reichsgraf von Biron was a German adventurer who became Duke of Courland and chief adviser to the Russian empress Anna (reigned 1730–40); he exercised extraordinary influence over Russian affairs during a period that became known as Bironovshchina. The grandson of a German groom who

Rodin Museum, museum in Paris, France, showcasing the sculptures, drawings, and other works of the French artist Auguste Rodin and based in the Hôtel Biron. The Hôtel Biron, covering 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of land in Paris, was completed in 1730 by Jean Aubert. Rodin moved into the Hôtel Biron in

Radclyffe Hall: …British, and a London magistrate, Sir Chartres Biron, ruled that although the book was dignified and restrained, it presented an appeal to “decent people” to not only recognize lesbianism but also understand that the person so afflicted was not at fault. He judged the book an “obscene libel” and ordered…

World Intellectual Property Organization: …in 1893 to become the United International Bureau for the Protection of Intellectual Property (BIRPI), which was based in Bern, Switzerland.

Birr, urban district and market town, County Offaly, Ireland, on the River Camcor. A monastery was founded there by St. Brendan of Birr (died c. 573). In 1620 Birr Castle, the principal stronghold of the O’Carrolls, and the surrounding area were granted to Lawrence Parsons of Leicestershire,

William Parsons, 3rd earl of Rosse: …largest reflecting telescope, the “Leviathan,” of the 19th century.

Augustine Birrell was a politician and man of letters whose policies, as British chief secretary for Ireland (1907–16), contributed to the Easter Rising of Irish nationalists in Dublin (1916). A lawyer from 1875 and a Liberal member of the House of Commons (1889–99, 1906–18), Birrell became well

Precambrian: Greenstones and granites: … in central Canada, in the Birrimian Group in West Africa, and in the Pan-African belts of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Generally, such rocks resemble those in modern island arcs and back-arc basins, and the presence of remnants of oceanic plateau is suspected.

Borsippa, ancient Babylonian city southwest of Babylon in central Iraq. Its patron god was Nabu, and the city’s proximity to the capital, Babylon, helped it to become an important religious centre. Hammurabi (reigned 1792–50 bce) built or rebuilt the Ezida temple at Borsippa, dedicating it to

Jura Mountains: …the Areuse, Schüss (Suze), and Birs rivers in Switzerland and the Doubs, Loue, and Lizon in France. The largest rivers are the Doubs, the Ain, and the Birs.

Borsippa, ancient Babylonian city southwest of Babylon in central Iraq. Its patron god was Nabu, and the city’s proximity to the capital, Babylon, helped it to become an important religious centre. Hammurabi (reigned 1792–50 bce) built or rebuilt the Ezida temple at Borsippa, dedicating it to

Yiddish literature: Writers in Israel: Yosl Birshteyn was born in Poland, lived in Australia, and moved to Israel in 1950. He published poems, novels, and stories in Yiddish and Hebrew, including the novel Der zamler (1985; “The Collector”). Polish-born Tsvi Kanar survived three years in a concentration camp. He moved…

John Birt, Baron Birt is a British businessman who heavily influenced the broadcasting industry by means of his attempts to reform and modernize the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). Birt joined the British public-service network Independent Television (ITV) in 1968, after graduating from the

birth, process of bringing forth a child from the uterus, or womb. The prior development of the child in the uterus is described in the article human embryology. The process and series of changes that take place in a woman’s organs and tissues as a result of the developing fetus are discussed in

ritual: Rites of passage: …such rites is found in Birth and Rebirth by Mircea Eliade. From Eliade’s point of view, rituals, especially initiation rituals, are to be interpreted both historically and existentially. They are related to the history and structure of a particular society and to an experience of the sacred that is both…

pelvis: …the pelvis functions as the birth canal in females. The pelvis provides attachment for muscles that balance and support the trunk and move the legs, the hips, and the trunk. In the human infant the pelvis is narrow and nonsupportive. As the child begins walking, the pelvis broadens and tilts,…

graphic novel: The graphic novel grows up: …Alan Moore’s comics, such as The Birth Caul (1999) and Snakes and Ladders (2001), explore psychogeography and take on a lyrical, poetic form in an oneric celebration of the power of interwoven words and images. There also has been a huge influx of creative talent from outside comics, from such…

