isoprenoid: Tail-to-tail coupling of isoprenoids: …head-to-tail nor tail-to-tail, such as botrycoccene, a plant isoprenoid that has a connection of carbon 2 to carbon 4.

algae: Ecological and commercial importance: Today Botryococcus produces blooms in Lake Baikal where it releases so much oil onto the surface of the lake that it can be collected with a special skimming apparatus and used as a source of fuel. Several companies have grown oil-producing algae in high-salinity ponds and…

mineral: Crystal habit and crystal aggregation: …mammae, formed by radiating crystals; botryoidal, globular forms resembling a bunch of grapes; colloform, spherical forms composed of radiating individuals without regard to size (this includes botryoidal, reniform, and mammillary forms); stalactitic, pendant cylinders or cones resembling icicles; concentric, roughly spherical layers arranged about a common centre, as in agate…

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Botryosphaeriales (incertae sedis; not placed in any subclass) Pathogenic and endophytic in plants; ascospores are forcibly discharged; example genera include Botryosphaeria and Guignardia. Order Microthyriales (incertae sedis; not placed in any subclass) Saprotrophic or epiphytic on stems and leaves.

Ophioglossaceae: The rattlesnake fern (B. virginianum) of North America is sometimes placed by itself in the genus Botrypus.

basal rot: Species of the genera Botrytis, Fusarium, and Penicillium are common fungal agents, while bacterial basal rots are frequently caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum and Pseudomonas viridiflava, among others.

gray mold rot, disease of plants growing in humid areas that is caused by fungi in the genus Botrytis, usually B. cinerea. Most vegetables, fruits, flowers, and woody plants are susceptible. The disease primarily affects flowers and buds, though infections on fruits, leaves, and stems can occur.

gray mold rot: … in the genus Botrytis, usually B. cinerea. Most vegetables, fruits, flowers, and woody plants are susceptible.

Markos Botsaris was an important leader early in the Greek War of Independence. Botsaris’ early years were spent in the struggle between the Souliots of southern Epirus (Modern Greek: Íperos) and Ali Paşa, who had made himself ruler of Ioánnina (Janina) in Epirus in 1788. After Ali Paşa succeeded

Anna Botsford Comstock was an American illustrator, writer, and educator remembered for her work in nature study. Anna Botsford entered Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, in 1874, but she left after two years. In 1878 she married John Henry Comstock, a young entomologist on the Cornell faculty

Anna Botsford Comstock was an American illustrator, writer, and educator remembered for her work in nature study. Anna Botsford entered Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, in 1874, but she left after two years. In 1878 she married John Henry Comstock, a young entomologist on the Cornell faculty

Botswana, landlocked country in the center of Southern Africa. The territory is roughly triangular—approximately 600 miles (965 km) from north to south and 600 miles from east to west—with its eastern side protruding into a sharp point. Its eastern and southern borders are marked by river courses

Tswana, westerly division of the Sotho, a Bantu-speaking people of South Africa and Botswana. The Tswana comprise several groupings, the most important of which, numerically speaking, are the Hurutshe, Kgatla, Kwena, Rolong, Tlhaping, and Tlokwa. They numbered about four million at the turn of the

history of Botswana: Advance to independence: …(BDP; later known as the Botswana Democratic Party)—led by Khama—was founded in 1962.

Botswana: Botswana since independence: …to form their own, the Botswana Movement for Democracy (BMD), in 2010. Various opposition parties, including the BMD, rallied together in the run-up to the 2014 elections to form the Umbrella for Democratic Change (UDC), led by Duma Boko. That organization of the opposition presented an unprecedented challenge to the…

Botswana: Political process: The Botswana National Front (BNF) later became the main opposition, growing in strength especially on urban councils from the 1970s until 1998, when some members left to form the Botswana Congress Party; both parties have served as the primary opposition to the ruling party. The UDC,…

Botswana: Botswana since independence: …behind a new party, the Botswana Patriotic Front (BPF), and Boko’s UDC coalition.

