ballad, short narrative folk song, whose distinctive style crystallized in Europe in the late Middle Ages and persists to the present day in communities where literacy, urban contacts, and mass media have little affected the habit of folk singing. The term ballad is also applied to any narrative

pop ballad, form of slow love song prevalent in nearly all genres of popular music. There are rock ballads, soul ballads, country ballads, and even heavy metal ballads. The ballad was originally a narrative folk song (and the term is still sometimes used this way by contemporary folk musicians—as

mellophone, a valved brass musical instrument built in coiled form and pitched in E♭ or F, with a compass from the second A or B below middle C to the second E♭ or F above. The alto and tenor forms substitute for the French horn in marching bands. In the 1950s a version called the mellophonium was

Coen brothers: …of the Old West in The Ballad of Buster Scruggs (2018).

Sam Peckinpah: Bloody Sam: The Ballad of Cable Hogue (1970) was something of a departure for Peckinpah. It was a quirky and ironic parable about the passing of the Old West, with Jason Robards, David Warner, and Stella Stevens. Straw Dogs (1971), however, was another violent, boundary-breaking drama. The…

Paul McCartney: The Beatles: …brought McCartney his song “The Ballad of John and Yoko” and they worked together on the “middle eight” (the stand-alone section that often comes midway in a song). Their music transcended personal differences.

Kinoshita Keisuke: Narayama-bushi kō (1958; Ballad of Narayama) is praised for the technical excellence with which Kinoshita used colour and the wide screen within the traditional structure of the period film.

The Ballad of Reading Gaol, poem by Oscar Wilde, published in 1898. This long ballad, Wilde’s last published work, is an eloquent plea for reform of prison conditions. It was inspired by the two years Wilde spent in the jail in Reading, Eng., after being convicted of

Robert Hayden: …gained a public after his A Ballad of Remembrance (1962) won a grand prize at the First World Festival of Negro Arts in 1966 in Dakar, Senegal. He was appointed consultant in poetry to the Library of Congress in 1976.

Nan Goldin: …as a slide show entitled The Ballad of Sexual Dependency (1981). Accompanied by a musical score that mixed rock, blues, opera, and reggae, the presentation was initially shown in nightclubs and eventually in galleries. Goldin continued to work on this project throughout the 1980s, and it was reproduced in 1986…

Suzanne Collins: …2020 Collins published the prequel The Ballad of Songbirds and Snakes. Another prequel, Sunrise on the Reaping, was released in 2025.

Nick Joaquin: …and the collections of poetry The Ballad of the Five Battles (1981) and Collected Verse (1987). Fifteen essays were published in the book Culture and History: Occasional Notes on the Process of Philippine Becoming (1988). Joaquin’s later works are mostly nonfiction, including Manila, My Manila: A History for the Young…

Barry Sadler: …for his best-selling song “The Ballad of the Green Berets.”

Edna St. Vincent Millay: …Pulitzer Prize in 1923 for Ballad of the Harp-Weaver (1922) and married Eugen Jan Boissevain, a Dutch businessman with whom from 1925 she lived in a large, isolated house in the Berkshire foothills near Austerlitz, New York. In 1925 the Metropolitan Opera Company commissioned her to write an opera with…

The Ballad of the Sad Café, long novella by Carson McCullers, the title work in a collection of short stories, published in 1951. Peopled with bizarre and grotesque characters, the novella has a folkloric quality and is considered one of the author’s best works. Amelia Evans, a tall and lonely

English literature: Poetry: …Morrison, whose finest work, “The Ballad of the Yorkshire Ripper” (1987), was composed in taut, macabre stanzas thickened with dialect. Morrison’s work also displayed a growing development in late 20th-century British poetry: the writing of narrative verse. Although there had been earlier instances of this verse after 1945 (Betjeman’s…

ballad opera, characteristic English type of comic opera, originating in the 18th century and featuring farcical or extravaganza plots. The music was mainly confined to songs interspersed in spoken dialogue. Such operas at first used ballads or folk songs to which new words were adapted; later,

ballad revival, the interest in folk poetry evinced within literary circles, especially in England and Germany, in the 18th century. Actually, it was not a revival but a new discovery and appreciation of the merits of popular poetry, formerly ignored or despised by scholars and sophisticated

ballad stanza, a verse stanza common in English ballads that consists of two lines in ballad metre, usually printed as a four-line stanza with a rhyme scheme of abcb, as in The Wife of Usher’s Well, which