According to WebMD in 2024, some 65 percent of American women of reproductive age (15–49 years old) used birth control. The two most common forms of contraception were female sterilization (used by 18 percent of women) and “the pill” (used by 14 percent). On July 13, 2023, the FDA approved the

birth control, the voluntary limiting of human reproduction, using such means as sexual abstinence, contraception, induced abortion, and surgical sterilization. It includes the spacing as well as the number of children in a family. Birth control encompasses the wide range of rational and irrational

Planned Parenthood, American organization that, since its founding in 1942, has worked as an advocate for education and personal liberties in the areas of birth control, family planning, and reproductive health care. Clinics operated by Planned Parenthood provide a range of reproductive health care

oral contraceptive, any of a class of synthetic steroid hormones that suppress the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland in the female body. FSH and LH normally stimulate the release of estrogen from the ovaries,

congenital disorder, abnormality of structure and, consequently, function of the human body arising during development. This large group of disorders affects almost 5 percent of infants and includes several major groups of conditions. Malformations are abnormalities of the human form that arise

Ngugi wa Thiong’o: …British control in Kenya; and Birth of a Dream Weaver: A Writer’s Awakening (2016), a chronicle of his years at Makerere University.

The Birth of a Nation, landmark silent film starring Lillian Gish, released in 1915, that was the first blockbuster Hollywood hit. It was the longest and most-profitable film then produced and the most artistically advanced film of its day. It secured both the future of feature-length films and the

James Tiptree, Jr.: …first story Tiptree published, “Birth of a Salesman” (1968), was characteristic of her early stories in that it was a humorous variation on a standard science fiction theme. Tiptree came into her own with the calmly apocalyptic “The Last Flight of Dr. Ain” (1969; revised 1974). A biologist in…

Ossip Zadkine: …such as the complex sculpture Birth of Forms (1947), he used convexities, concavities, lines, and parallel planes to achieve a sense of rhythm and a multidimensional unity. After the war he returned to France, and in 1946 he visited the bombed Dutch city of Rotterdam. The ruinous state of the…

René Descartes: Final years and heritage of René Descartes: …the verses of a ballet, The Birth of Peace (1649), to celebrate her role in the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years’ War. The verses in fact were not written by Descartes, though he did write the statutes for a Swedish Academy of Arts and Sciences. While delivering…

Andrea del Sarto: …of the Scalzo frescoes, the Birth of the Baptist (1526). From first to last, Sarto’s integrity as a craftsman, his sheer professionalism, is impressively consistent; and it is characteristic of him that he refused to have his works engraved. His real quality is also vividly revealed in his drawings. Among…

Gil Evans: …on Miles Davis’s seminal album Birth of the Cool (recorded 1949–50), their first noted collaboration. Throughout most of the 1950s, Evans worked in radio and television, often composing and arranging for singers such as Tony Bennett, Peggy Lee, Johnny Mathis, and Helen Merrill.

Domenico Beccafumi: His “Birth of the Virgin” and “The Expulsion of the Rebel Angels” in the latter show the typical elongated and foreshortened forms employed by the Mannerists. But his work contained many diverging tendencies, producing an overall unevenness.

Kumarasambhava, epic poem by Kalidasa written in the 5th century ce. The work describes the courting of the ascetic Shiva, who is meditating in the mountains, by Parvati, the daughter of the Himalayas; the conflagration of Kama (the god of desire)—after his arrow struck Shiva—by the fire from

The Birth of Tragedy, book by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, first published in 1872 as Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik. A speculative rather than exegetical work, The Birth of Tragedy examines the origins and development of poetry, specifically Greek tragedy. Nietzsche

The Birth of Tragedy, book by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, first published in 1872 as Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik. A speculative rather than exegetical work, The Birth of Tragedy examines the origins and development of poetry, specifically Greek tragedy. Nietzsche

Birth of Venus, painting by Sandro Botticelli completed about 1485. Birth of Venus is one of the most famous paintings in the world. It was painted by Alessandro di Mariano Filipepi, known as Sandro Botticelli, who was an Italian painter of the Florentine School that emerged in the early

Musée d’Orsay: …Manet, academic paintings such as The Birth of Venus (1879) by William Bouguereau, and works by previously unknown artists.

