Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Early life and works: wrote a one-act German singspiel, Bastien und Bastienne, which was given privately. Greater hopes were attached to his prospect of having an Italian opera buffa, La finta semplice (“The Feigned Simpleton”), done at the court theatre—hopes that were, however, frustrated, much to Leopold’s indignation. But a substantial, festal mass setting…

Jules Bastien-Lepage was a French painter of rustic outdoor genre scenes widely imitated in France and England. Bastien-Lepage studied under Alexandre Cabanel, first exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1870, and won a medal at the Salon of 1874 for Spring Song, which stylistically owes a little to

Bastille, medieval fortress on the east side of Paris that became, in the 17th and 18th centuries, a French state prison and a place of detention for important persons charged with various offenses. The Bastille, stormed by an armed mob of Parisians on July 14, 1789, in the opening days of the

Bastille Day, national holiday in France and its overseas départements and territories, marking the anniversary of the fall on July 14, 1789, of the Bastille, in Paris. Originally built as a medieval fortress, the Bastille eventually came to be used as a state prison. Political prisoners were often

Daniel Barenboim: …artistic director of the new Bastille Opera in Paris, but he fell into disputes with representatives of the socialist government in Paris and was dismissed (in January 1989) before the first season was to commence, in 1990. Almost immediately, in January 1989, he accepted the post of music director of…

Paris: The Bastille: …Île Saint-Louis leads to the Place de la Bastille on the Right Bank. From the river to the place runs a canal, the Arsenal Basin, which formerly supplied water to the moat around the Bastille fortress. At the Place de la Bastille the waterway goes underground for almost 1 mile…

storming of the Bastille, iconic conflict of the French Revolution. On July 14, 1789, fears that King Louis XVI was about to arrest France’s newly constituted National Assembly led a crowd of Parisians to successfully besiege the Bastille, an old fortress that had been used since 1659 as a state

flogging: …type of flogging was the bastinado, generally used in Asia, which involved blows delivered to the soles of the feet with a light rod, knotted cord, or lash. Flogging was formerly executed with great brutality. The backs of the condemned were frequently lacerated, and salt was poured into the wounds…

bastion, element of fortification that remained dominant for about 300 years before becoming obsolete in the 19th century. A projecting work consisting of two flanks and two faces terminating in a salient angle, it permitted defensive fire in front of neighbouring bastions and along the curtain

Nanaimo: …ancient rock carvings, and the Bastion, part of a fort built by the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1853 to protect the miners and settlers. The city is host to a unique sporting event—the annual mid-July Bathtub Race across the strait to Vancouver. Inc. city, 1874. Pop. (2006) 78,692; (2011) 83,810.

military technology: The bastioned trace: The sunken profile was only half the story of early modern fortress design; the other half was the trace, the outline of the fortress as viewed from above. The new science of trace design was based, in its early stages, on the bastion,…

Maurice Barrès: …series of novels entitled “Les Bastions de l’Est” (Au service de l’Allemagne, 1905 [“In the Service of Germany”]; Colette Baudoche, 1909) earned success as French propaganda during World War I. La Colline inspirée (1913; The Sacred Hill) is a mystical novel that urges a return to Christianity for social and…

bastnaesite, a cerium fluoride carbonate, CeCO3(OH,F), found in contact metamorphic zones and pegmatites; cerium is commonly substituted by light rare earths, lanthanum, yttrium, and thorium. It ranges in colour from wax-yellow to reddish-brown. Bastnaesite is commonly associated with other

bastnaesite, a cerium fluoride carbonate, CeCO3(OH,F), found in contact metamorphic zones and pegmatites; cerium is commonly substituted by light rare earths, lanthanum, yttrium, and thorium. It ranges in colour from wax-yellow to reddish-brown. Bastnaesite is commonly associated with other

Bastrop, city, Morehouse parish, northeastern Louisiana, U.S., 24 miles (38 km) northeast of Monroe. Settlement of the area began after a Dutch nobleman, Baron de Bastrop, was given a large land grant by the Spanish in 1796. The baron subsequently sold much of his land to Abram Morehouse, a settler

John Bastwick was an English religious zealot who, in the reign of Charles I, opposed the liturgical and ecclesial reforms introduced by Archbishop William Laud into the Church of England, reforms that Bastwick believed to represent a return to “popery.” After a brief education at Cambridge, he

Jyoti Basu was an Indian politician who served as the chief minister of West Bengal state from 1977 to 2000 and was a cofounder of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI[M]). Basu was the son of a physician, and he enjoyed an affluent childhood. He began his studies in Calcutta, at St.

