Austria: Early Babenberg period: …of the Enns is of Burchard, who probably was count (burgrave) of Regensburg. It appears that he lost his office as a result of his championship of Henry II the Quarrelsome, duke of Bavaria. In 976 his successor, Leopold I of the house of Babenberg, was installed in office. Under…

canon law: Development of canon law in the West: …young cleric, the “Decree of Burchard” (bishop of Worms from 1000 to 1025) became the canon law manual in the cathedral schools and in the curias (administrative bureaucracies) of bishops and abbots in Germany, France, and Italy. Burchard was a promoter of moderate imperial reform. He did not reject the…

Hohenzollern dynasty: Burchard I, the first recorded ancestor of the dynasty, was count of Zollern in the 11th century. In the third and fourth generation from him two lines were formed: that of Zollern-Hohenberg, extinct in all its branches by 1486, and that of the burgraves of…

zebra: quagga burchellii (Burchell’s zebra), and E. quagga quagga (quagga, which is extinct). The mountain zebra is made up of two subspecies: E. zebra hartmannae (Hartmann’s mountain zebra) and E. zebra zebra (Cape Mountain zebra).

folk dance: Elizabeth Burchenal: In 1903 the American educator Elizabeth Burchenal introduced folk dancing as physical education at Teachers College of Columbia University in New York. Later, as athletics inspector for the New York City public schools, she introduced folk dancing into the curriculum. She organized annual…

Charles Burchfield was an American painter known initially for his realistic watercolours of the American scene and later for his mystically poetic landscapes. From 1912 to 1916 Burchfield attended the Cleveland School of Art. He returned to his home in Salem, Ohio, where he had an industrial job

Charles Burchfield was an American painter known initially for his realistic watercolours of the American scene and later for his mystically poetic landscapes. From 1912 to 1916 Burchfield attended the Cleveland School of Art. He returned to his home in Salem, Ohio, where he had an industrial job

Jacob Burckhardt was one of the first great historians of art and culture, whose Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien (1860; The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, 1878, reprinted 1945) became a model for the treatment of cultural history in general. Burckhardt was the son of a Protestant

Jacob Burckhardt was one of the first great historians of art and culture, whose Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien (1860; The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, 1878, reprinted 1945) became a model for the treatment of cultural history in general. Burckhardt was the son of a Protestant

Jacob Burckhardt was one of the first great historians of art and culture, whose Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien (1860; The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, 1878, reprinted 1945) became a model for the treatment of cultural history in general. Burckhardt was the son of a Protestant

Johann Ludwig Burckhardt was the first European in modern times to visit the ancient city of Petra and to arrive at the great Egyptian temple at Abu Simbel (or Abū Sunbul). Burckhardt went to England in 1806 and studied in London and at Cambridge University. In 1809, under the auspices of the

Rudy Burckhardt was a Swiss-born American photographer, painter, and filmmaker who was considered among the most influential visual artists of the post-World War II era. His chief subjects were the architecture and people of New York City. Burckhardt was fascinated by photography at any early age,

Józef Bartłomiej Zimorowic: …event: Kozaczyzna (“The Cossacks”) and Burda Ruska (“The Ruthenian Affray”).

al-Būṣīrī: …for his poem Al-Burdah (The Poem of the Scarf).

Burdekin River, coastal river of eastern Queensland, Australia. It rises on the western slopes of the Seaview Range, 45 miles (72 km) from the Pacific, and flows 440 miles (710 km) southeast and north through the Leichhardt Range to enter the ocean at Upstart Bay. Its chief tributaries are the

Usher: Acting career: …portrayed Sugar Ray Leonard, and Burden (2018), based on a true story about a Black minister (played by Forest Whitaker) who befriends a member of the Ku Klux Klan (Garrett Hedlund) and causes him to confront his racist past. In the film, Usher played the childhood friend of the reformed…

refrain: …more than one person; the burden, in which a whole stanza is repeated; and the repetend, in which the words are repeated erratically throughout the poem. A refrain may be an exact repetition, or it may exhibit slight variations in meaning or form as in the following excerpt from “Jesse…

mining: Unit operations: …patterns are defined by the burden (the shortest distance between the hole and the exposed bench face) and the spacing between the holes. Generally, the burden is 25 to 35 times the diameter of the blasthole, depending on the type of rock and explosive being used, and the spacing is…

evidence: The burden of proof: The burden of conviction, on the other hand, comes into play at the end of the hearing of evidence, if doubts remain. This is simply to recognize that the evidence is not sufficient to convince the jury or the judge and that, in general, the party…