Micronesian culture: Kinship and marriage: Birth order has traditionally been widely important in Micronesian societies. The eldest child typically represents the family or lineage in public, is expected to inherit any lineal political offices, and directs the use of lineage or family lands. Younger siblings generally exhibit formal respect to…

primate: Breeding periods: …equatorial belt tend to display birth peaks rather than birth seasons. A birth peak is a period of the year in which a high proportion of births, but not by any means all, are concentrated. Equatorial primates such as guenons, colobus monkeys, howlers, gibbons, chimpanzees, and gorillas might be expected…

birth rate, frequency of live births in a given population, conventionally calculated as the annual number of live births per 1,000 inhabitants. See vital

Baltic religion: Sacred times: One birth rite, called pirtīžas, was a special sacral meal in which only women took part. Marriage rites were quite extensive and corresponded closely to similar Old Indian ceremonies. Fire and bread had special importance and were taken along to the house of the newly married…

infant mortality rate: Low birth weight: Low birth weight is the single most significant characteristic associated with higher infant mortality. In industrialized countries, low birth weights are characteristic of premature births. However, in LDCs they more frequently occur at full term, because of a lack of adequate maternal nutrition or because of…

Planned Parenthood: …traces its beginnings to the birth control movement led by Margaret Sanger and her colleagues, who opened the nation’s first birth control clinic in 1916 in a poverty-stricken neighbourhood of Brooklyn, New York. Created to free women from the “chronic condition” of pregnancy and the dangers of self-induced abortion, the…

list of birth month flowers: …of one’s zodiac sign or birth date numerology, or the same fashion appeal as one’s birthstone, birth month flowers are a lovely seasonal way to brighten up a table or garden space for a birthday celebration. The history of birth month flowers is a bit ambiguous, with some sources proposing…

Birthday, Surrealist self-portrait painted in oils in 1942 by American artist Dorothea Tanning. It was her first major painting and is now in the collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Tanning was born in 1910 in Galesburg, Illinois. In 1930 she moved to Chicago to pursue a career as an

Beryl Bainbridge: …Big Adventure (1989; film 1995), The Birthday Boys (1991), Every Man for Himself (1996), Master Georgie (1998), and According to Queeney (2001).

Nicole Kidman: Moulin Rouge!, The Hours, and other movies from the 2000s: …film, and the dark comedy Birthday Girl, in which she played a Russian mail-order bride. Two years later she earned an Academy Award for best actress for her portrayal of Virginia Woolf in The Hours (2002), an adaptation of the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by Michael Cunningham. A string of critical…

English literature: Poetry: In Birthday Letters (1998), Hughes published a poetic chronicle of his much-speculated-upon relationship with Sylvia Plath, the American poet to whom he was married from 1956 until her suicide in 1963. With Tales from Ovid (1997) and his versions of Aeschylus’s Oresteia (1999) and Euripides’ Alcestis…

birthday problem, question in probability theory that asks in a group containing a given number of n people, what is the probability that at least one pair of people share the same birthday. The problem is famous for its counterintuitive outcomes, as only a small number of people are needed for

William Friedkin: …then took on the more-elevated The Birthday Party (1968), a respectable if static adaptation of Harold Pinter’s enigmatic play. Equally ambitious was The Night They Raided Minsky’s (1968), a lively comedy about an innocent Amish girl who becomes a burlesque dancer in 1920s New York City. Friedkin earned generally positive…

The Birthday Party, drama in three acts by Harold Pinter, produced in 1958 and published in 1959. Pinter’s first full-length play established his trademark “comedy of menace,” in which a character is suddenly threatened by the vague horrors at large in the outside world. The action takes place