national flag consisting of a light blue field (background) with central white-black-white stripes. Its width-to-length ratio is 2 to 3.The Tswana people of southern Africa were divided by political boundaries drawn by European settlers in the late 19th century. Some lived to the south of the new

history of Botswana, a survey of notable events and people in the history of Botswana to the present day. Botswana is a landlocked country in the centre of Southern Africa. The country is named after its dominant ethnic group, the Tswana (“Bechuana” in older variant orthography). The capital of

Botswana, landlocked country in the center of Southern Africa. The territory is roughly triangular—approximately 600 miles (965 km) from north to south and 600 miles from east to west—with its eastern side protruding into a sharp point. Its eastern and southern borders are marked by river courses

Botswana: Education: …founded in 1976, became the University of Botswana in 1982. Officially, more than four-fifths of the population is considered literate. Rural literacy rates are higher in the east and northeast and lower in the west and northwest.

Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo Botta was an Italian-born French historian and politician who supported Napoleon. Having graduated in medicine at the University of Turin in 1786, Botta was in his youth inspired by the ideas of the French Revolution. Arrested as a spy for the French in 1794, he left Italy

museum: Building design and function: …original building (1995), designed by Mario Botta, reflects the architect’s belief that a museum has a role analogous to a cathedral. In contrast, the designs of Kisho Kurokawa for the Ehime Prefectural Science Museum in Niihama and the Shiga Kogen Roman Art Museum in Nagano reflect the implicit awareness of…

Paul-Émile Botta was a French consul and archaeologist whose momentous discovery of the palace of the Assyrian king Sargon II at Dur Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad), Iraq, in 1843, initiated the large-scale field archaeology of ancient Mesopotamia. The son of a distinguished historian, Carlo Botta, he

pottery: Tin-glazed ware: …Daniel and Ignaz Preussler, and Ignaz Bottengruber of Breslau. The work of the latter is particularly esteemed.

Bothnian Sea, the southern part of the Gulf of Bothnia, the northern arm of the Baltic Sea, which lies between Finland and

Bay of Bothnia, gulf forming the northern part of the Gulf of Bothnia, the northern arm of the Baltic Sea, which lies between Finland and

Giovanni Bottesini was an Italian double bassist, composer, and conductor, best known for his facility with the double bass and for his contribution to double bass technique. Bottesini received basic training in music at an early age from his father, a composer and clarinetist. He chose to

pilgrim bottle: …bottles made at Meissen by Johann Friedrich Böttger.

Sandro Botticelli was one of the greatest painters of the Florentine Renaissance. His The Birth of Venus and La Primavera are often said to epitomize for modern viewers the spirit of the Renaissance. Botticelli’s name is derived from that of his elder brother Giovanni, a pawnbroker who was called

bottle, narrow-necked, rigid or semirigid container that is primarily used to hold liquids and semiliquids. It usually has a close-fitting stopper or cap to protect the contents from spills, evaporation, or contact with foreign substances. Although early bottles were made from such materials as

Molotov cocktail, a crude bomb, typically consisting of a bottle filled with a flammable liquid and a wick that is ignited before throwing. It is named for Vyacheslav Molotov, the foreign minister of the Soviet Union during and after World War II, though Molotov was not its inventor. It is also

centrifuge: Bottle centrifuges: A bottle centrifuge is a batch-type separator that is primarily used for research, testing, or control. The separation takes place in test tube or “bottle-type” containers, which are symmetrically mounted on a vertical shaft. The shaft of a bottle centrifuge is usually driven…

Beryl Bainbridge: …novels in this vein are The Bottle Factory Outing (1974), Sweet William (1975), A Quiet Life (1976), and Injury Time (1977). In Young Adolf (1978), Bainbridge imagines a visit Adolf Hitler might have paid to a relative living in England before World War I.

wine: Bottle fermentation: Bottle-fermented wines may also be clarified soon after fermentation. In the transfer process, the bottle-fermented wine is transferred, under pressure, to a second tank, from which it is filtered and bottled. In this case, as with tank-fermented wines, little aging of the wine…

bottle gourd, (Lagenaria siceraria), running or climbing vine of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae), native to tropical Africa but cultivated in warm climates around the world for its ornamental and useful hard-shelled fruits. The young fruits are edible and are usually cooked as a vegetable. The

Daniel Handler: The dark comedy Bottle Grove was published in 2019. He also wrote Why We Broke Up (2011), a young-adult novel about first love, and the children’s picture book The Dark (2013).