Wole Soyinka: …of a Continent (1996) and The Burden of Memory, the Muse of Forgiveness (1999).

evidence: The burden of proof: The burden of proof is a manifold and somewhat ambiguous concept in the law of evidence.

Scott Turow: The Burden of Proof (1990; television film 1992) and Pleading Guilty (1993; television film 2010) continue in the vein of legal drama, although the former focuses more on the domestic troubles of its protagonist. The latter tells the story of a lawyer and former cop…

taxation: Distribution of tax burdens: Various principles, political pressures, and goals can direct a government’s tax policy. What follows is a discussion of some of the leading principles that can shape decisions about taxation.

offshore balancing: …aim toward a strategy of burden shifting whereby others will take over responsibility for maintaining regional power balances and quelling problems.

Chris Burden was an American performance and installation artist and sculptor based in Los Angeles who in the 1970s became recognized for shockingly masochistic works such as Shoot (1971) and Trans-fixed (1974), in which he played the central role. His later works were intricate, often-mechanical,

Chris Burden was an American performance and installation artist and sculptor based in Los Angeles who in the 1970s became recognized for shockingly masochistic works such as Shoot (1971) and Trans-fixed (1974), in which he played the central role. His later works were intricate, often-mechanical,

Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts, Baroness Burdett-Coutts was an English philanthropist who, largely under the influence of Charles Dickens, spent much of an inherited fortune on projects for the education and housing of the poor. The youngest daughter of the radical politician Sir Francis Burdett,

Sir Francis Burdett, 5th Baronet was an English politician and a zealous and courageous advocate of reform who more than once endured imprisonment for his radical views; he later lost interest in uprooting abuses and allied himself with the Conservative Party. His marriage to a wealthy woman

Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts, Baroness Burdett-Coutts was an English philanthropist who, largely under the influence of Charles Dickens, spent much of an inherited fortune on projects for the education and housing of the poor. The youngest daughter of the radical politician Sir Francis Burdett,

The Ugly American: Lederer and Eugene Burdick, published in 1958. A fictionalized account of Americans working in Southeast Asia, the book was notable chiefly for exposing many of the deficiencies in U.S. foreign-aid policy and for causing a furor in government circles. Eventually the uproar led to a congressional review…

Bordeaux, city and port, capital of Gironde département, Nouvelle-Aquitaine région, southwestern France. It lies along the Garonne River 15 miles (24 km) above its junction with the Dordogne and 60 miles (96 km) from its mouth, in a plain east of the wine-growing district of Médoc. The dry soil of

Burdigalian Stage, second of the six stages (in ascending order) subdividing Miocene rocks, representing all rocks deposited worldwide during the Burdigalian Age (20.4 million to 16 million years ago) of the Neogene Period (23 million to 2.6 million years ago). The stage is named for outcrops in

turbine: History of water turbine technology: …by the French engineering professor Claude Burdin and his former student Benoît Fourneyron. This device had a vertical axis carrying a runner with curved blades through which the water left almost tangentially. Fixed guide vanes, curved in the opposite direction, were mounted in an annulus inside the runner. Unfortunately the…

burdock, (genus Arctium), a genus of biennial plants in the Asteraceae family, bearing globular flower heads with prickly bracts (modified leaves). Burdock species, native to Europe and Asia, have been naturalized throughout North America. Though regarded as weeds in the United States, they are

the Animals: The principal members were Eric Burdon (b. May 11, 1941, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, England), Alan Price (b. April 19, 1942, Fatfield, Durham), Hilton Valentine (b. May 21, 1943, North Shields, Tyne and Wear—d. January 29, 2021), Chas Chandler (byname of Bryan Chandler; b. December 18, 1938,…

Sir William Osler, Baronet: …in the physiology laboratory of John Burdon-Sanderson, who was making experimental physiology preeminent in medical education.