Suku, people of southwestern Congo (Kinshasa) and northwestern Angola. They speak a Bantu language of the Niger-Congo group of languages. Suku women cultivate cassava (yuca) as the staple crop, and men hunt. The fundamental social unit is the matrilineage, a corporate group based on descent in the

Sotho: …the southern Sotho (often called Basuto) of Lesotho and adjoining areas.

Gun War, (1880–81), Southern African war in which the Sotho (also Basuto or Basotho) people of Basutoland (present-day Lesotho) threw off the rule by the Cape Colony. It is one of the few examples in Southern African history of Black Africans’ winning a conflict with colonial powers in the 19th

Lesotho, landlocked country in Southern Africa. A scenic land of tall mountains and narrow valleys, Lesotho owes a long history of political autonomy to the mountains that surround it and protect it from encroachment. Since the Neolithic Period, the mountain kingdom was the domain of

Southern Africa: Lesotho, Botswana, and Swaziland: …1952 Ntsu Mokhehle formed the Basutoland Congress Party (BCP), modeled on the ANC. In 1958 Chief Leabua Jonathan, who was to become Lesotho’s first prime minister, founded the conservative Basutoland National Party (BNP), with the support of the South African government, the powerful Roman Catholic church, and the queen regent.…

flag of Lesotho: …flag of his own ruling Basotho National Party, which had four equal horizontal stripes from top to bottom of blue, white, red, and green. Other parties objected, and instead the national flag displayed green, red, and blue vertically with a white silhouette version of a typical Sotho straw hat.

Gun War, (1880–81), Southern African war in which the Sotho (also Basuto or Basotho) people of Basutoland (present-day Lesotho) threw off the rule by the Cape Colony. It is one of the few examples in Southern African history of Black Africans’ winning a conflict with colonial powers in the 19th

brown adipose tissue, specialized type of connective tissue found in most mammals that generates heat. Newborns and animals that hibernate have an elevated risk for hypothermia. Newborns, for example, have a larger surface area-to-volume ratio than adults and cannot warm themselves on their own by

bat, (order Chiroptera), any member of the only group of mammals capable of flight. This ability, coupled with the ability to navigate at night by using a system of acoustic orientation (echolocation), has made the bats a highly diverse and populous order. More than 1,200 species are currently

Andrey Nikolayevich Tupolev: From this came the Tu-2, a twin-engine bomber that saw wide use in World War II and, in 1943, earned Tupolev his freedom and a Stalin Prize. Near the end of the war he was given the job of copying the U.S. B-29 Superfortress, three of which had force-landed…

Holocene Epoch: Continental shelf and coastal regions: …forests in western Europe (the BAT, or “Boreal–Atlantic Transition”). In The Netherlands the barrier beaches re-formed close to the present coastline, and widespread tidal flats developed to the interior. These are known as the Calais Beds (or Calaisian) from the definition in Flanders by Dubois. In the protected inner margins,…

bat, in a measurement system, ancient Hebrew unit of liquid and dry capacity. Estimated at 37 litres (about 6.5 gallons) and approximately equivalent to the Greek metrētēs, the bat contained 10 omers, 1 omer being the quantity (based on tradition) of manna allotted to each Israelite for every day

British American Tobacco PLC, British conglomerate that is one of the world’s largest manufacturers of tobacco products. The company’s international headquarters are in London. Its chief American subsidiary, Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation, is headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky. The

bat bug, (family Polyctenidae), any of about 20 species of bloodsucking insects (order Heteroptera) that are external parasites found mainly in the fur of tropical bats. The adult (between 3.5 and 5 mm [0.14 and 0.2 inch] long) lacks eyes and wings. Its forelegs are short and thick, and its middle