Madison, borough (town), Morris county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S. It lies 18 miles (29 km) west of Newark. The borough of Madison includes the communities of Montville, Wood Ridge, and Hopewell Valley. The centre of a greenhouse industry and nicknamed the “Rose City,” it is the site of Drew

ready-made: …a single item, such as Bottle Rack (1914), and the best-known ready-made, the porcelain urinal entitled Fountain (1917). By selecting mass-produced, commonplace objects, Duchamp attempted to destroy the notion of the uniqueness of the art object. The result was a new, controversial definition of art as an intellectual rather than…

Wes Anderson: Retaining its title and cast, Bottle Rocket (1996) became Anderson’s first feature film.

bottle tree, any of various trees of the genus Brachychiton, in the hibiscus, or mallow, family (Malvaceae), with some 30 species, nearly all native to Australia. They grow to a height of 18 metres (60 feet). They are cultivated in other warm regions as ornamentals. The name refers to the peculiar

baobab: gregorii, called boab, or bottle tree, is found throughout the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Reaching heights of about 12 metres (39 feet), the tree features the characteristically swollen trunk of the genus and bears compound leaves that are completely shed during drought periods. The white flowers…

Cratinus: In the Putine (The Bottle), which defeated Aristophanes’ Clouds for the first prize at the Athenian dramatic contest in 423, Cratinus good-humouredly exploited his own drunkenness (caricatured the previous year in Aristophanes’ Knights), showing Comoedia (his wife) complaining of his liaison with the idle mistress Methe (“Drunkenness”).

George Cruikshank: …series of eight plates entitled The Bottle (1847) and its sequel, eight plates of The Drunkard’s Children (1848). Between 1860 and 1863 he painted a huge canvas titled The Worship of Bacchus.

bottlenose dolphin, (genus Tursiops), any of two or three species of oceanic dolphins classified within the marine mammal family Delphinidae and characterized by a bottle-shaped snout. The common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), which is the most widely recognized dolphin species, is found

cephalopod: Annotated classification: (cuttlefishes and bottle-tailed squids) Early Cenozoic to present; worldwide with family exceptions; shell coiled and chambered (Spirulidae), straight with vestigial chambering (Sepiidae), vestigial, or lacking; eyes covered with transparent membrane; 8 sucker-bearing arms and 2 tentacles retractile into pockets; total length 2.5–90 cm. Order Teuthoidea (squids)

Callistemon: …flowers and are commonly called bottlebrushes. The plants are often cultivated outdoors in western North America and in colder regions in greenhouses. C. lanceolatus (sometimes C. citrinus), one of the most commonly cultivated species, grows from 3 to 6 m (10 to 20 feet) tall and has lance-shaped leaves and…

buckeye: Species: The bottlebrush buckeye (A. parviflora) is an attractive shrub, native to Georgia and Alabama, that bears white flowers in erect spikes about 30 cm (1 foot) long. The painted, or Georgia, buckeye (A. sylvatica) is a rounded shrub or small tree, up to 7.6 metres (25…

slide guitar, a technique and style of guitar playing, whereby a hard object, typically a steel tube, a steel bar, or a glass bottleneck, is pressed across multiple strings and slid along the fingerboard to produce a smooth, whining sound that is in some ways evocative of the human voice. Players

puffin, any of three species of diving birds that belong to the auk family, Alcidae (order Charadriiformes). They are distinguished by their large, brightly coloured, triangular beaks. Puffins nest in large colonies on seaside and island cliffs, usually laying only one egg, in a burrow dug one or

bottlenose dolphin, (genus Tursiops), any of two or three species of oceanic dolphins classified within the marine mammal family Delphinidae and characterized by a bottle-shaped snout. The common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), which is the most widely recognized dolphin species, is found

bottlenose whale: Bottlenose oil is very similar to spermaceti and was known as “Arctic sperm oil.” It sold for a lower price and gummed more easily than sperm oil. The bottlenose whale fishery peaked in the 1890s and again in the 1960s.