Burdur, city, southwestern Turkey. It is located near the eastern shore of Lake Burdur. Called Polydorion in the Middle Ages, it fell to the Seljuq Turks in the 12th century and came under Ottoman domination in the 15th. Its size and economy expanded after World War II. Industries include textiles,

Burdwan, city, central West Bengal state, northeastern India. The city is a major communications centre lying astride the Banka River just north of the Damodar River. It was chosen by a merchant family from Punjab (based on a farman [edict] issued by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb) as its

bureau, in the United States, a chest of drawers; in Europe a writing desk, usually with a hinged writing flap that rests at a sloping angle when closed and, when opened, reveals a tier of pigeonholes, small drawers, and sometimes a small cupboard. The bureau (French: “office”) first appeared in

International Peace Bureau, international organization founded in 1891 in Bern, Switz., to create a central office through which peace activities of several countries could be coordinated. The Peace Bureau was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1910, after having been nominated during 7 of the

International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), international organization founded to bring about the unification of measurement systems, to establish and preserve fundamental international standards and prototypes, to verify national standards, and to determine fundamental physical constants.

Charles-Albert Gobat: …Bern and which founded the Bureau Interparlementaire. He served as general secretary of the bureau, an information office dealing with peace movements, international conciliation, and communication among national parliamentary bodies. The third conference of the union, held in Rome in 1891, established the International Peace Bureau, of which Gobat was…

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF), agency within the United States Department of Justice that is responsible for enforcing federal laws relating to alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and explosives. The ATF headquarters are in Washington, D.C. The bureau’s agents are dispersed

Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), agency of the Indian government established in 1987 to devise uniform standards of quality for broad categories of manufactured and agricultural goods, to perform product testing, and to license the use of an official mark to indicate that a product has been

world’s fair: …governed and regulated by the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE), a Paris-based organization established in 1928. Its objective is to bring order to exposition scheduling and to make clear the rights and responsibilities of the host city and participants. The original convention that established the BIE and set up guidelines…

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce responsible for the standardization of weights and measures, timekeeping, and navigation. Established by an act of Congress in 1901, the agency works closely with the U.S. Naval Observatory and the

Ahmed Ben Bella: It was this latter “Bureau Politique” that Ben Bella ran.

bureaucracy, specific form of organization defined by complexity, division of labour, permanence, professional management, hierarchical coordination and control, strict chain of command, and legal authority. It is distinguished from informal and collegial organizations. In its ideal form,

history of Latin America: Bureaucratic authoritarianism: Allende as president combined Marxist assault on the owners of the means of production with populist lavishing of short-term benefits on his working-class followers, and on both counts he stirred violent resentment among upper- and middle-class Chileans as well as attracting the adamant…

political science: Post-World War II trends and debates: …The French sociologist Michel Crozier’s The Bureaucratic Phenomenon (1964) found that Weber’s idealized bureaucracy is quite messy, political, and varied. Each bureaucracy is a political subculture; what is rational and routine in one bureau may be quite different in another. Crozier thus influenced the subsequent “bureaucratic politics” approach of the…

bureaucratic politics approach, theoretical approach to public policy that emphasizes internal bargaining within the state. The bureaucratic politics approach argues that policy outcomes result from a game of bargaining among a small, highly placed group of governmental actors. These actors come to

Algeria: Colonial rule: …by military officers organized into Arab Bureaus, whose members were officers with an intimate knowledge of local affairs and of the language of the people but with no direct financial interest in the colony. The officers, therefore, often sympathized with the outlook of the people they administered rather than with…

Dacia: About 60–50 bce King Burebista unified and expanded the kingdom, establishing it as a significant regional power. He overwhelmed the Greek cities on the north Black Sea coast and expanded his borders west beyond the Tisza River, north to modern Slovakia, and south of the Danube to the area…

