Bukhara, city, south-central Uzbekistan, located about 140 miles (225 km) west of Samarkand. The city lies on the Shakhrud Canal in the delta of the Zeravshan River, at the centre of Bukhara oasis. Founded not later than the 1st century ce (and possibly as early as the 3rd or 4th century bce),

Buxoro, oblast (province), central Uzbekistan. The oblast was constituted in 1938, but in 1982 much of its territory in the north and east was transferred to a newly formed Navoi oblast. Buxoro oblast mainly comprises the Kimirekkum Desert, with the lower reaches of the Zeravshan River in the

Henry I: After forcing the submission of Burchard, duke of Swabia (919), he allowed the duke to retain control over the civil administration of the duchy. On the basis of an election by Bavarian and East Frankish nobles (919), Arnulf, duke of Bavaria, also claimed the German throne. In 921, after two…

Bucharest, city and municipality, the economic, administrative, and cultural centre of Romania. It lies in the middle of the Romanian plain, on the banks of the Dâmbovița, a small northern tributary of the Danube. Although archaeological excavations have revealed evidence of settlements dating back

Black Sea: Economic aspects: …Black Sea countries signed the Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution (also called Bucharest Convention), a comprehensive agreement to implement an array of additional programs to control pollution, sustain the fisheries, and protect marine life.

Treaty of Bucharest, (May 7, 1918), settlement forced upon Romania after it had been defeated by the Central Powers during World War I. According to the terms of the treaty, Romania had to return southern Dobruja to Bulgaria, give Austria-Hungary control of the passes in the Carpathian Mountains,

Bulgaria: Political divisions under Alexander of Battenberg: …quo were restored by the Treaty of Bucharest (February 19 [March 3], 1886) and the convention of Tophane (March 24 [April 5], 1886). Prince Alexander was appointed governor-general of Eastern Rumelia, and the Eastern Rumelian administrative and military forces were merged with those of Bulgaria.

Treaty of Bucharest, settlement, signed on Aug. 10, 1913, that ended the Second Balkan War (1913), in which Bulgaria was defeated by the combined forces of Serbia, Greece, and Romania. Bulgaria had unsuccessfully contested the distribution by its former allies of territory taken from the Turks

Treaty of Bucharest, peace agreement signed on May 18, 1812, that ended the Russo-Turkish War, begun in 1806. The terms of the treaty allowed Russia to annex Bessarabia but required it to return Walachia and the remainder of Moldavia, which it had occupied. The Russians also secured amnesty and a

Bucharest: …Bucharest (founded 1818) and the University of Bucharest (founded 1864 from institutions dating to 1694). In addition, there are several academies in both arts and sciences, as well as numerous research institutes. Bucharest has three central libraries (the Library of the Romanian Academy, the National Library, and the Central University…

Angela Warnick Buchdahl is a South Korean-born American rabbi who was the first Asian American to lead a major U.S. synagogue (2014– ) and to be ordained as a cantor (1999) and as a rabbi (2001). When Warnick was five years old, she moved with her family from Seoul to Tacoma, Washington, where her

Buchenwald, one of the biggest of the Nazi concentration camps established on German soil. Its name means “beech forest” in German, and it stood on a wooded hill about 4.5 miles (7 km) northwest of Weimar, Germany. Set up in 1937, it complemented the concentration camps of Sachsenhausen to the

Buchenwald: …was supplemented by a stone memorial in 1958.

Bucheon, city, Gyeonggi do (province), northwestern South Korea, located halfway between Seoul and Incheon. It became a municipality in 1973 and developed rapidly as a satellite city of Seoul. Industries include the manufacture of chemicals, semiconductors, machinery, lighting, and plastics. The

Lothar Bucher was a German publicist and one of the most trusted aides of the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck. He collaborated in writing Bismarck’s memoirs, Gedanken und Erinnerungen (1898; Reflections and Reminiscences). Bucher was a member of the Prussian National Assembly (1848) and of the

Lothar Bucher was a German publicist and one of the most trusted aides of the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck. He collaborated in writing Bismarck’s memoirs, Gedanken und Erinnerungen (1898; Reflections and Reminiscences). Bucher was a member of the Prussian National Assembly (1848) and of the

Walter Herman Bucher was a U.S. geologist known for his studies of cryptovolcanic and other structural features of the Earth’s crust. He studied the primary structures of sediments and described the process of orogenic deformation (mountain building) and megatectonics (large-scale structural

Armant: Excavations (1929–38) uncovered the Bucheum (the necropolis of the mummified Buchis bulls), cemeteries of various periods from the predynastic downward, and part of the town area, including the temple of Mont.