bottlenose whale, any of five species of beaked whales distinguished by a bulbous forehead that drops sharply to the base of the beak. All inhabit deep offshore waters and eat squid, fish, and various bottom-dwelling animals. Bottlenose whales are capable of long deep dives; biologists recorded the

industrial glass: Container making: …United States, large-scale production of bottles was pioneered by Caspar Wistar in 1739 at his New Jersey plant. In the 1770s the carbonation process for producing soft drinks was developed, and so began an entirely new bottling industry. At the Great Exhibition of 1851 in the Crystal Palace in London,…

Gulf of Bothnia, northern arm of the Baltic Sea, between Sweden (west) and Finland (east). Covering an area of about 45,200 square miles (117,000 square km), the gulf extends for 450 miles (725 km) from north to south but only 50 to 150 miles (80 to 240 km) from east to west; it is nearly closed

Slovak literature: Another notable poet was Ivan Krasko (the pseudonym of Ján Botto), whose volumes of verse, Nox et solitudo (1909) and Verše (1912), were among the finest achievements of Slovak literature.

agricultural technology: Primary tillage equipment: …the soil is called the bottom or base; it is composed of the share, the landside, and the moldboard.

solid-waste management: Furnace operation: …and other solid materials called bottom ash. The gaseous by-products of incomplete combustion, along with finely divided particulate material called fly ash, are carried along in the incinerator airstream. Fly ash includes cinders, dust, and soot. In order to remove fly ash and gaseous by-products before they are exhausted into…

basic oxygen process: …in North America and the OBM (from the German, Oxygen bodenblasen Maxhuette, or “oxygen bottom-blowing furnace”) in Europe. In this system, oxygen is injected with lime through nozzles, or tuyeres, located in the bottom of the vessel. The tuyeres consist of two concentric tubes: oxygen and lime are introduced through…

lake: Shore erosion and coastal features: …the littoral shelf from the benthos (bottom) zone in the central part of the lake is called the step-off by some limnologists.

beer: Fermenting methods: …hygienically operated closed vessels and bottom fermentation. These vessels, erected outside the brewery, are several thousand hectolitres in capacity (1 hectolitre = 26 U.S. gallons = 22 U.K. gallons) and are made of stainless steel. Temperature control is achieved by circulating cold liquid in jackets fitted to the wall of…

fishing: Methods: Bait fishing, also called still fishing or bottom fishing, is certainly the oldest and most universally used method. In British freshwater fishing it is used to catch what are called coarse (or rough) fish. These include bream, barb, tench, dace, and other nongame species. A…

Deepwater Horizon oil spill: Leaking oil: …the way for a “bottom kill,” considered to be the most likely means of permanently sealing the leak. This entailed pumping cement through a channel—known as a relief well—that paralleled and eventually intersected the original well. Construction of two such wells had begun in May. On September 17 the…

lake: Bottom morphology: The bottom morphology of a lake can be greatly influenced by deposition of sediment carried by inflowing rivers and streams. Although this process can be modified by wave and current action, most lakes are sufficiently quiet to permit the formation of substantial deltas.…

Sofía Vergara: … (2013), Hot Pursuit (2015), and Bottom of the 9th (2019); the latter starred her husband, Joe Manganiello (married 2015; divorced 2024). In addition, Vergara lent her voice to the animated comedy The Emoji Movie (2017). In 2020 she joined the reality-competition show America’s Got Talent as a judge. She later…

bottom of the pyramid (BOP), term in economics that refers to the poorest two-thirds of the economic human pyramid, a group of more than four billion people living in abject poverty. More broadly, BOP refers to a market-based model of economic development that promises to simultaneously alleviate

baseball: Baseball and the arts: …Year of Baseball (1939) and Game Called Because of Rain (also known as Bottom of the Sixth; 1949), first printed on covers of The Saturday Evening Post, now hang in the art gallery of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.