Panama: Transitions to democracy and sovereignty: Led by Ernesto Pérez Balladares, a former cabinet member, the PRD distanced itself from Noriega, and Pérez Balladares won by a plurality. In the assembly the Christian Democrats, who had been the largest bloc, were reduced to a single seat.

ballade, one of several formes fixes (“fixed forms”) in French lyric poetry and song, cultivated particularly in the 14th and 15th centuries (compare rondeau; virelai). Strictly, the ballade consists of three stanzas and a shortened final dedicatory stanza. All the stanzas have the same rhyme

François Villon: Life: …he wrote his superb “Ballade des pendus,” or “L’Épitaphe Villon”, in which he imagines himself hanging on the scaffold, his body rotting, and he makes a plea to God against the “justice” of men. At this time, too, he wrote his famous wry quatrain “Je suis Françoys, dont il…

Theodor Fontane: … (1850; “Men and Heroes”) and Balladen (1861; “Ballads”), stirring celebrations of heroic and dramatic events, some drawn from Prussian history.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Song of Hiawatha, Paul Revere’s Ride, and other poetry: In 1842 his Ballads and Other Poems, containing such favourites as “The Wreck of the Hesperus” and “The Village Blacksmith,” swept the nation. The antislavery sentiments he expressed in Poems on Slavery that same year, however, lacked the humanity and power of John Greenleaf Whittier’s denunciations on the…

Édouard Balladur is a French neo-Gaullist politician, who was the prime minister of France from 1993 to 1995. Balladur graduated from the prestigious National School of Administration in 1957 and went to work for the Council of State as a junior official. In 1962 he joined the Office of Radio and

Sharon Olds: …Odes (2016), Arias (2019), and Balladz (2022). For Stag’s Leap (2012), which chronicles the 1997 dissolution of her marriage, she was awarded both the T.S. Eliot Prize and the Pulitzer Prize. In 2016 Olds received the Academy of American Poets’ Wallace Stevens Award.

India: The Hoysalas and Pandyas: …particularly during the reign of Ballala II (reigned 1173–1220). Hostilities also developed with the Colas to the east. The armies of the Turks eroded the Hoysala kingdom until, in the 14th century, it gave way to the newly emerging Vijayanagara empire. In the 13th century the Pandyas became the dominant…

India: Development of the state: …against the neighbouring Hoysala king, Ballala III of Dorasamudra, but it stagnated; after the brothers reconverted to Hinduism under the influence of the sage Madhavacarya (Vidyaranya) and proclaimed their independence from the Delhi sultanate, however, they were able to defeat Ballala and thereby secure their home base. Harihara I (reigned…

John Ballance was the prime minister of New Zealand (1891–93) who unified the Liberal Party, which held power for 20 years; he also played a major role in the enactment of social welfare legislation. After working as an ironmonger in Birmingham, Eng., the self-educated Ballance emigrated to

Pierre-Simon Ballanche was a religious and social philosopher who influenced the Romantic writers and played an important part in the development of French thought in the early decades of the 19th century. The Romantics were attracted by his rejection of 18th-century rationalism and by the poetic

Ivar Ballangrud was a Norwegian speed skater who, with Clas Thunberg of Finland, dominated speed-skating competitions in the 1920s and ’30s. He won seven Olympic medals in his career, as well as four world championships and four European championships. Ballangrud’s Olympic debut came at the 1928

John Bellenden was a Scottish writer whose translation of Hector Boece’s Scotorum historiae had a profound influence on Scottish national feeling. Educated at the universities of St. Andrews (Scotland) and Paris, he was in the service of James V as clerk of accounts from the King’s earliest years

R.M. Ballantyne was a Scottish author chiefly famous for his adventure story The Coral Island (1858). This and all of Ballantyne’s stories were written from personal experience. The heroes of his books are models of self-reliance and moral uprightness. Snowflakes and Sunbeams; or, The Young Fur

R.M. Ballantyne was a Scottish author chiefly famous for his adventure story The Coral Island (1858). This and all of Ballantyne’s stories were written from personal experience. The heroes of his books are models of self-reliance and moral uprightness. Snowflakes and Sunbeams; or, The Young Fur

Ballarat, city, central Victoria, Australia, on the Yarrowee River. The area was first settled in 1838 by sheepherders and developed rapidly after the discovery of rich alluvial gold deposits in 1851. In 1854, two years after its founding, Ballarat (its name was derived from two Aboriginal words

Eureka Stockade: …11 the diggers formed the Ballarat Reform League to petition the new lieutenant governor Charles Hotham for redress of their grievances. Although Hotham’s response was promising, the arrival of troop reinforcements on November 28 led to further clashes.