Western painting: Institutional critique, feminism, and conceptual art: 1968 and its aftermath: …these was the French artist Daniel Buren, who from 1965 produced standardized stripe paintings that were incorporated into various settings: banners in front of public buildings, billboards, bus shelters, and so on. By implication, Buren asserted that painting had to develop a new relationship with the everyday world. Belgian artist…

Bill Cosby: Sexual assault allegations: …an October performance by comedian Hannibal Buress in which he called Cosby a rapist prompted even more women to accuse Cosby of past sexual misconduct. While he had not faced charges related to the new accusations, his reputation was so damaged by them that both NBC and Netflix pulled planned…

Central Asian arts: Paleolithic cultures: …of Irkutsk, and that of Buret, 80 miles (130 kilometres) to the north, are noted for their mammoth-tusk figurines of nude women. They resemble Paleolithic statuettes from Europe and the Middle East and probably served as fertility symbols or as representations of the great goddess, whose cult was widespread. Some…

burette, laboratory apparatus used in quantitative chemical analysis to measure the volume of a liquid or a gas. It consists of a graduated glass tube with a stopcock (turning plug, or spigot) at one end. On a liquid burette, the stopcock is at the bottom, and the precise volume of the liquid

burette, laboratory apparatus used in quantitative chemical analysis to measure the volume of a liquid or a gas. It consists of a graduated glass tube with a stopcock (turning plug, or spigot) at one end. On a liquid burette, the stopcock is at the bottom, and the precise volume of the liquid

Amur River: Physiography: …important tributaries include the Zeya, Bureya, and Amgun rivers, which enter on the left bank from Siberia, the Sungari (Songhua) River entering on the right from China, and the Ussuri (Wusuli) River, which flows northward along China’s eastern border with Siberia until, just after entering Russia, it joins the Amur…

Joan Fontaine was an English American actress who was known for her portrayals of troubled beauties. De Havilland was born in Tokyo, where her English father worked as a patent attorney and language professor; her mother was an actress. In 1919 she and her elder sister, Olivia, moved with their

Burford, town (parish), West Oxfordshire district, administrative and historic county of Oxfordshire, southern England. It is located on the River Windrush, in the Cotswolds. The town was acquired by Robert FitzHamon, earl of Gloucester, who granted it a market in 1088 and England’s earliest

Hofburg, vast complex of buildings in the center of Vienna, Austria, that was the former imperial palace and winter palace of the Habsburg dynasty and has been since 1946 the official residence and office of the president of Austria. There are buildings within the complex dating from the 13th

Yosef Burg was a German-born Jewish rabbi and Israeli politician who was the longest-serving member of the Israeli Knesset (parliament), holding his seat from the Knesset’s first session in 1949 until his retirement in 1986. Burg studied at the University of Berlin and in 1933 earned a doctorate in

Yosef Burg was a German-born Jewish rabbi and Israeli politician who was the longest-serving member of the Israeli Knesset (parliament), holding his seat from the Knesset’s first session in 1949 until his retirement in 1986. Burg studied at the University of Berlin and in 1933 earned a doctorate in

Yosef Burg was a German-born Jewish rabbi and Israeli politician who was the longest-serving member of the Israeli Knesset (parliament), holding his seat from the Knesset’s first session in 1949 until his retirement in 1986. Burg studied at the University of Berlin and in 1933 earned a doctorate in

burgage, in Normandy, England, and Scotland, an ancient form of tenure that applied to property within the boundaries of boroughs, or burghs. In England land or tenements within a borough were held by payment of rent to the king or some other lord; the terms varied in different boroughs. Among

Burgas, port and town, southeastern Bulgaria, on the Gulf of Burgas, an inlet of the Black Sea. Founded in the 17th century as a fishing village on the site of medieval Pyrgos, it developed after Bulgaria’s liberation (1878), mainly with the arrival of the railway from Sofia (1890) and harbour

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi: …directed an educational establishment in Burgdorf and from 1805 until 1825 a boarding school at Yverdon, near Neuchâtel. Both schools relied for funds on fee-paying pupils, though some poor children were taken in, and these institutes served as experimental bases for proving his method in its three branches—intellectual, moral, and…

Philip Johnson: …endeavours (1967–91) was the architect John Henry Burgee.