Battambang, city in western Cambodia that is the capital of Battambang province. It is the third largest city in Cambodia, after the national capital of Phnom Penh and the city of Siem Reap. Located in Cambodia’s “rice bowl” along the Sangkae River northwest of Phnom Penh, Battambang is a major

falcon: The bat falcon (F. albigularis) of Mexico and Central and South America is a little bird with a dark back, white throat, barred black-and-white breast, and reddish belly. It preys upon birds. The forest falcon (Micrastur semitorquatus) of tropical America hunts birds and reptiles in the…

angiosperm: Pollination: Flowers pollinated by bats produce large quantities of nectar and strong fragrances. They generally open only at night, when bats are the most active, and often hang down on long inflorescence stalks, which provide easy access to the nectaries and pollen. Some eucalypts (Eucalyptus) are pollinated by small…

bat fly, any insect belonging to the two families Nycteribiidae and Streblidae (order Diptera). Members of the family Nycteribiidae are wingless, spiderlike insects with long legs and a small head that folds back into a groove in the thorax when at rest. They are external parasites of bats. Members

bar mitzvah: …the adulthood of girls, called bat mitzvah.

parakeet: …short, blunt tails, as the hanging parrots, or bat parrotlets, Loriculus species, popular cage birds in their native area, India to Malaya and the Philippines.

Huang Yong Ping: …often courted controversy, notably with Bat Project (2001–05), which featured a replica of the U.S. EP-3 spy plane with a bat logo on its tail fin that collided in April 2001 with a Chinese aircraft and made an emergency landing on Hainan Island. In the installation, he presented display cases…

stingray: …its tail spines, and the bat stingray (Myliobatis californicus), a Pacific form noted for its depredations on the shellfish of San Francisco Bay.

Bat Yam, city, west-central Israel, on the Plain of Sharon and the Mediterranean coast just south of Tel Aviv–Yafo. Founded in 1926 as a suburban development called Bayit ve-Gan (Hebrew: “House and Garden”), it was abandoned during the Arab riots of 1929. Resettled, it developed as a seaside resort

Zenobia was the queen of the Roman colony of Palmyra, in present-day Syria, from 267 or 268 to 272. She conquered several of Rome’s eastern provinces before she was subjugated by the emperor Aurelian (ruled 270–275). Zenobia’s husband, Odaenathus, Rome’s client ruler of Palmyra, had by 267

Die Fledermaus, operetta by the Austrian composer Johann Strauss the Younger (German libretto by Carl [or Karl] Haffner and Richard Genée) that premiered in Vienna on April 5, 1874. It is the best-known stage work by Strauss, whose fame rested mainly on his ballroom dance pieces. Die Fledermaus was

Jo Nesbø: Harry Hole books: The Bat), follows Hole, a recovering alcoholic, to Australia for a murder investigation. Nesbø’s second Hole novel, Kakerlakkene (1998; “Cockroaches”; The Cockroaches), takes the detective through the seamy underworld of Bangkok. Rødstrupe (2000; “Robin”; The Redbreast) details the role of fascism in Norway. In

bat-eared fox, (species Otocyon megalotis), large-eared fox, belonging to the dog family (Canidae), found in open, arid areas of eastern and southern Africa. It has 48 teeth, 6 more than any other canid. The bat-eared fox is like the red fox in appearance but has unusually large ears. It is

Batgirl, American comic-strip superhero created for DC Comics by writer Gardner Fox and artist Carmine Infantino. Batgirl first appeared in Detective Comics no. 359 (January 1967). The first teenage heroine to join Batman’s extended family was Betty Kane, niece of the costumed hero Batwoman. As

More than 500 species of tropical plants are pollinated by nectar- and pollen-eating bats, and they have evolved special features to make their nectar and pollen attractive to the nocturnal flyers. Such plants are called chiropterophilous, or “bat-loving” (bats being mammals of the order

Bata, port, northwestern Equatorial Guinea, West Africa, lying on the Gulf of Guinea 18 miles (29 km) north of the Río Mbini. One of the deepest seaports in the region, Bata serves as one of the country’s main ports. Because Bata has no natural harbor, a jetty was built to facilitate offshore

Batavian Republic, republic of the Netherlands, established after it was conquered by the French during the campaign of 1794–95. Formalized in a constitution of 1798, it possessed a centralized government patterned after that of the Directory in France and was bound to France by alliance. In March

