Clifford Brown was an American jazz trumpeter noted for lyricism, clarity of sound, and grace of technique. He was a principal figure in the hard-bop idiom. Brown attended Delaware State College and Maryland State College and played in Philadelphia before joining, first, Tadd Dameron’s band in

Jackson Browne is a German-born American singer, songwriter, pianist, and guitarist who helped define the singer-songwriter movement of the 1970s. Born in Germany to a musical family with deep roots in southern California, Browne grew up in Los Angeles and Orange county. His interest in music led

human ear: Detection of angular acceleration: dynamic equilibrium: …Josef Breuer and Scottish chemist Crum Brown, working independently, proposed the “hydrodynamic concept,” which held that head movements cause a flow of endolymph in the canals and that the canals are then stimulated by the fluid movements or pressure changes. German physiologist J.R. Ewald showed that the compression of the…

Dan Brown is an American author who wrote well-researched novels that centred on secret organizations and had intricate plots. He is best known for the Robert Langdon series, which notably included The Da Vinci Code (2003). Brown attended Phillips Exeter Academy, a prep school where his father was

Santana: ), David Brown (b. February 15, 1947, New York, U.S.—d. September 4, 2000), Mike Carabello (b. November 18, 1947, San Francisco, California, U.S.), José (“Chepito”) Areas (b. July 25, 1946, León, Nicaragua), and Mike Shrieve (b. July 6, 1949, San Francisco).

Los Angeles Kings: …Anže Kopitar and right wing Dustin Brown, returned to the postseason in 2009–10 and 2010–11 only to lose their first playoff series each season. However, in 2011–12 the Kings, who qualified for the postseason as the eighth (lowest) seed in the Western Conference, went on one of the most remarkable…

Earle Brown was one of the leading American composers of avant-garde music, best known for his development of graphic notation and the open-form system of composition. Brown had been trained in engineering and mathematics before he began to study music theory and composition. In the early 1950s he

Earle Brown was one of the leading American composers of avant-garde music, best known for his development of graphic notation and the open-form system of composition. Brown had been trained in engineering and mathematics before he began to study music theory and composition. In the early 1950s he

Edith Cowan was an Australian social reformer, women’s rights activist, and politician who focused on helping women and children. In 1921 she was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Assembly, becoming the first woman member of an Australian parliament. Cowan was born Edith Brown in

Jerry Brown is an American Democratic politician who served as governor of California (1975–83; 2011–19), mayor of Oakland, California (1999–2007), and California’s attorney general (2007–11). Brown was one of the four children of Edmund G. Brown, who served as governor of California from 1959 to

Ronald Reagan: Governorship of California of Ronald Reagan: The incumbent, Democrat Edmund G. (“Pat”) Brown (who had defeated Nixon’s challenge in 1962), ridiculed Reagan’s lack of experience, declaring that while he (Brown) had been serving the public, Reagan was making Bedtime for Bonzo, a 1951 movie in which Reagan starred with a chimpanzee. But Reagan turned…

African Americans and Horse Racing: For example, Edward Brown trained the horse Baden-Baden, who won the Kentucky Derby in 1877, and Alex Perry trained Joe Cotton, who won in 1885. In addition, African Americans remained involved in the sport as exercise riders, groomers, stable hands, and clockers.

history of photography: Development of the daguerreotype: …Japan by the American photographer Eliphalet Brown, Jr., who accompanied the 1853–54 mission led by Matthew C. Perry to open Japan to Western interests.

Ernest William Brown was a British-born American mathematician and astronomer known for his theory of the motion of the Moon. Educated at the University of Cambridge in England, Brown began there to study the motion of the Moon by a method devised by G.W. Hill of the United States. Hill had carried

Father Brown, fictional character, a priest who is the protagonist of a series of detective stories by G.K. Chesterton. The character was based on a priest whom Chesterton had met who had acquired a deep understanding of human evil by listening to confessions. Father Brown appears clumsy and naive,

Ford Madox Brown was an English painter whose work is associated with that of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, although he was never a member. Brown studied art from 1837 to 1839 in Bruges and Antwerp, Belgium. His early work is characterized by sombre colour and dramatic feeling suited to the