Nick Cave: …front man for the bands the Birthday Party and the Bad Seeds. He is best known for his haunting ballads about life, love, betrayal, and death.

birthday problem, question in probability theory that asks in a group containing a given number of n people, what is the probability that at least one pair of people share the same birthday. The problem is famous for its counterintuitive outcomes, as only a small number of people are needed for

MAGA movement: citizen (“birtherism”), that Democrats’ immigration policies aim to replace white Americans with nonwhite immigrants (see replacement theory), that the 2020 presidential election was stolen from Trump by Democrats through massive voter fraud, and that the January 6, 2021, attack

nevus, congenital skin lesion, or birthmark, caused by abnormal pigmentation or by proliferation of blood vessels and other dermal or epidermal structures. Nevi may be raised or may spread along the surface of the skin. In other types, such as the blue nevus, proliferative tissue is buried deep

jus soli, in legal theory, the rule or law that provides that citizenship is acquired by birth within the territory of the state, regardless of parental citizenship. Originating in English common law, jus soli serves as the basis for citizenship in nearly every nation-state in the Western

trillium, (genus Trillium), genus of about 25 species of spring-flowering perennial herbs of the family Melanthiaceae, native to North America and Asia. Many species of Trillium are cultivated in wildflower gardens. Trillium plants have oval bracts that resemble and function as leaves and arise

D.M. Thomas: …that work, his second novel, Birthstone (1980), is a fantasy. The White Hotel concerns Lisa Erdman, an early patient of Sigmund Freud; it explores her sexual hysteria and her premonitions of the 1941 Babi Yar massacre, in which she eventually dies. Part of the novel is in the form of…

birthstone, gemstone associated with the date of one’s birth, the wearing of which is commonly thought to bring good luck or health. Supernatural powers have long been attributed by astrologers to certain gemstones. The stones now associated with each month, as listed in the table, have only slight

Aristolochiaceae, birthwort family (order Piperales), which contains seven genera and about 590 species of mostly tropical woody vines and a few temperate-zone species. Several species are important as herbal medicines, and a number are grown as ornamentals or curiosities. Phylogenetic evidence has

Harrison Birtwistle was a British composer who began as a clarinetist and shifted to composition in his 20s. He was part of a generation of performers and composers known as the “Manchester School,” who, being from northern England, were unconstrained by London tradition and thus fully adopted

Harrison Birtwistle was a British composer who began as a clarinetist and shifted to composition in his 20s. He was part of a generation of performers and composers known as the “Manchester School,” who, being from northern England, were unconstrained by London tradition and thus fully adopted

Virunga Mountains, volcanic range north of Lake Kivu in east-central Africa, extending about 50 miles (80 km) along the borders of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda. The range runs east-west, perpendicular to the rift valley in which lie Lakes Kivu and Edward. Of its eight

al-Bīrūnī was a Muslim astronomer, mathematician, ethnographist, anthropologist, historian, and geographer. Al-Bīrūnī lived during a period of unusual political turmoil in the eastern Islamic world. He served more than six different princes, all of whom were known for their bellicose activities and

biryani, flavourful rice dish of Persian origin that has become a popular celebratory dish in South Asia, as well as a widely sold street food. The term biryani comes from the Farsi phrase birinj biriyan, “fried rice.” Rice is fried separately until about half-cooked, usually in oil or ghee, and

Birzebbuga, village, southeastern Malta, on Marsaxlokk Bay, southeast of Valletta. The city’s name is derived from the Arabic word for “olive.” The present village originated as a fishing settlement and is now mainly a summer resort, with Pretty Bay as its focal point. Its environs are rich in

Birzebbuga, village, southeastern Malta, on Marsaxlokk Bay, southeast of Valletta. The city’s name is derived from the Arabic word for “olive.” The present village originated as a fishing settlement and is now mainly a summer resort, with Pretty Bay as its focal point. Its environs are rich in

Birzebbuga, village, southeastern Malta, on Marsaxlokk Bay, southeast of Valletta. The city’s name is derived from the Arabic word for “olive.” The present village originated as a fishing settlement and is now mainly a summer resort, with Pretty Bay as its focal point. Its environs are rich in