Christian Socialism: …principally by the writings of Philippe-Joseph-Benjamin Buchez, a disciple of Saint-Simon, and by the emergence of cooperative societies in France, Ludlow—who had been reared and educated in France—enlisted other churchmen in an effort to promote the application of Christian principles in industrial organization. Stirred by the sufferings of the poor…

Annaberg-Buchholz, town, Saxony Land (state), east-central Germany. It lies high in the Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge), near the Czech border. The town was formed in 1945 by the union of Annaberg (chartered 1497) and Buchholz (chartered 1501), both of which were founded as silver-mining settlements.

One, Two, Three: …a committed communist (played by Horst Buchholz), giving Cagney’s character just one day to resolve the issue before her father comes to collect her.

Charles Bronson was an American motion-picture and television actor who was best known for his portrayal of tough guys. Bronson was one of 15 children of a Lithuanian coal miner and became a miner himself at age 16. He served in the U.S. Army Air Forces as an aircraft gunner during World War II.

Buchis, in ancient Egyptian religion, white bull with black markings, worshipped as a favourite incarnation of the war god Mont. He was represented with the solar disk and two tall plumes between his horns. According to Macrobius, his hair grew in the opposite direction from that of ordinary

music synthesizer: …others soon after, including the Buchla and Syn-Ket, the last approximately the size of an upright piano. Most synthesizers have had piano-like keyboards, although other types of performing mechanisms have been used. The Moog III, developed by the American physicist Robert Moog, had two five-octave keyboards that controlled voltage changes…

electronic instrument: The electronic music synthesizer: The synthesizers of the Americans Donald Buchla and Robert Moog were introduced in 1964. These instruments differed primarily in the control interfaces they offered. The Buchla instruments did not feature keyboards with movable keys; instead, they had touch-sensitive contact pads that could be used to initiate sounds and sound patterns.…

electronic instrument: The electronic music synthesizer: The synthesizers of the Americans Donald Buchla and Robert Moog were introduced in 1964. These instruments differed primarily in the control interfaces they offered. The Buchla instruments did not feature keyboards with movable keys; instead, they had touch-sensitive contact pads that could be used to initiate sounds and sound patterns.…

Moral Re-Armament: …movement founded by American churchman Frank N.D. Buchman (1878–1961). It sought to deepen the spiritual life of individuals and encouraged participants to continue as members of their own churches. Primarily a Protestant movement, it was criticized by some Roman Catholic authorities and praised by others.

Frank Capra: The golden period of Frank Capra: …Riskin’s place was taken by Sidney Buchman, who had done some rewrites on Lost Horizon.

Moral Re-Armament (MRA), a modern, nondenominational revivalistic movement founded by American churchman Frank N.D. Buchman (1878–1961). It sought to deepen the spiritual life of individuals and encouraged participants to continue as members of their own churches. Primarily a Protestant movement,

Büchner Prize, prestigious German prize established in 1923 by the government of Volksstaat Hessen (state of Hesse, now in Hessen Land [state]) to honour native son Georg Büchner, a noted dramatist. From its inception to 1950 the prize was awarded to a range of Hessian visual artists, writers,

Eduard Buchner was a German biochemist who was awarded the 1907 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for demonstrating that the fermentation of carbohydrates results from the action of different enzymes contained in yeast and not the yeast cell itself. He showed that an enzyme, zymase, can be extracted from

Georg Büchner was a German dramatist, a major forerunner of the Expressionist school of playwriting of the early 20th century. The son of an army doctor, Büchner studied medicine at the Universities of Strasbourg and Giessen. Caught up in the movement inspired by the Paris uprising of 1830, Büchner

Hans Buchner was a German bacteriologist who in the course of extensive immunological studies (1886–90) discovered a naturally occurring substance in the blood—now known as complement—that is capable of destroying bacteria. He also devised methods of studying anaerobic bacteria. The brother of the

Ludwig Büchner was a German physician and philosopher who became one of the most popular exponents of 19th-century scientific materialism. The younger brother of the playwright Georg Büchner, Ludwig became a lecturer in medicine at the University of Tübingen, but the outspoken materialism of his

Pandora’s Box, Expressionistic drama in three acts by Frank Wedekind, published and performed in German in 1904 as Die Büchse der Pandora. Originally written as the second part of a work similarly titled, the play was censored when it was first published for its explicit scenes of destructive

Lulu: Pabst’s silent film of Die Büchse der Pandora (1929), starring the American actress Louise Brooks, was based on both of Wedekind’s plays. The 20th-century Austrian composer Alban Berg also used the character and thematic material from Wedekind’s plays in his opera Lulu (1937).