Kool & the Gang: …20, 2006, Maplewood, New Jersey) George (“Funky”) Brown (born January 5, 1949, Jersey City—died November 16, 2023, Long Beach, California, U.S.) Dennis (“Dee Tee”) Thomas (born February 9, 1951, Orlando, Florida, U.S.—died August 7, 2021, Montclair, New Jersey)

George Brown was a Canadian journalist and politician who was committed to federalism and to weakening the powers of the French Roman Catholic Church in Canada. As proprietor of The Globe (Toronto), he wielded considerable political influence in Canada West (Upper Canada, now Ontario), where his

George Douglas was a Scottish novelist who was instrumental in the realistic literature movement of the early 20th century. Educated at Glasgow University and Balliol College, Oxford, he was a brilliant student who won many awards. After graduation, he travelled to London to write for metropolitan

George Harold Brown was an American electrical engineer who made major contributions to the development of radio and television broadcast antennas. After completing his education at the University of Wisconsin, Madison (B.S., 1930; M.S., 1931; Ph.D., 1933), Brown joined the Radio Corporation of

George Mackay Brown was a Scottish writer who celebrated Orkneyan life and its ancient rhythms in verse, short stories, and novels. Brown was the son of a Gaelic-speaking Highlander and an Orkney postman. He studied at Newbattle Abbey College, near Edinburgh, where Orkney poet Edwin Muir encouraged

Gladys West is an American mathematician known for her work contributing to the development of the Global Positioning System (GPS). Gladys Mae Brown was born in rural Virginia, where her parents owned a small farm in an area populated mostly by sharecroppers. Growing up, when not in school, she

Gordon Brown is a Scottish-born British Labour Party politician who served as chancellor of the Exchequer (1997–2007) and prime minister of the United Kingdom (2007–10). At the time of his elevation to prime minister, he had been the longest continuously serving chancellor of the Exchequer since

Grafton Tyler Brown was an American lithographer, cartographer, and landscape painter of the Pacific Coast best known for his bird’s-eye-view lithographs of the region’s cities and towns and landscape paintings of the Pacific Northwest and Yellowstone National Park. Brown’s parents were both

Almirante Brown: …the central plaza honouring Admiral Guillermo Brown (hero of the 1827 naval battle of Juncal, in which Argentine warships defeated a Brazilian fleet). The county seat and county grew slowly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. By 1947 the region began growing at an accelerated rate as the…

African Americans: Urban upheaval: …leaders as Stokely Carmichael and H. Rap Brown, SNCC adopted increasingly radical policies. Some of the militant Black leaders were arrested, and others, such Eldridge Cleaver, fled the country. This loss of leadership seriously weakened some of the organizations.

Hallie Quinn Brown was an American educator and elocutionist who pioneered in the movement for African American women’s clubs in the United States. Brown was the daughter of former slaves. From 1864 she grew up in Chatham, Ontario, Canada, and in 1870 she entered Wilberforce University in Ohio.

nuclear strategy: Alternatives to mutual assured destruction: Jimmy Carter’s secretary of defense, Harold Brown, was skeptical that either side would actually find such sophisticated nuclear strikes possible, he accepted the need to develop a range of targeting options to convince the Soviet Union that it could not gain the upper hand by such methods. That was the…

Harrison Brown was an American geochemist known for his role in isolating plutonium for its use in the first atomic bombs and for his studies regarding meteorites and the Earth’s origin. Brown studied chemistry, attending the University of California at Berkeley and Johns Hopkins University in

Harrison Brown was an American geochemist known for his role in isolating plutonium for its use in the first atomic bombs and for his studies regarding meteorites and the Earth’s origin. Brown studied chemistry, attending the University of California at Berkeley and Johns Hopkins University in

Helen Gurley Brown was an American writer and editor whose upbeat, stylish publications, beginning in the mid-20th century, emphasized sexual and career independence and adventure for a large audience of young women. Helen Gurley was a student at Texas State College for Women (1939–41; now Texas

Helen Hayes was an American actress who was widely considered to be the “First Lady of the American Theatre.” At the behest of her mother, a touring stage performer, Hayes attended dancing class as a youngster, and, from 1905 to 1909, she performed with the Columbia Players. At age nine, she made