Burgenland, Bundesland (federal state), eastern Austria, bordering Hungary on the east, and Bundesländer Niederösterreich (Lower Austria) on the northwest and Steiermark (Styria) on the southwest. It has an area of 1,531 square miles (3,965 square km). Derived from parts of the four former west

hamburger, ground beef. The term is applied variously to (1) a patty of ground beef, sometimes called hamburg steak, Salisbury steak, or Vienna steak, (2) a sandwich consisting of a patty of ground beef served within a split bread roll, with various garnishes, or (3) the ground beef itself, which

Burger King Corporation, restaurant company specializing in flame-broiled fast-food hamburgers. It is the second largest hamburger chain in the United States, after McDonald’s, and one of the most successful brands in fast-food history. In the early 21st century, Burger King claimed to have about

Georg Kaiser: …Die Bürger von Calais (1914; The Burghers of Calais). Produced in 1917 at the height of World War I, the play was an appeal for peace in which Kaiser revealed his outstanding gift for constructing close-knit drama expressed in trenchant and impassioned language. He followed this with a series of…

South Africa: Literature: Nadine Gordimer’s Burger’s Daughter (1979), and Breyten Breytenbach’s In Africa Even the Flies Are Happy (1977). Also during this time, the government enacted the Publications Act of 1974, which expanded and strengthened existing censorship policies. Many authors went into exile; some did not return until the 1990s,…

Leonhard Frank: …his novel Der Bürger (1924; A Middle-Class Man) and in Das ochsenfurter Männerquartett (1927; The Singers). During the same period he wrote his masterpiece, Karl und Anna (1926; Carl and Anna), a realistic, if sentimental, account of a soldier who seduces his comrade’s wife.

Die Burger, daily newspaper published in Cape Town, South Africa, the largest of the country’s newspapers written in Afrikaans. Die Burger is known both for its generally balanced presentation of the news and for its support of policies of the South African government. It firmly supported the

Gottfried August Bürger was one of the founders of German Romantic ballad literature whose style reflects the renewed interest in folk song (Volkspoesie) in Europe during the late 1700s. Bürger was educated in theology at the University of Halle and in law at the University of Göttingen. It was in

Dayton Accords: The road toward peace: …to Deputy National Security Adviser Samuel Berger, who chaired the deputies’ committee meetings, which kept people in the national security operations of other nations informed of what was going on without allowing too much interference; and to UN Ambassador Madeleine Albright, who effectively advocated the United States’ strong position in…

Warren E. Burger was the 15th chief justice (1969–86) of the United States Supreme Court. After graduating with honors from St. Paul (now William Mitchell) College of Law in 1931, Burger joined a prominent St. Paul law firm and gradually became active in Republican Party politics. In 1953 he was

Warren E. Burger was the 15th chief justice (1969–86) of the United States Supreme Court. After graduating with honors from St. Paul (now William Mitchell) College of Law in 1931, Burger joined a prominent St. Paul law firm and gradually became active in Republican Party politics. In 1953 he was

German Civil Code, the body of codified private law that went into effect in the German empire in 1900. Though it has been modified, it remains in effect. The code grew out of a desire for a truly national law that would override the often conflicting customs and codes of the various German

domestic tragedy, drama in which the tragic protagonists are ordinary middle-class or lower-class individuals, in contrast to classical and Neoclassical tragedy, in which the protagonists are of kingly or aristocratic rank and their downfall is an affair of state as well as a personal matter. The

burgomaster, mayor or chief magistrate of a German town, city, or rural commune. The title is also used in such countries as Belgium (bourgmeistre) and the Netherlands (burgemeester). Most German towns have a burgomaster, but larger cities may have several, one being the chief burgomaster

Bremen: Geography: The best known are the Bürgerpark, with its famous rhododendron gardens, and the former ramparts, which were demolished in 1802 and which now form promenades surrounding the Old Town.