University of Akron, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Akron, Ohio, U.S. While the university is known for its research in polymer engineering and science, it also offers a curriculum of liberal arts, business, and education courses, including master’s degree programs.

Art Buchwald was a U.S. humour writer and columnist. Buchwald moved to Paris in 1948. His popular original column—reviews of the city’s nightlife for the Paris (later International) Herald Tribune—increasingly included offbeat spoofs and candid comments from celebrities. After moving in 1961 to

Art Buchwald was a U.S. humour writer and columnist. Buchwald moved to Paris in 1948. His popular original column—reviews of the city’s nightlife for the Paris (later International) Herald Tribune—increasingly included offbeat spoofs and candid comments from celebrities. After moving in 1961 to

Rörstrand faience: It was only when Johann Buchwald, who had worked at Höchst as well as Fulda, joined Rörstrand in 1757 that polychromed decoration was introduced (in 1758), to meet the competition from a rival Swedish faience factory at Marieberg. Famille rose designs were then produced as well as flower painting…

Jefferson Airplane: >Marty Balin (original name Martyn Jerel Buchwald; b. January 30, 1942, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.—d. September 27, 2018, Tampa, Florida) Paul Kantner (b. March 17, 1941, San Francisco, California, U.S.—d. January 28, 2016, San Francisco) Jorma Kaukonen (b. December 23, 1940,

Stephen L. Buchwald is an American chemist known for his work in organic synthesis. Buchwald received a bachelor’s degree from Brown University in 1977, and a doctorate in chemistry from Harvard University in 1982. He was a postdoctoral fellow at the California Institute of Technology before he

Stephen L. Buchwald is an American chemist known for his work in organic synthesis. Buchwald received a bachelor’s degree from Brown University in 1977, and a doctorate in chemistry from Harvard University in 1982. He was a postdoctoral fellow at the California Institute of Technology before he

Stephen L. Buchwald: …was the discovery of the Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling reaction, in which a palladium atom with a phosphine ligand (known as a Buchwald ligand) serves as the catalyst of a reaction that ends with the formation of a carbon-nitrogen bond. (The reaction is so named because American chemist John F. Hartwig worked…

Stephen L. Buchwald: …was the discovery of the Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling reaction, in which a palladium atom with a phosphine ligand (known as a Buchwald ligand) serves as the catalyst of a reaction that ends with the formation of a carbon-nitrogen bond. (The reaction is so named because American chemist John F. Hartwig worked…

Bucentaur, in the Republic of Venice, a highly decorated galley used by the doge on solemn state occasions, especially at the annual ceremony of the “wedding of the sea” (sposalizio del mare) on Ascension Day. That ceremony was inaugurated about 1000 and symbolized the maritime supremacy of Venice.

goat: Male goats, called bucks or billys, usually have a beard. Females are called does or nannys, and immature goats are called kids. Wild goats include the ibex and markhor.

buck, in zoology, the male of several animals, among them deer (except the sika and red deer, males of which are called stags), antelopes, goats, hares, rabbits, and rats. It is often used, especially in England, to indicate the male fallow deer. The names of many antelopes contain the term buck,

blaxploitation movies: …(notably Blacula, 1972), westerns (Buck and the Preacher, 1972), comedy (Watermelon Man, 1970), drama (Baby Needs a New Pair of Shoes, 1974), and, by far the most-popular subgenre, action (Shaft, 1971). But from the outset, African American critics found the stereotypes made possible by the behaviours of the heroes…

tap dance: Early history: …went into the mix were buck dancing (a dance similar to but older than the clog dance), soft-shoe dancing (a relaxed, graceful dance done in soft-soled shoes and made popular in vaudeville), and buck-and-wing dancing (a fast and flashy dance usually done in wooden-soled shoes and combining Irish clogging styles,…