steel: Pouring procedures: In a different procedure, called bottom pouring, as many as six ingot molds stand on a single large and thick bottom plate with several pipelike refractory runners installed on its top surface. These runners connect the molds to a refractory-lined, funnel-shaped feeder tube, which receives liquid steel from the ladle…

quark: Binding forces and massive quarks: …the “charm” (c) and “bottom” (b) quarks and their associated antiquarks, achieved through the creation of mesons, strongly suggests that quarks occur in pairs. This speculation led to efforts to find a sixth type of quark called “top” (t), after its proposed flavour. According to theory, the top quark…

commercial fishing: …gear, such as gillnets or bottom trawls, results in substantial bycatch (the incidental catch of non-target species); some estimates state that bycatch may amount to as much as 40 percent of the global catch. The sustainable management of fisheries is key to both the health of aquatic ecosystems and the…

bottom water, dense, lowermost layer of ocean water that can be distinguished clearly from overlying waters by its characteristic temperature, salinity, and oxygen content. Most bottom waters of the South Pacific, southern Indian Ocean, South Atlantic, and portions of the North Atlantic are formed

Arno Schmidt: …especially, in Zettels Traum (1970; Bottom’s Dream)—a three-columned, more than 1,300-page, photo-offset typescript, centring on the mind and works of Poe. It was then that Schmidt developed his theory of “etyms,” the morphemes of language that betray subconscious desires. Two further works on the same grand scale are the “novella-comedy”…

Nick Bottom, a weaver and the most important of the six “rude mechanicals” in William Shakespeare’s comedy A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Bottom—together with Peter Quince, carpenter; Francis Flute, bellows mender; Tom Snout, tinker; Snug, joiner; and Robin Starveling, tailor—initiates a series of

River Phoenix was an American actor best known for his starring roles in the films Stand by Me (1986), Running on Empty (1988), and My Own Private Idaho (1991). Despite his relatively short career, many of his peers consider him to be one of the best actors of his generation. His younger brother,

basic oxygen process: …in North America and the OBM (from the German, Oxygen bodenblasen Maxhuette, or “oxygen bottom-blowing furnace”) in Europe. In this system, oxygen is injected with lime through nozzles, or tuyeres, located in the bottom of the vessel. The tuyeres consist of two concentric tubes: oxygen and lime are introduced through…

benthos, the assemblage of organisms inhabiting the seafloor. Benthic epifauna live upon the seafloor or upon bottom objects; the so-called infauna live within the sediments of the seafloor. By far the best-studied benthos are the macrobenthos, those forms larger than 1 mm (0.04 inch), which are

trophic cascade: Biomanipulation in lakes: In addition, the removal of bottom-feeding fish from shallow lakes leads to increases in rooted vegetation and increased water clarity as the rooted plants stabilize the sediments. This transition involves a trophic cascade, as herbivorous zooplankton increase in biomass and consume phytoplankton, but also involves the direct effects of rooted…

artificial intelligence: Symbolic vs. connectionist approaches: The bottom-up approach, on the other hand, involves creating artificial neural networks in imitation of the brain’s structure—whence the connectionist label.

Margaret McDonald Bottome American columnist and religious organizer, founder of the Christian spiritual development and service organization now known as the International Order of the King’s Daughters and Sons. She attended school in Brooklyn and in 1850 married the Reverend Frank Bottome. Her

wine: Bottling: Bottomfilling—that is, inserting a tube into the bottle and filling from the bottom—is often used. In some cases, the bottle may be flushed with carbon dioxide before filling, or the wine may be sparged (agitated) with nitrogen gas. Wines subject to oxidation require special care.

bottomry, a maritime contract (now almost obsolete) by which the owner of a ship borrows money for equipping or repairing the vessel and, for a definite term, pledges the ship as security—it being stipulated that if the ship be lost in the specified voyage or period, by any of the perils

James Bridges: …Harvard Law School freshman (Timothy Bottoms) who struggles to survive the rigours of his course work with the demanding Professor Kingsfield (John Houseman, who won an Academy Award for his role) while courting the professor’s free-spirited daughter (Lindsay Wagner). Bridges’s adaptation of the source novel was also Oscar-nominated, and…

river: Deposits and stratigraphy: …beds grade imperceptibly into the bottomset strata. Bottomset deposits are composed primarily of clays that were swept beyond the delta front. These beds usually dip at very low angles that are consistent with the topography of the continental shelf or lake bottom in front of the subaqueous delta. This depositional…