Ballard Family were a group of printers who from 1560 to 1750 virtually monopolized music printing in France. The founder of the dynasty was Robert Ballard (d. 1588), brother-in-law to the celebrated lutenist and composer Adrian Le Roy. These two used movable type, cut in 1540 by Robert’s

I AM movement: …mining engineer, and his wife, Edna W. Ballard (1886–1971). The name of the movement is a reference to the Bible verse in which God replies to Moses, “I am who I am” (Exodus 3:14). Despite legal and public relations difficulties, the movement thrived and inspired a number of subsequent movements…

the Supremes: ) Florence Ballard (born June 30, 1943, Detroit—died February 22, 1976, Detroit) Mary Wilson (born March 6, 1944, Greenville, Mississippi—died February 8, 2021, Henderson, Nevada) Cindy Birdsong (born December 15, 1939,

I AM movement: …in the early 1930s by Guy W. Ballard (1878–1939), a mining engineer, and his wife, Edna W. Ballard (1886–1971). The name of the movement is a reference to the Bible verse in which God replies to Moses, “I am who I am” (Exodus 3:14). Despite legal and public relations difficulties,…

Hank Ballard was an American rhythm-and-blues singer and songwriter best remembered for songs that were frequently as scandalous as they were inventive, most notably the salacious “Work with Me Annie” (1954). He also wrote “The Twist” (1959), which sparked a dance craze in the United States.

J.G. Ballard was a British author of science fiction set in ecologically unbalanced landscapes caused by decadent technological excess. The son of a British business executive based in China, Ballard spent four years of his boyhood in a Japanese prison camp near Shanghai during World War II. This

J.G. Ballard was a British author of science fiction set in ecologically unbalanced landscapes caused by decadent technological excess. The son of a British business executive based in China, Ballard spent four years of his boyhood in a Japanese prison camp near Shanghai during World War II. This

Anthony Babington: …was joined by the priest John Ballard in the plot which generally bears his name.

Louis Ballard was an American composer and music educator best known for compositions that synthesize elements of Native American and Western classical music. Ballard experienced—and indeed oscillated between—Native American and Western (or Euro-American) musical worlds from an early age. His

Louis Ballard was an American composer and music educator best known for compositions that synthesize elements of Native American and Western classical music. Ballard experienced—and indeed oscillated between—Native American and Western (or Euro-American) musical worlds from an early age. His

Ballard Family: …founder of the dynasty was Robert Ballard (d. 1588), brother-in-law to the celebrated lutenist and composer Adrian Le Roy. These two used movable type, cut in 1540 by Robert’s father-in-law, Guillaume Le Bé (or du Gué). Their first patent was granted in 1552 as sole music printers to Henry II.…

Robert Ballard is an American oceanographer and marine geologist whose pioneering use of deep-diving submersibles laid the foundations for deep-sea archaeology. He is best known for discovering the wreck of the Titanic in 1985. Ballard grew up in San Diego, California, where he developed a

Robert Ballard is an American oceanographer and marine geologist whose pioneering use of deep-diving submersibles laid the foundations for deep-sea archaeology. He is best known for discovering the wreck of the Titanic in 1985. Ballard grew up in San Diego, California, where he developed a

Ballari, city, eastern Karnataka state, southern India. It is situated in an upland region about 35 miles (55 km) east-southeast of the Tungabhadra Reservoir. The city is dominated by a 16th-century fort on a granitic rock, 2 miles (3 km) in circumference, which rises abruptly to a height of some

industrial diamond: Ballas, or shot bort, is composed of concentrically arranged, spherical masses of minute diamond crystals. Ballas is extremely hard, tough, and difficult to cleave. Principal sources are Brazil and South Africa. Brazilian ballas is said to be the harder of the two.