Buck Island Reef National Monument, tropical marine park in the northeastern Caribbean Sea. It is located off the northern coast of St. Croix in the United States Virgin Islands. Established in 1961 and significantly expanded in 2001, it covers approximately 30 square miles (78 square km),

clothing and footwear industry: Pressing and molding processes: Pressing has two major divisions: buck pressing and iron pressing. A buck press is a machine for pressing a garment or section between two contoured and heated pressure surfaces that may have steam and vacuum systems in either or both surfaces. Before 1905 all garment pressing was done by hand…

clothing and footwear industry: Pressing and molding processes: Pressing has two major divisions: buck pressing and iron pressing. A buck press is a machine for pressing a garment or section between two contoured and heated pressure surfaces that may have steam and vacuum systems in either or both surfaces. Before 1905 all garment pressing was done by hand…

the Andrews Sisters: supporting Abbott and Costello in Buck Privates, In the Navy, and Hold That Ghost (all 1941), and appearing in their own series of musical comedies, which included Private Buckaroo (1942), What’s Cookin’? (1942), and Swingtime Johnny (1943). The trio’s many hits from these years included “Hold Tight,”

Welsh rarebit: …the dish, it is called buck rarebit.

Buck Rogers, spaceman protagonist of the first American newspaper comic strip based on serious science fiction. The strip, which first appeared in 1929, was created by writer Philip Nowlan and cartoonist Dick Calkins. Nowlan debuted the character of Anthony (“Buck”) Rogers in Armageddon: 2419 A.D.

eugenics: Eugenics organizations and legislation: In the precedent-setting case of Buck v. Bell, Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., upheld the Virginia statute and claimed, “It is better for all the world, if instead of waiting to execute degenerate offspring for crime, or to let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those…

Carrie Buck was an American woman who was the plaintiff in the case of Buck v. Bell (1927), in which the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of compulsory eugenics-based sterilization laws. When Buck was three years old, her mother was institutionalized after being found “feebleminded”

bridge: Suspension bridges: The Williamsburg Bridge, designed by L.L. Buck with a span of just over 480 metres (1,600 feet), became the longest cable-suspension span in the world upon completion in 1903. Its deck truss is a bulky lattice structure with a depth of 12 metres (40 feet), and the towers are of…

Linda B. Buck is an American scientist and corecipient, with Richard Axel, of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 2004 for discoveries concerning the olfactory system. Buck received a B.S. (1975) in both microbiology and psychology from the University of Washington and a Ph.D. (1980) in

Pearl S. Buck was an American author noted for her novels of life in China. She received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1938. Pearl Sydenstricker was raised in Zhenjiang in eastern China by her Presbyterian missionary parents. Initially educated by her mother and a Chinese tutor, she was sent at

R.E.M.: …lead singer Michael Stipe, guitarist Peter Buck, bassist Mike Mills, and drummer Bill Berry.

Sir Peter Buck was a Maori anthropologist, physician, and politician who made major contributions to Maori public health and became one of the world’s leading Polynesian studies scholars. The son of William Henry Buck and Ngarongo-ki-tua, a Ngati Mutunga Maori tribeswoman, Buck was a medical

Sir Peter Buck was a Maori anthropologist, physician, and politician who made major contributions to Maori public health and became one of the world’s leading Polynesian studies scholars. The son of William Henry Buck and Ngarongo-ki-tua, a Ngati Mutunga Maori tribeswoman, Buck was a medical

tap dance: Early history: …made popular in vaudeville), and buck-and-wing dancing (a fast and flashy dance usually done in wooden-soled shoes and combining Irish clogging styles, high kicks, and complex African rhythms and steps such as the shuffle and slide; it is the forerunner of rhythm tap). Tap dance as it is known today…

Menyanthaceae: Buckbean, or bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata), is the sole member of the genus Menyanthes and is native to North America. Buckbean inhabits wet soils. It has bitter-tasting leaves and is used in folk medicine. The plant bears white or pink flowers that produce hard, light brown…

buckboard, open, flat-bottomed, four-wheeled carriage in which a springy board fastened to the axles supplemented or served in place of actual springs. Springs, if present, were between the board and the seat and not attached to the axles. Several varieties of buckboard carriage, such as the surrey

conveyor: Bucket conveyors consist of endless chains or belts to which are attached buckets to convey bulk material in horizontal, inclined, and vertical paths. The buckets remain in carrying position until they are tipped to discharge the material. Various discharging mechanisms are available.