Bottrop, city, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), northwestern Germany. It lies at the northern edge of the Ruhr industrial region, on the Rhine-Herne Canal, northwest of Essen. Although it was mentioned in the Middle Ages, it remained a small peasant community until coal was discovered there in

Botucatu, city, central São Paulo estado (state), Brazil. It lies near the Pardo River in the Serra de Botucatu at 2,549 feet (777 metres) above sea level. It was given town status in 1855 and was made the seat of a municipality in 1876. Crops grown in the region (including corn [maize], sugarcane,

Geral Mountains, mountain escarpment of the southern and eastern reaches of the Paraná Plateau. It constitutes the principal mountain relief of interior southern Brazil. Stretching east-west across northern Rio Grande do Sul state to the great escarpment in Santa Catarina state, it then turns and

botulinum toxin, poisonous protein made by Clostridium botulinum and several closely related species of bacteria that causes botulism, a condition characterized by neurotoxicity, primarily muscle paralysis. Botulinum toxin also has therapeutic and cosmetic applications. Botulinum toxin was

botulinum toxin, poisonous protein made by Clostridium botulinum and several closely related species of bacteria that causes botulism, a condition characterized by neurotoxicity, primarily muscle paralysis. Botulinum toxin also has therapeutic and cosmetic applications. Botulinum toxin was

Botox, trade name of a drug based on the toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum that causes severe food poisoning (botulism). When locally injected in small amounts, Botox blocks the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, interfering with a muscle’s ability to contract. It is

botulinum toxin, poisonous protein made by Clostridium botulinum and several closely related species of bacteria that causes botulism, a condition characterized by neurotoxicity, primarily muscle paralysis. Botulinum toxin also has therapeutic and cosmetic applications. Botulinum toxin was

botulism, paralytic syndrome caused by poisoning by botulinum toxin, a substance produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. Botulism results most frequently from the eating of improperly sterilized home-canned foods containing the toxin. Poisoning also may result from wound infection. C. botulinum

Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik was a Soviet chess master who held the world championship three times (1948–57, 1958–60, and 1961–63). (Read Garry Kasparov’s Britannica essay on chess & Deep Blue.) At the age of 14, less than two years after he had learned the moves of chess, Botvinnik defeated the

Middle Atlas: …metres), with the highest being Mount Bou Nasser (Bou Naceur; 10,958 feet [3,340 metres]). Covered by cedar forests, the mountains form a fishing, hunting, and skiing area.

Middle Atlas: …metres), with the highest being Mount Bou Nasser (Bou Naceur; 10,958 feet [3,340 metres]). Covered by cedar forests, the mountains form a fishing, hunting, and skiing area.

Bou Saâda, town, north-central Algeria. It is located between el-Hodna Depression (a salt lake) and the peaks of the Saharan Atlas Mountains. Although north of the Sahara, Bou Saâda is a true oasis, spread along the left bank of the Bou Saâda Wadi and standing in pleasant contrast to the nearby

Bouaké, city, central Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast). It lies on the road and railroad from Abidjan (the national capital) to Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta). Bouaké was established as a French military post in 1899; it became an autonomous municipality in 1969. The city is the

Mohamed Bouazizi was a Tunisian street vendor whose self-immolation after being harassed by municipal officials catalyzed the Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia and helped inspire a wider pro-democracy protest movement in the Middle East and North Africa known as the Arab Spring. Bouazizi’s early life

Mohamed Bouazizi was a Tunisian street vendor whose self-immolation after being harassed by municipal officials catalyzed the Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia and helped inspire a wider pro-democracy protest movement in the Middle East and North Africa known as the Arab Spring. Bouazizi’s early life

Luxembourg: …a rocky promontory called the Bock (Bouc) forms a natural defensive position where the Romans and later the Franks built a fort, around which the medieval town developed. The purchase of this castle in 963 ce by Siegfried, count of Ardennes, marked the beginning of Luxembourg as an independent entity.…

Lucien Bouchard is a Canadian politician who was a founder and leader of the Bloc Québécois (1990–96) in the federal House of Commons, and who later served as premier of Quebec (1996–2001). Bouchard received a degree in social sciences (1960) and a degree in law (1963) from Laval University in