railroad: Location and construction: …completed roadbed, its foundation is ballast, usually of crushed rock, slag, or volcanic ash. The sleepers, or crossties, to which the rails are fastened, are embedded in the ballast. This is tightly compacted or tamped around the sleepers to keep the track precisely leveled and aligned. Efficient drainage of the…

fluorescent lamp: …by a device called a ballast, which also maintains a lower operating voltage after the gas is ionized. In older fluorescent lamps the ballast is located in the lamp, separate from the bulb, and causes the audible humming or buzzing so often associated with fluorescent lamps. In newer, compact fluorescent…

keel: …of main keel—properly, the “full keel,” or “ballast keel”—is a vertical downward extension of the boat’s hull, narrowly V-shaped; it is usually ballasted or weighted for stability and lateral resistance.

naval architecture: Ballast tanks: When a ship is running rather light with its hull relatively high out of water, it is at a disadvantage in winds and waves. It needs added inertia to help it drive through waves, added weight to put the hull farther down in…

wastewater treatment: Improved treatment methods: In a ballasted floc reactor, the settling rate of suspended solids is increased by using sand and a polymer to help coagulate the suspended solids and form larger masses called flocs. The sand is separated from the sludge in a hydroclone, a relatively simple apparatus into which…

musical form: Iterative and reverting types: …b A B), the Italian ballata (A b b a A) and the German bar form (a a b), where the patterns of repetition and contrast correspond to poetic forms. (In the representations of the reverting types in songs, lowercase letters refer to the same music set to different words,…

John Bellenden was a Scottish writer whose translation of Hector Boece’s Scotorum historiae had a profound influence on Scottish national feeling. Educated at the universities of St. Andrews (Scotland) and Paris, he was in the service of James V as clerk of accounts from the King’s earliest years

John Bellenden was a Scottish writer whose translation of Hector Boece’s Scotorum historiae had a profound influence on Scottish national feeling. Educated at the universities of St. Andrews (Scotland) and Paris, he was in the service of James V as clerk of accounts from the King’s earliest years

François Mansart: Early years and works.: …one that survives is the château of Balleroy (begun c. 1626), near Bayeux, in the département of Calvados. Built for Jean de Choisy, chancellor to Gaston, duc d’Orléans, the brother of Louis XIII, the château consists of three blocks—a massive, free-standing main building to which two small pavilions are subordinated.…

Dwayne Johnson: Acting: …and he later starred in Ballers (2015–19), an HBO comedy series about a former football player who becomes a financial adviser to other sports stars. Johnson then created and hosted the reality TV series The Titan Games (2019–20), which featured a variety of athletic competitions. He later appeared in Young…

Seve Ballesteros was a Spanish golfer who was one of the sport’s most prominent figures in the 1970s and ’80s. He was known for his flamboyant and imaginative style of play and accumulated more than 85 wins in international golf tournaments, including 50 European Tour victories and 5 major

Seve Ballesteros was a Spanish golfer who was one of the sport’s most prominent figures in the 1970s and ’80s. He was known for his flamboyant and imaginative style of play and accumulated more than 85 wins in international golf tournaments, including 50 European Tour victories and 5 major

ballet, theatrical dance in which a formal academic dance technique—the danse d’école—is combined with other artistic elements such as music, costume, and stage scenery. The academic technique itself is also known as ballet. This article surveys the history of ballet. Ballet traces its origins to

skiing: Freestyle skiing: …acrobatics and includes three events: acro, aerials, and moguls. Formerly known as ballet, acro was invented in the early 1930s in Europe. Utilizing moves from figure skating and gymnastics, the acro skier performs a 90-second routine set to music, in which jumps, flips, and spins are executed while skiing a…

Justin Peck: …of filmmaker Jody Lee Lipes’s Ballet 422 (2014), a documentary that followed Peck for two months as he created NYCB’s 422nd original dance, Paz de la Jolla. That year 2wice Arts Foundation also partnered with Peck and NYCB principal Daniel Ulbricht to develop the iPad app Passe-Partout. The program allowed…

American Ballet: Ballet Caravan, founded by Kirstein in 1936 to produce works by young American choreographers, presented many American Ballet dancers in the early works of Eugene Loring, Lew Christensen, and William Dollar. The company toured the United States in 1938. Its dancers rejoined the American Ballet,…