Tay Garnett: Films of the 1940s: …to World War II for Bataan (1943), a superior drama that featured a top-notch cast headlined by Robert Taylor, Thomas Mitchell, Desi Arnaz, and Robert Walker. The Cross of Lorraine (1943) also illuminated the horrors of war; Peter Lorre played a sadistic Nazi, and Gene Kelly was a tortured American…

Bataan Death March, march in the Philippines of some 66 miles (106 km) that 76,000 prisoners of war (66,000 Filipinos, 10,000 Americans) were forced by the Japanese military to endure in April 1942, during the early stages of World War II. Mainly starting in Mariveles, on the southern tip of the

Bataan Peninsula, peninsula, western Luzon, Philippines, sheltering Manila Bay (to the east) from the South China Sea. It is about 30 miles (50 km) long and 15 miles (25 km) wide. Corregidor Island lies just off its southern tip at the entrance of the bay. Bataan is largely covered by jungle and is

Bataan Death March: Lead-up to the march: The Battle of Bataan began on January 6, 1942, and almost immediately the defenders were on half rations. Sick with malaria, dengue fever, and other diseases, living on monkey meat and a few grains of rice, and without air cover or naval support, the Allied force…

Gulf of Batabanó, inlet of the Caribbean Sea, indenting southwestern Cuba. The gulf stretches from the shore of eastern Pinar del Río province approximately 80 miles (130 km) to the southwestern coast of Matanzas province and the Zapata Peninsula. At its northern edge lies La Habana province; 50

Gulf of Batabanó, inlet of the Caribbean Sea, indenting southwestern Cuba. The gulf stretches from the shore of eastern Pinar del Río province approximately 80 miles (130 km) to the southwestern coast of Matanzas province and the Zapata Peninsula. At its northern edge lies La Habana province; 50

Brassicales: Bataceae, Salvadoraceae, and Koeberliniaceae: Bataceae, Salvadoraceae, and Koeberliniaceae have in common ultrastructural features, the same base chromosome number, and flowers that lack a nectary and have only two carpels. They, and many other Brassicales, have a curved embryo.

Nupe: …of which the Beni, Zam, Batache (Bataci), and Kede (Kyedye) are the most important. The Kede and Batache are river people, subsisting primarily by fishing and trading; the other Nupe are farmers, who grow the staple crops millet, sorghum, yams, and rice. Commercial crops include rice, peanuts (groundnuts), cotton, and…

Nupe: …of which the Beni, Zam, Batache (Bataci), and Kede (Kyedye) are the most important. The Kede and Batache are river people, subsisting primarily by fishing and trading; the other Nupe are farmers, who grow the staple crops millet, sorghum, yams, and rice. Commercial crops include rice, peanuts (groundnuts), cotton, and…

Paris attacks of 2015: The November 13 attacks: …being carried out at the Bataclan, a historic theatre and concert hall. The American rock band Eagles of Death Metal was playing to a sold-out crowd at the 1,500-capacity venue when three attackers burst in and fired on the audience. Some of the concertgoers were able to escape through a…

turtle: Habitats: …largest species of pond turtles—the Asian river turtle, or batagur (Batagur baska), and the painted terrapin (Callagur borneoensis)—with shell lengths to a half-metre (about 20 inches) and weights to 25 kg (55 pounds). Both are tidal river species, tolerating salinities up to about half that of marine salt water, and…

turtle: Habitats: …largest species of pond turtles—the Asian river turtle, or batagur (Batagur baska), and the painted terrapin (Callagur borneoensis)—with shell lengths to a half-metre (about 20 inches) and weights to 25 kg (55 pounds). Both are tidal river species, tolerating salinities up to about half that of marine salt water, and…

Henry Bataille was a French dramatist whose luxuriant plays of passionate love and stifling social conventions were extremely popular at the beginning of the 20th century. Bataille’s parents died when he was very young, and, having shown talent for both painting and poetry at school, he turned to

Georges Bataille was a French librarian and writer whose essays, novels, and poetry expressed his fascination with eroticism, mysticism, and the irrational. He viewed excess as a way to gain personal “sovereignty.” After training as an archivist at the school of paleography known as the École des

Henry Bataille was a French dramatist whose luxuriant plays of passionate love and stifling social conventions were extremely popular at the beginning of the 20th century. Bataille’s parents died when he was very young, and, having shown talent for both painting and poetry at school, he turned to

tapestry: 14th century: …the duke of Anjou by Nicolas Bataille (flourished c. 1363–1400). This monumental set originally included seven tapestries, each measuring approximately 16.5 feet in height by 80 feet in length (5.03 by 24.38 metres). Based on cartoons drawn by Jean de Bandol of Bruges (flourished 1368–81), the official painter to Charles…