Henry Billings Brown was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court (1890–1906). Brown was admitted to the bar in 1860 in Detroit and the following year appointed deputy U.S. marshal there. Two years later he was named assistant U.S. attorney for the eastern district of Michigan. He

Henry Box Brown was an American enslaved person who succeeded in escaping slavery by hiding in a packing crate that was shipped from the slave state of Virginia, where Brown had worked on a plantation and in a tobacco factory, to the free state of Pennsylvania. Brown subsequently joined the

Herbert Charles Brown was one of the leading American chemists of the 20th century. His seminal work on customized reducing agents and organoborane compounds in synthetic organic chemistry had a major impact on both academic and industrial chemical practice and led to his sharing the 1979 Nobel

circus: History: …itinerating show of the American J. Purdy Brown. His reasons for exhibiting shows under canvas tents (which were at first very small, housing one ring and a few hundred seats) are unknown, but it was an innovation that became a standard component of circuses for more than a century and…

Jacob Jennings Brown was a U.S. general during the War of 1812, who was known as “the fighting Quaker.” Of Pennsylvania Quaker heritage and upbringing, Brown established himself as a prominent New York citizen and rose to brigadier general in the state militia before the War of 1812. His successful

Black theater: …by a Black American was James Brown’s King Shotaway (1823). William Wells Brown’s The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom (1858) was the first Black play published, but the first real success of an African American dramatist was Angelina W. Grimké’s Rachel (1916).

James Brown was an American singer, songwriter, arranger, and dancer, who was one of the most important and influential entertainers in 20th-century popular music and whose remarkable achievements earned him the sobriquet “the Hardest-Working Man in Show Business.” Brown was raised mainly in

Gordon Brown is a Scottish-born British Labour Party politician who served as chancellor of the Exchequer (1997–2007) and prime minister of the United Kingdom (2007–10). At the time of his elevation to prime minister, he had been the longest continuously serving chancellor of the Exchequer since

Jim Brown was an outstanding American professional gridiron football player who led the National Football League (NFL) in rushing for eight of his nine seasons. He was the dominant player of his era and is considered one of the best running backs of all time. He later found success as an actor. In

Roger Brown was an American artist and collector who was associated with the Chicago Imagists and was known for his bright, flat, and seemingly simple compositions that show an ominous, sometimes satirical, perspective on contemporary life and American culture and politics. Brown was raised in

Yusef Komunyakaa is a poet and professor best known for his autobiographical poems about African American identity, the Vietnam War, and jazz and blues. He won the Pulitzer Prize for poetry for his collection Neon Vernacular: New and Selected Poems 1977–1989 (1993). (Read Britannica’s essay “War

Jaylen Brown is an American basketball player who since 2016 has been a shooting guard and small forward for the Boston Celtics. In 2024 Brown helped the team win a record-setting 18th NBA championship. Brown was born in the Atlanta suburb of Marietta. His father, Marselles Brown, was a 7-foot

Jaylen Brown is an American basketball player who since 2016 has been a shooting guard and small forward for the Boston Celtics. In 2024 Brown helped the team win a record-setting 18th NBA championship. Brown was born in the Atlanta suburb of Marietta. His father, Marselles Brown, was a 7-foot

A Pulitzer Prize winner for poetry and the recipient of a MacArthur Foundation “genius grant,” Jericho Brown is known for poems that address themes of identity, racism, violence, queer sexuality, religious faith, and trauma. His work has been praised for its stark vulnerability and honesty as well

Jerry Brown is an American Democratic politician who served as governor of California (1975–83; 2011–19), mayor of Oakland, California (1999–2007), and California’s attorney general (2007–11). Brown was one of the four children of Edmund G. Brown, who served as governor of California from 1959 to

Jesse L. Brown was a U.S. Navy ensign who fought racism in the military to become the first African American to complete naval flight training and serve as an aviator. He served in the Korean War, where he died in a crash landing. Although the site of his crash is known, his official status is

Jesse L. Brown was a U.S. Navy ensign who fought racism in the military to become the first African American to complete naval flight training and serve as an aviator. He served in the Korean War, where he died in a crash landing. Although the site of his crash is known, his official status is

Jim Brown was an outstanding American professional gridiron football player who led the National Football League (NFL) in rushing for eight of his nine seasons. He was the dominant player of his era and is considered one of the best running backs of all time. He later found success as an actor. In

Lloyd Bacon: Warner Brothers: …Sailor, a solid vehicle for Joe E. Brown, rounded out 1933 for Bacon.