Hanan Ashrawi: …she joined the faculty of Birzeit University as a professor of medieval and comparative literature and also served as dean of the School of Arts until the Israeli army closed the university in 1988 after the outbreak of the first intifāḍah (Arabic: “shaking off”; see Palestine: The first intifadah) among…

Podgorica, city, administrative centre of Montenegro. It is situated in southern Montenegro near the confluence of the Ribnica and Morača rivers. The first recorded settlement was Birziminium, a caravan stop in Roman times, though it probably was an Illyrian tribal centre earlier. As a feudal state

Bank for International Settlements (BIS), international bank established at Basel, Switzerland, in 1930, as the agency to handle the payment of reparations by Germany after World War I and as an institution for cooperation among the central banks of the various countries (see Young Plan). It has

Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), agency of the Indian government established in 1987 to devise uniform standards of quality for broad categories of manufactured and agricultural goods, to perform product testing, and to license the use of an official mark to indicate that a product has been

bisj pole, carved wooden pole used in religious rites of the South Pacific Islands. Bisj poles are occasionally found in North America, but they are more common in New Zealand, Vanuatu (formerly the New Hebrides), and especially the Asmat area in southwestern (Indonesian) New Guinea and along the

myrrh: Myrrh trees and harvest: Arabia, and Somalia, while bisabol myrrh is obtained from C. erythraea, which is an Arabian species of similar appearance. Myrrh trees are found on parched rocky hills and grow up to 3 meters (9 feet) tall. Myrrh exudes as a fluid from resin ducts in the tree bark when…

Bisaya, indigenous people of northwestern Borneo, in Malaysia, concentrated above the Padas River and below Beaufort in Sabah state, and in northern Sarawak state. They are of Malay stock and possibly related to the Visayan of the Philippines. The Bisaya speak Murut, leading some to believe they

Bisaya, indigenous people of northwestern Borneo, in Malaysia, concentrated above the Padas River and below Beaufort in Sabah state, and in northern Sarawak state. They are of Malay stock and possibly related to the Visayan of the Philippines. The Bisaya speak Murut, leading some to believe they

Visayan, any of three ethnolinguistic groups of the Philippines—Cebuano, Hiligaynon, and

Visayan Islands, island group, central Philippines. The Visayan group consists of seven large and several hundred smaller islands clustered around the Visayan, Samar, and Camotes seas. The seven main islands are Bohol, Cebu, Leyte, Masbate, Negros, Panay, and Samar. These islands and their smaller

Bisbee, city, seat (1929) of Cochise county, southeastern Arizona, U.S., 8 miles (13 km) north of the Mexican border. It is built on steep canyon slopes (east of the Mule Mountains) and was for many years a major copper-producing centre; area mines also produced large quantities of malachite,

George Patton: Controversies and appraisal of George Patton: …to be known as the Biscari Massacre. Both claimed that they were following orders not to take prisoners that Patton himself had set forth in a fiery speech to their division a month earlier. Patton denied responsibility, and he was exonerated of any crime.

Vizcaya, provincia (province) in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Basque Country, northern Spain. Originally a tribal territory of the Vascones (4th century), Vizcaya was vested in the crown of Castile and Leon in 1379, but the central government has always had difficulties ruling

Bay of Biscay, wide inlet of the North Atlantic Ocean indenting the coast of western Europe. Forming a roughly triangular body with an area of about 86,000 square miles (223,000 square km), it is bounded on the east by the west coast of France and on the south by the north coast of Spain. Its

Biscayne Bay, shallow inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, indenting the southeast coast of Florida, U.S. About 40 miles (65 km) long and up to 10 miles (16 km) wide, the bay covers about 220 square miles (570 square km) and forms a part of the Intracoastal Waterway. The bay connects with the ocean mainly

Biscayne National Park, area of coral reefs and other marine features in the Atlantic Ocean off the southeastern coast of Florida, U.S., about 20 miles (32 km) south of Miami. Authorized as Biscayne National Monument in 1968 (with a boundary change in 1974), it became a national park in 1980. The