Ballet comique de la reine, court entertainment that is considered the first ballet. Enacted in 1581 at the French court of Catherine de Médicis by the Queen, her ladies, and the nobles of the court to celebrate the betrothal of her sister, it fused the elements of music, dance, plot (the escape of

ballet: Companies: Every one of these celebrated artists belonged to a larger entity: a company. Companies can operate successfully only if knowledgeable members who understand the vital aspects and particularities of ballet’s nature are prepared to devote themselves to the art form and its institutions. Ballet…

ballet d’action, ballet in which all the elements of production (e.g., choreography, set design, and costuming) are subordinate to the plot and theme. John Weaver, an English ballet master of the early 18th century, is considered the originator of pantomime ballet, a drama in dance form that became

Western dance: The birth of ballet: … launched the species known as ballet de cour, in which the monarchs themselves participated. The idealized dances represented the supreme order that France itself, suffering from internal wars, lacked so badly. The steps were those of the social dances of the times, but scholars became aware of how these native…

ballet: Ballet in the cultural milieu: The Ballet Nacional de Cuba was founded in 1948 by Cuban ballerina Alicia Alonso, who also headed the National School of Ballet Alicia Alonso (founded 1950). It provides a good model of how a western European tradition is taken up and reinterpreted to suit national and…

Latin American dance: Mexico: …named Amalia Hernández founded the Ballet Folklórico de México, a dance spectacle in the grand style of the Ballets Russes (which was established in 1909), with elaborate costumes, scenery, and lighting. As the American dancer Katherine Dunham had done in the 1930s using Caribbean dance, Hernández created a hybrid form…

Fernand Léger: …he conceived, directed, and produced The Mechanical Ballet, a purely non-narrative film with photography by Man Ray and Dudley Murphy and music by the American composer George Antheil. He also designed sets for ballets and motion pictures, and he created mosaics and stained-glass windows. Léger was interested in the relationship…

ballet movement, in classical ballet, any of the formalized actions of a dancer that follow specific rules regarding the positions of the arms, feet, and body. Ballet choreography is based on combinations of these fundamental movements. Some movements, like the plié and battement, are training

ballet: Ballet in the cultural milieu: The Ballet Nacional de Cuba was founded in 1948 by Cuban ballerina Alicia Alonso, who also headed the National School of Ballet Alicia Alonso (founded 1950). It provides a good model of how a western European tradition is taken up and reinterpreted to suit national and…

Guinea: The arts: The professional National Guinean Ballet, which emerged after independence, has retained some of the dance and music of the distinct ethnic and regional groups. Creative accomplishments in modern dance and popular music have given Guinean musicians and singers an international reputation. One of the best-known contemporary Guinean…

ballet position, any of the five positions of the feet fundamental to all classical ballet. The term may also denote the various poses of the body. First used by Thoinot Arbeau in 1588, codified by Pierre Beauchamp circa 1680, and set down by Pierre Rameau in Le Maître à danser (1725; The Dancing

Rambert, the oldest existing dance company in England. Initially established to perform ballets, it evolved into a contemporary dance company. It has been an important training ground for young talent; among the famous artists who gained early experience with the company were the dancers Alicia

Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, ballet company founded in Monte-Carlo in 1932. The name Ballets Russes had been used by the impresario Serge Diaghilev for his company, which revolutionized ballet in the first three decades of the 20th century. Under the direction of Colonel W. de Basil, the Ballet

New York City Ballet, resident ballet company of the New York State Theatre at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. The company, first named Ballet Society, was founded in 1946 by the choreographer George Balanchine (artistic director) and Lincoln Kirstein (general director) as a private

American Ballet Theatre, ballet company based in New York City and having an affiliated school. It was founded in 1939 by Lucia Chase and Richard Pleasant and presented its first performance on January 11, 1940. Chase was director, with Oliver Smith, from 1945 to 1980. The dancer Mikhail

Willam Christensen: …it changed its name to Ballet West. Christensen retired as director a decade later and was succeeded by Bruce Marks. As a choreographer, Christensen created works to music by J.S. Bach, Felix Mendelssohn, Igor Stravinsky, Ludwig van Beethoven, and Darius Milhaud.