American colonies: The Gaspee: That night the merchant John Brown headed a party of Providence men who boarded and burned the Gaspee as it thus lay helpless. Rewards of £1,000 were offered for proof of the identity of the ringleader, and Brown was put under arrest. But the influence of his powerful family…

John Brown was a militant American abolitionist whose raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now in West Virginia), in 1859 made him a martyr to the antislavery cause and was instrumental in heightening sectional animosities that led to the American Civil War (1861–65). Moving

John Brown was a British propounder of the “excitability” theory of medicine, which classified diseases according to whether they had an over- or an understimulating effect on the body. Brown studied under the distinguished professor of medicine William Cullen at the University of Edinburgh, but

Joseph Emerson Brown was the Confederate governor of Georgia during the American Civil War. Brown grew up in the mountainous region of northern Georgia. His political career began in 1849, when, after having established himself as a lawyer in Canton, Ga., he was elected to the state senate as a

Joseph Rogers Brown was an American inventor and manufacturer who made numerous advances in the field of fine measurement and machine-tool production. After training as a machinist, Brown joined his father in a successful clock-making business, which he operated himself from 1841 to 1853. He

Ketanji Brown Jackson is an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 2022. She was the first Black woman to serve on the Supreme Court. Ketanji Onyika Brown was the first of two children of Johnny and Ellery Brown, both of whom were public school teachers at the time of her

Lancelot Brown was the foremost English master of garden design, whose works were characterized by their natural, unplanned appearance. Brown was born in Kirkharle, in northern England, likely in 1716. He might have been born the previous year, but the only existing records are those documenting

Larry Brown is an American basketball player and coach, the first coach to win both a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I men’s national championship and a National Basketball Association (NBA) title. Few people have coached basketball in as many places, with as much success,

Larry Brown is an American basketball player and coach, the first coach to win both a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I men’s national championship and a National Basketball Association (NBA) title. Few people have coached basketball in as many places, with as much success,

Louise Brown is the first human conceived using in vitro fertilization (IVF). After numerous attempts to impregnate her mother, Lesley Brown, British medical researcher Robert Edwards and British gynecologist Patrick Steptoe tried fertilizing her eggs in a Petri dish before implanting a

Louise Brown is the first human conceived using in vitro fertilization (IVF). After numerous attempts to impregnate her mother, Lesley Brown, British medical researcher Robert Edwards and British gynecologist Patrick Steptoe tried fertilizing her eggs in a Petri dish before implanting a

Molly Brown was an American human-rights activist, philanthropist, and actress who survived the sinking of the Titanic. The real-life Margaret Tobin Brown, never known in life by the nickname Molly, bears little resemblance to the legendary Molly Brown, who was created in the 1930s and achieved

Marc Brown is an American children’s book author and illustrator, best known as the creator of the Arthur series, of which he wrote dozens of books. He also helped to create the Arthur television series, which aired in more than 80 countries. Brown grew up in Erie, Pennsylvania. His father, LeRoy

Marc Brown is an American children’s book author and illustrator, best known as the creator of the Arthur series, of which he wrote dozens of books. He also helped to create the Arthur television series, which aired in more than 80 countries. Brown grew up in Erie, Pennsylvania. His father, LeRoy

Molly Brown was an American human-rights activist, philanthropist, and actress who survived the sinking of the Titanic. The real-life Margaret Tobin Brown, never known in life by the nickname Molly, bears little resemblance to the legendary Molly Brown, who was created in the 1930s and achieved

Margaret Wise Brown was a prolific American writer of children’s literature whose books, many of them classics, continue to engage generations of children and their parents. Brown attended Hollins College (now Hollins University) in Roanoke, Virginia, where she earned a B.A. in 1932. After further

Marc Brown is an American children’s book author and illustrator, best known as the creator of the Arthur series, of which he wrote dozens of books. He also helped to create the Arthur television series, which aired in more than 80 countries. Brown grew up in Erie, Pennsylvania. His father, LeRoy

Martha McClellan Brown was an American temperance leader who is believed to have drafted the call for the convention that organized the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). Martha McClellan was reared from 1840 in Cambridge, Ohio. In 1858 she married the Reverend W. Kennedy Brown. Shortly

Spice Girls: …England), Scary Spice (byname of Melanie Janine Brown; b. May 29, 1975, Yorkshire, England), and Baby Spice (byname of Emma Lee Bunton; b. January 21, 1976, London, England).