Thomas François Burgers was a theologian and controversial president (1871–77) of the Transvaal who in 1877 allowed the British to annex the republic. After graduating as a doctor of theology from the University of Utrecht, Burgers in 1859 returned to Cape Colony, where he became the minister of

Protestantism: Events under Charles I: Cornelius Burges and Stephen Marshall were appointed to preach that day to members of Parliament. Their sermons urged the nation to renew its covenant with God in order to bring about true religion through the maintenance of “an able, godly, faithful, zealous, profitable, preaching ministry…

William Burges was one of England’s most notable Gothic Revival architects, a critic, and an arbiter of Victorian taste. During Burges’s apprenticeship he studied medieval architecture, visiting the Continent to gain firsthand impressions. In 1856 he received the first award in an international

Elizabeth Strout: Amy and Isabelle and Olive Kitteridge: The Burgess Boys (2013) takes place in Shirley Falls, Maine, the fictional setting of Amy and Isabelle. It explores family dynamics as two brothers try to help their divorced sister and her son, who has been charged with a hate crime.

Burgess Shale, fossil formation containing remarkably detailed traces of soft-bodied biota of the Middle Cambrian Epoch (520 to 512 million years ago). Collected from a fossil bed in the Burgess Pass of the Canadian Rockies, the Burgess Shale is one of the best preserved and most important fossil

Anthony Burgess was an English novelist, critic, and man of letters whose fictional explorations of modern dilemmas combine wit, moral earnestness, and a note of the bizarre. Trained in English literature and phonetics, Burgess taught in the extramural department of Birmingham University (1946–50),

Ernest Watson Burgess was an American sociologist known for his research into the family as a social unit. Burgess received his B.A. (1908) from Kingfisher College (Oklahoma) and his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago (1913). He taught at the Universities of Toledo (Ohio) and Kansas and at Ohio

Gelett Burgess was an American humorist and illustrator, best known for a single, early, whimsical quatrain: Burgess was educated as an engineer and worked briefly for a railroad in that capacity. Between 1891 and 1894 he taught topographical drawing at the University of California. In 1895 Burgess

Gelett Burgess was an American humorist and illustrator, best known for a single, early, whimsical quatrain: Burgess was educated as an engineer and worked briefly for a railroad in that capacity. Between 1891 and 1894 he taught topographical drawing at the University of California. In 1895 Burgess

Guy Burgess was a British diplomat who spied for the Soviet Union in World War II and early in the Cold War period. At the University of Cambridge in the 1930s, Burgess was part of a group of upper-middle-class students—including Donald Maclean, Kim Philby, and Anthony Blunt—who disagreed with the

Hugh Burgess was a British-born American inventor who, with Charles Watt, developed the soda process used to turn wood pulp into paper. Little is known of his early life. In 1851 he and Watt developed a process in which pulpwood was cut into small chips, boiled in a solution of caustic alkali at

goggles: …swimming occurred in 1911, when Thomas Burgess wore something similar to motorcycle goggles while crossing the English Channel. In 1926 Gertrude Ederle used a similar style of goggles sealed with paraffin wax to protect her eyes from the salt water when she swam the channel. The advent of underwater skin…

Thornton W. Burgess was a U.S. children’s author and naturalist. He loved nature as a child. His first book, Old Mother West Wind (1910), introduced the animal characters that were to populate his subsequent stories, which were published in many languages. He promoted conservationism through his

Thornton W. Burgess was a U.S. children’s author and naturalist. He loved nature as a child. His first book, Old Mother West Wind (1910), introduced the animal characters that were to populate his subsequent stories, which were published in many languages. He promoted conservationism through his

House of Burgesses, representative assembly in colonial Virginia, which was an outgrowth of the first elective governing body in a British overseas possession, the General Assembly of Virginia. The General Assembly was established by Gov. George Yeardley at Jamestown on July 30, 1619. It included

burgrave, in medieval Germany, one appointed to command a burg (fortified town) with the rank of count (Graf or comes). Later the title became hereditary and was associated with a