Rob Reiner: Later films: …revived somewhat with the comedy The Bucket List (2007), about two terminally ill men who embark upon a quest to fulfill their life’s wishes before they die. Though the movie was not necessarily a critical darling, the pairing of cinema favourites Morgan Freeman and Nicholson appealed to audiences, and the…

Roger Corman: King of the B-movies: …marked Nicholson’s screen debut), and A Bucket of Blood (1959)—indicate why he earned the nickname “King of the Drive-in” or “King of the B-movies.”

bucket orchid, (genus Coryanthes), genus of about 42 species of epiphytic orchids (family Orchidaceae), noted for their complex pollination mechanism. Bucket orchids are native to tropical areas of Mexico, Central America, South America, and Trinidad and are sometimes sold as horticultural

bucket shop, in Britain and the United States, a brokerage house, usually dealing in securities, grain, or cotton, whose operators would secretly “bucket”—i.e., hold out—rather than execute a customer’s orders, in the hope that the house would later be able to buy or sell the stock or commodity at

Inspector Bucket, fictional character, the detective who solves the mystery of the novel Bleak House (1852–53) by Charles Dickens. For Dickens’s 19th-century readers, Inspector Bucket’s colourless but skillful and decent methods became the standards by which to judge all policemen. He has been

harbours and sea works: Dredging: …dredging fleets has been the bucket-ladder dredge, operating a continually moving chain of open-ended shovels or scoops. At the bottom of the ladder the scoops are pushed into the face of the material and empty themselves as they turn over at the top, the material falling into chutes that divert…

harbours and sea works: Dredging: …dredging fleets has been the bucket-ladder dredge, operating a continually moving chain of open-ended shovels or scoops. At the bottom of the ladder the scoops are pushed into the face of the material and empty themselves as they turn over at the top, the material falling into chutes that divert…

mining: Marine beaches and continental shelves: For digging in semiconsolidated sediments, bucket-wheel suction dredges and cutter suction dredges are used. Also effective are air-lift dredges, which operate by injecting compressed air into a submerged pipe at about 60 percent of the depth of submergence. This reduces the density of the fluid column inside the pipe so…

coal mining: Wheel excavators: The bucket-wheel excavator (BWE) is a continuous excavation machine capable of removing up to 12,000 cubic metres per hour. The most favourable soil and strata conditions for BWE operation are soft, unconsolidated overburden materials without large boulders. BWEs are widely employed in lignite mining in Europe,…

Jimmy Butler is an American professional basketball player known for his hard-nosed intensity and standout performances in postseason games. He led the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association (NBA) to two appearances in the NBA Finals (2020 and 2023). Butler was abandoned by his father as

buckeye, any of about six species of North American trees and shrubs in the genus Aesculus of the soapberry family (Sapindaceae). The name refers to the resemblance of the nutlike seed, which has a pale patch on a shiny red-brown surface, to the eye of a deer. Like many of the related Eurasian

brush-footed butterfly: The buckeye butterfly (Junonia coenia), a member of the Nymphalinae subfamily, is distinguished by two eyespots on the upper side of each of its forewings and hindwings and by two orange cell bars on the upper sides of the anterior portion of the forewings. Its body…

Ohio, constituent state of the United States of America, on the northeastern edge of the Midwest region. Lake Erie lies on the north, Pennsylvania on the east, West Virginia and Kentucky on the southeast and south, Indiana on the west, and Michigan on the northwest. Ohio ranks 34th in terms of

Ashburton: The monks of nearby Buckfast Abbey (rebuilt 1806–38) made Ashburton serge famous in the 16th century. The abbey now houses a Benedictine community. Pop. (2001) 4,003; (2011) 4,087.

Buckhannon, city, seat (1851) of Upshur county, north-central West Virginia, U.S., on the Buckhannon River. Settled in 1770, it was named for a local Delaware Indian chief, Buck-on-ge-ha-non, or Buckongahelas. The town site was platted in 1815 by Colonel Edward Jackson, grandfather of Confederate

Thomas Sackville, 1st earl of Dorset was an English statesman, poet, and dramatist, remembered largely for his share in two achievements of significance in the development of Elizabethan poetry and drama: the collection A Myrrour for Magistrates (1563) and the tragedy Gorboduc (1561). Sackville