George Balanchine: The European years: …founders of the avant-garde company Les Ballets 1933, whose work so enormously impressed the American dance enthusiast Lincoln Kirstein that he invited Balanchine to organize the School of American Ballet and the American Ballet company (of which Kirstein was cofounder and director), thus beginning the association of “Mr. B.,” as…

Roland Petit: In 1948 he formed the Ballets de Paris de Roland Petit (1948–50, 1953–54, 1955, and 1958), which made several tours of Europe and the United States. Dancers who rose to prominence in his companies include Jean Babilée, Colette Marchand, Leslie Caron, and Renée (“Zizi”) Jeanmaire, whom he married in 1954.

Roland Petit: …Petit was instrumental in creating Les Ballets des Champs-Elysées, where he remained as principal dancer, ballet master, and choreographer until 1947. In 1948 he formed the Ballets de Paris de Roland Petit (1948–50, 1953–54, 1955, and 1958), which made several tours of Europe and the United States. Dancers who rose…

Ballets Russes, ballet company founded in Paris in 1909 by the Russian impresario Serge Diaghilev. The original company included the choreographer Michel Fokine and the dancers Anna Pavlova and Vaslav Nijinsky; the choreographer George Balanchine joined in 1925. Music was commissioned of

Christopher Wheeldon: …motion pictures Center Stage (2000), Ballets russes (2005), and The Sleeping Beauty (2008).

Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, ballet company founded in Monte-Carlo in 1932. The name Ballets Russes had been used by the impresario Serge Diaghilev for his company, which revolutionized ballet in the first three decades of the 20th century. Under the direction of Colonel W. de Basil, the Ballet

balletto: …Gastoldi in 1591 in his Balletti a cinque voci . . . per cantare, sonare, et ballare (Balletti in Five Voices . . . to Sing, Play, and Dance).

balletto, in music, genre of light vocal composition of the late 16th–early 17th centuries, originating in Italy. Dancelike and having much in common with the madrigal, a major vocal form of the period, it is typically strophic (stanzaic) with each of the two repeated parts ending in a “fa-la-la”

Jacques Callot: …or dual figures—for example, the Balli di Sfessania (“Dance of Sfessania”), the Caprices of Various Figures, and the Hunchbacks—are witty and picturesque and show a rare eye for factual detail.

Albania: World War II: …contended with them for power—the National Front (Balli Kombëtar) and the pro-Zog Legality Party (Legaliteti)—the communists seized control of the country on November 29, 1944. Enver Hoxha, a college instructor who had led the resistance struggle of communist forces, became the leader of Albania by virtue of his post as…

Ballia, city, eastern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies along the Ganges (Ganga) River, 75 miles (120 km) northeast of Varanasi (Benares). The city developed from an ancient settlement, which occasionally has been moved northward because of changes in the river’s course. Ballia is an

Ballina, town, County Mayo, Ireland, on the River Moy. The town, the largest in Mayo, has a modern Roman Catholic cathedral and the remains of an Augustinian friary founded about 1375. Salmon and trout fishing nearby are notable. Hand tools, drills, and medical products are manufactured there. Pop.

Ballina, town and port, north coastal New South Wales, Australia, situated primarily on an island at the mouth of the Richmond River. Ballina is about 500 miles (805 km), by road, northeast of Sydney. Aboriginal people of Bundjalung nation have lived in the region for thousands of years. Settlement

Ballinasloe, town, County Galway, Ireland, on the River Suck and a northerly extension of the Grand Canal. Originally a small settlement beside the medieval castle guarding the important Suck crossing, the town was developed mainly in the 18th century. It is the main market town of east County

reptile: Balling: Many snakes, both harmless and venomous, attempt to hide their heads under coils of their bodies. For most species with this habit, the body may be coiled loosely. However, it may also be tightly coiled so that it forms a compact ball with the…

Benedict de Spinoza: Association with Collegiants and Quakers: …visited by a former Collegiant, Pieter Balling, who belonged to a philosophical group in Amsterdam that was very interested in Spinoza’s ideas. Shortly after his visit, Balling published a pamphlet, Het licht op den kandelar (Dutch: “Light on the Candlestick”), that attempted to justify the tenets of Quakerism. The work,…

Richard A. Ballinger was the U.S. secretary of the interior (1909–11) whose land-use policy contributed to the rift between the conservative and progressive factions in the Republican Party. As the reform mayor of Seattle (1904–06), Ballinger attracted the attention of the Theodore Roosevelt