Bisceglie, town and episcopal see, Puglia (Apulia) regione, southeastern Italy. It lies along the Adriatic Sea and is about 120 miles (190 km) east-northeast of Naples. The Romans called the place Vigiliae, from the watchtowers that were used there in guarding the coast. The town was conquered by

Lucrezia Borgia: …the 17-year-old Alfonso, duke of Bisceglie, an illegitimate son of Alfonso II of Naples. Upon Cesare’s alliance with the French king Louis XII (1499) and his subsequent campaign in the Romagna, which threatened Naples, Alfonso fled Rome in August but returned with Lucrezia in October. In July 1500 he was…

Werner Bischof was a Swiss photojournalist whose photographs are notable for their empathy, strong sense of design, and sensitive use of light. From 1932 to 1936 Bischof attended the Zürich School of Applied Arts, where he studied photography with Hans Finsler. He worked as an advertising and

Werner Bischof was a Swiss photojournalist whose photographs are notable for their empathy, strong sense of design, and sensitive use of light. From 1932 to 1936 Bischof attended the Zürich School of Applied Arts, where he studied photography with Hans Finsler. He worked as an advertising and

California: The arts: …such painters as David Park, Elmer Bischoff, and Richard Diebenkorn. Los Angeles has been more successful as a marketplace for art, with a thriving colony of galleries along La Cienega Boulevard. Carmel, Big Sur, Ojai, and Sausalito have harbored communities of practitioners of diverse arts.

Australia: The economy: Tin also became significant, Mount Bischoff in Tasmania being the world’s largest lode at its discovery in 1871. The 1880s were predominantly the decade of silver; western New South Wales proved richest, and in 1883 Charles Rasp, a German migrant, first glimpsed the varied riches of Broken Hill. The…

Simon Episcopius was a Dutch theologian and systematizer of Arminianism, a liberal reaction to the Calvinist doctrine of predestination. He studied theology at Leiden and in 1610 became a pastor at Bleiswyk. He was made a professor at Leiden in 1612, succeeding the strict Calvinist Franciscus

Enderby Land: The English navigator John Biscoe, sailing for Enderby Brothers, a London whaling firm, discovered the coast in 1831 and named it for his employers. Enderby Land, claimed by Australia, is the site of a research station opened by the Soviet Union in 1963.

Saint Benedict Biscop ; feast day January 12; for English Benedictines and dioceses of Liverpool and Hexham February 13) was the founder and first abbot of the celebrated twin monasteries of SS. Peter (at Wearmouth) and Paul (at Jarrow on Tyne, nearby); he is considered to be the father of

Simon Episcopius was a Dutch theologian and systematizer of Arminianism, a liberal reaction to the Calvinist doctrine of predestination. He studied theology at Leiden and in 1610 became a pastor at Bleiswyk. He was made a professor at Leiden in 1612, succeeding the strict Calvinist Franciscus

biscuit, in the United States, a small quick bread usually made from flour, salt, and butter or vegetable shortening, with baking powder as a leavening agent. The dough is kneaded briefly and rolled out, and the biscuits are cut with a round cutter. The dough may also be dropped by spoonfuls for an

pottery: Decorative glazing: …without a glaze are called biscuit. Early earthenware pottery, as discussed above, was unglazed and therefore slightly porous. Of the unglazed stonewares, the most familiar are the Chinese Ming dynasty teapots and similar wares from Yixing in Jiangsu province, the red stoneware body made at Meissen in Saxony during the…

porcelain: …fired without a glaze, called biscuit porcelain, was introduced in Europe in the 18th century. It was generally used for figures. In the 19th century biscuit porcelain was called Parian ware. Some soft-paste porcelains, which remain somewhat porous, require a glaze. After the body has been fired, the glaze, usually…

Switzerland: Wind systems: …local winds such as the Bise, a cold northeast wind that sweeps across the Mittelland and funnels down Lake Geneva to the city of Geneva. Foehn (German: Föhn) winds, which are associated with the leading edge of a low-pressure system moving across Europe north of Switzerland, often blow for one…