Ellis Island, island in Upper New York Bay, formerly the United States’ principal immigration reception centre. Often referred to as the Gateway to the New World, the island lies about 1 mile (1.6 km) southwest of Manhattan Island, New York City, and about 1,300 feet (400 metres) east of the New

Christopher Paul Curtis: Bucking the Sarge (2004), a modern-day fairy tale set in a poor urban neighbourhood, is narrated by a teenaged boy whose mother, a selfish slumlord, is called “the Sarge.” Mr. Chickee’s Funny Money (2005) details the adventures of Steven Carter, an overachieving seven-year-old who aspires…

Bristol, borough (town), Bucks county, southeastern Pennsylvania, U.S., on the Delaware River, just northeast of Philadelphia. The settlement was laid out in 1697 as Buckingham near the site of William Penn’s home and was renamed in about 1700 for Bristol, England. It served as the Bucks county

John Sheffield, 1st duke of Buckingham and Normanby was an English statesman, patron of the poet John Dryden, and author of poetic essays in heroic couplets. The son of Edmund, 2nd earl of Mulgrave, he succeeded to the title on his father’s death in 1658. He served under Charles II and was a

John Sheffield, 1st duke of Buckingham and Normanby was an English statesman, patron of the poet John Dryden, and author of poetic essays in heroic couplets. The son of Edmund, 2nd earl of Mulgrave, he succeeded to the title on his father’s death in 1658. He served under Charles II and was a

Buckingham Canal, navigation canal in eastern Andhra Pradesh state and northeastern Tamil Nadu state, southeastern India. It was constructed section by section between 1806 and 1882 along the backwaters of the Coromandel Coast, which extends for a distance of 1,100 km (680 miles) from Cape Comorin

Chicago: City layout: …of the world’s largest fountains—Clarence Buckingham Memorial Fountain (dedicated 1927), which graces Grant Park just east of downtown. Beginning in the 1960s, Chicago acquired contemporary sculptures by Alexander Calder, Claes Oldenburg, Henry Moore, Marc Chagall, Richard Hunt, and others. The most famous is perhaps the Pablo Picasso

Buckingham Palace, palace and London residence of the British sovereign. It is situated within the borough of Westminster. The palace takes its name from the house built (c. 1705) for John Sheffield, duke of Buckingham. It was bought in 1762 by George III for his wife, Queen Charlotte, and became

Richard III: …is ably assisted by the Duke of Buckingham, who readily persuades Cardinal Bourchier to remove the young Duke of York from the protection of sanctuary and place him and his brother under their uncle’s “protection” in the Tower. Buckingham further arranges for and later explains away the hurried execution of…

Henry VIII: As the play opens, the duke of Buckingham, having denounced Cardinal Wolsey, lord chancellor to King Henry VIII, for corruption and treason, is himself arrested, along with his son-in-law, Lord Abergavenny. Despite the king’s reservations and Queen Katharine’s entreaties for justice and truth, Buckingham is convicted as a traitor on…

George Villiers, 1st duke of Buckingham was a royal favourite and statesman who virtually ruled England during the last years of King James I and the first years of the reign of Charles I. Buckingham was extremely unpopular, and the failure of his aggressive, erratic foreign policy increased the

Edward Stafford, 3rd duke of Buckingham was the eldest son of Henry Stafford, the 2nd duke, succeeding to the title in 1485, after the attainder had been removed, two years after the execution of his father. On the accession of Henry VIII Buckingham began to play an important role in political

George Nugent Temple Grenville, 1st marquess of Buckingham was George Grenville’s second son, created (1784) the marquess of Buckingham (the town). He made his mark as lord lieutenant of Ireland. Educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, Temple was member of Parliament for Buckinghamshire from

George Villiers, 1st duke of Buckingham was a royal favourite and statesman who virtually ruled England during the last years of King James I and the first years of the reign of Charles I. Buckingham was extremely unpopular, and the failure of his aggressive, erratic foreign policy increased the

George Villiers, 2nd duke of Buckingham was an English politician, a leading member of King Charles II’s inner circle of ministers known as the Cabal. Although he was brilliant and colourful, Buckingham’s pleasure-seeking, capricious personality prevented him from exercising a decisive influence in

Henry Stafford, 2nd duke of Buckingham was a leading supporter, and later opponent, of King Richard III. He was a Lancastrian descendant of King Edward III, and a number of his forebears had been killed fighting the Yorkists in the Wars of the Roses (1455–85). In 1460 he succeeded his grandfather