American civil rights movement: Black Lives Matter and Shelby County v. Holder: …police custody, including those of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, and Eric Garner in Staten Island, New York, in 2014, as well as that of Freddie Gray in Baltimore in 2015, prompted widespread protest. The fatal shooting of Trayvon Martin, an unarmed Black teenager, in Sanford, Florida, in February 2012,…

ethnic conflict: Causes of ethnic conflict: In several scholarly articles, Michael Edward Brown provided a useful approach to understanding the causes of ethnic conflict. In those articles, he distinguished between underlying causes and proximate causes. Underlying causes include structural factors, political factors, economic and social factors, and cultural and perceptual factors. Proximate causes embrace four…

Michael S. Brown is an American molecular geneticist who, along with Joseph L. Goldstein, was awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their elucidation of a key link in the metabolism of cholesterol in the human body. Brown graduated from the University of Pennsylvania,

Michael S. Brown is an American molecular geneticist who, along with Joseph L. Goldstein, was awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their elucidation of a key link in the metabolism of cholesterol in the human body. Brown graduated from the University of Pennsylvania,

Millie Bobby Brown is a British actor best known for portraying Eleven in the hit science-fiction–horror television series Stranger Things (2016– ), a role for which she was twice nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for outstanding supporting actress in a drama series. Brown was born in Marbella,

Little Rock Nine: Ernest Green, Elizabeth Eckford, Minnijean Brown, Terrence Roberts, Carlotta Walls, Jefferson Thomas, Gloria Ray, and Thelma Mothershed—became the centre of the struggle to desegregate public schools in the United States, especially in the South. The events that followed their enrollment in Little Rock Central High School provoked intense

Molly Brown was an American human-rights activist, philanthropist, and actress who survived the sinking of the Titanic. The real-life Margaret Tobin Brown, never known in life by the nickname Molly, bears little resemblance to the legendary Molly Brown, who was created in the 1930s and achieved

United States: Beginnings of industrialization: Moses Brown (later benefactor of the College of Rhode Island, renamed Brown University in honor of his nephew Nicholas) was looking to invest some of his family’s mercantile fortune in the textile business. New England wool and southern cotton were readily available, as was water…

Arthur Freed: Teamed with Nacio Herb Brown, he cowrote such movie musical standards as “Singin’ in the Rain,” “Broadway Rhythm,” and “You Are My Lucky Star.”

Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan and Trust Company: Senator Norris Brown of Nebraska declared that the Supreme Court was wrong in its interpretation of the Constitution and proposed the explicit language permitting an income tax that was incorporated into the Sixteenth Amendment. He said it was imperative that Congress “give the court a Constitution…

Olympia Brown was a minister and social reformer, an active campaigner for woman suffrage and one of the first American women whose ordination was sanctioned by a full denomination. Brown was refused admission to the University of Michigan because of her sex and instead attended Mount Holyoke

Ronald Reagan: Governorship of California of Ronald Reagan: The incumbent, Democrat Edmund G. (“Pat”) Brown (who had defeated Nixon’s challenge in 1962), ridiculed Reagan’s lack of experience, declaring that while he (Brown) had been serving the public, Reagan was making Bedtime for Bonzo, a 1951 movie in which Reagan starred with a chimpanzee. But Reagan turned…

Paul Brown was an American gridiron football coach known for his cerebral approach, innovative methods, iron rule, and cool demeanour. Brown coached winning teams in high school, college, armed forces, and professional football. Brown was an undersized quarterback at Miami University (Ohio), where

Paul Brown was an American gridiron football coach known for his cerebral approach, innovative methods, iron rule, and cool demeanour. Brown coached winning teams in high school, college, armed forces, and professional football. Brown was an undersized quarterback at Miami University (Ohio), where

George Wald: In the late 1950s, with Paul K. Brown, he identified the pigments in the retina that are sensitive to yellow-green light and red light and in the early 1960s the pigment sensitive to blue light. Wald and Brown also discovered the role of vitamin A in forming the three colour…

Pearl Gibbs was an Australian activist who fought for the rights of Australian Aboriginal people for some 50 years. She was especially skilled in organizing and promoting campaigns for social reform. Pearl Mary Brown was born in La Perouse, just outside Sydney. Her mother, Mary Margaret Brown, was

Cream: Bruce and Pete Brown, a poet who was sometimes called Cream’s fourth member, wrote most of band’s lyrics.

Brighton Rock: …detective Ida and the murderous Pinkie, a teenager and Roman Catholic who chooses hell over Heaven. Responsible for two murders, including that of a journalist called Hale, 17-year-old Pinkie is forced to marry the hapless Rose, a shy server in a tea room, to prevent her from giving evidence that…

Ray Brown was an American string bassist and one of the greatest of all jazz virtuosos. Brown first made his mark at age 19 when he went to New York City to join Dizzy Gillespie’s band at a time when the modern jazz revolution, spearheaded by saxophonist Charlie Parker, was just getting under way.

Ray Brown was an American string bassist and one of the greatest of all jazz virtuosos. Brown first made his mark at age 19 when he went to New York City to join Dizzy Gillespie’s band at a time when the modern jazz revolution, spearheaded by saxophonist Charlie Parker, was just getting under way.

American literature: New fictional modes: …Fear of Flying (1974), and Rita Mae Brown, who explored lesbian life in Rubyfruit Jungle (1973). Other significant works of fiction by women in the 1970s included Ann Beattie’s account of the post-1960s generation in Chilly Scenes of Winter (1976) and many short stories, Gail Godwin’s highly civilized The Odd…

Englische Komödianten: …Europe was that led by Robert Brown, formerly a member of Worcester’s Men. Brown’s actors performed at Leiden in 1591 and by the following year had attracted the patronage of the playwright-duke Heinrich Julius of Brunswick. Several of the duke’s subsequent dramas are thought to contain plot elements from some…

Robert Brown was a Scottish botanist best known for his descriptions of cell nuclei and of the continuous motion of minute particles in solution, which came to be called Brownian motion. In addition, he recognized the fundamental distinction between gymnosperms (conifers and their allies) and

Robert Hanbury Brown was a British astronomer and writer noted for his design, development, and use of the intensity interferometer. Brown graduated from the University of London in 1935. During and after World War II he worked with Robert Alexander Watson-Watt and then E.G. Bowen to develop radar

Bob Brown is an Australian politician who served as a member of the Australian Senate (1996–2012) and as leader of the Australian Greens (2005–12). Brown was raised in rural New South Wales, and he attended school in Sydney, earning a medical degree from the University of Sydney in 1968. After

Roger Brown was an American artist and collector who was associated with the Chicago Imagists and was known for his bright, flat, and seemingly simple compositions that show an ominous, sometimes satirical, perspective on contemporary life and American culture and politics. Brown was raised in

Ron Brown was an American politician, the first African American to be chairman (1989–93) of a major U.S. political party and the first to be appointed secretary of commerce (1993–96). Brown’s father managed the Hotel Theresa in Harlem, which was frequented by celebrities, politicians, and the

Ron Brown was an American politician, the first African American to be chairman (1989–93) of a major U.S. political party and the first to be appointed secretary of commerce (1993–96). Brown’s father managed the Hotel Theresa in Harlem, which was frequented by celebrities, politicians, and the

Ruth Brown was an American singer and actress, who earned the sobriquet “Miss Rhythm” while dominating the rhythm-and-blues charts throughout the 1950s. Her success helped establish Atlantic Records (“The House That Ruth Built”) as the era’s premier rhythm-and-blues label. The oldest of seven

Ruth Winifred Brown was an American librarian and activist, who was dismissed from her job at an Oklahoma library for her civil rights activities in 1950. Brown began her career as a librarian in Bartlesville, Oklahoma, in 1919. She became the president of the Oklahoma Library Association in 1931