Bataysk, city, Rostov oblast (province), southwestern Russia, just south of Rostov-na-Donu. It is a transport centre in the northern Caucasus and a main rail junction, with railway shops and freight yards: much of the labour force is in transportation. Other important industries are metalworking

Bataysk, city, Rostov oblast (province), southwestern Russia, just south of Rostov-na-Donu. It is a transport centre in the northern Caucasus and a main rail junction, with railway shops and freight yards: much of the labour force is in transportation. Other important industries are metalworking

Batak, several closely related ethnic groups of north-central Sumatra, Indonesia. The term Batak is one of convenience, likely coined during precolonial times by indigenous outsiders (e.g., the Malay) and later adopted by Europeans. The groups embraced by the term—the Toba, the Karo, the

North Sumatra: The central Batak Plateau of the Barisan Mountains, running northwest-southeast, covers about two-thirds of the province. It is surmounted by both active and extinct volcanic cones, including Mount Sinabung (8,041 feet [2,451 metres]), which erupted in 2010 after more than 400 years of dormancy, Mount Sibayak (6,870…

Batak Protestant Christian Church, church in northern Sumatra, Indon., organized as an independent church in 1930 and constituting the largest Lutheran church in Asia. It developed from the work of missionaries of the Rhenish Mission Society, established in Barmen, Ger., in 1828. Under the

Batala, city, northern Punjab state, northwestern India. It is located on the Punjab Plain, about 20 miles (32 km) northeast of Amritsar. Batala is an agricultural marketplace and industrial centre. Cotton ginning, weaving, sugar refining, rice milling, and manufacturing are the principal

Batalha, town, west-central Portugal. It is located just south of Leiria city. The town is dominated by the great Dominican monastery of Santa Maria da Vitória, also known simply as the monastery of Batalha (“Battle”), which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983. In the Battle of

Mario Batali is an American chef, television personality, author, and restaurateur who was one of the most well-known food celebrities of the early 21st century. Batali developed a passion for cooking while growing up surrounded by accomplished home cooks in his family, particularly during visits

Mario Batali is an American chef, television personality, author, and restaurateur who was one of the most well-known food celebrities of the early 21st century. Batali developed a passion for cooking while growing up surrounded by accomplished home cooks in his family, particularly during visits

Badajoz, city, capital of Badajoz provincia (province), in the Extremadura comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), southwestern Spain. Situated on the south bank of the Guadiana River near the Portuguese frontier, it occupies a low range of hills crowned by a ruined Moorish castle. It originated

Riau Islands: The most important islands are Batam, Bintan, and Great Karimun (Indonesian: Karimun Besar), all in the Riau archipelago. Tanjungpinang, on Bintan, is the provincial capital. Area 3,167 square miles (8,202 square km). Pop. (2010 prelim.) 1,679,163.

Batan Islands, chain of 14 islands in the Philippines, about 190 miles (310 km) north of Luzon in the Luzon Strait. The Bashi (north) and Balintang (south) channels separate the group from Taiwan and the Babuyan Islands. Volcanic in origin, the islands are rugged and rocky, but relatively flat and

Alxa Plateau: …Desert in the south, the Badain Jaran (Baden Dzareng, or Batan Tsalang) in the west, and the Ulan Buh (Wulanbuhe) in the northeast.

Batan Islands, chain of 14 islands in the Philippines, about 190 miles (310 km) north of Luzon in the Luzon Strait. The Bashi (north) and Balintang (south) channels separate the group from Taiwan and the Babuyan Islands. Volcanic in origin, the islands are rugged and rocky, but relatively flat and

Rajang River, river in East Malaysia (northwest Borneo), rising in the Iran Mountains and flowing southwest to Kapit, where it turns westward to complete its 350-mile (563-kilometer) course to the South China Sea. Its large, swampy delta includes Beruit Island, with a lighthouse at Sirik Point. In

Batangas, city, southern Luzon, Philippines. It lies in a small plain on the west bank of the Calumpang River about 1 mile (1.6 km) from the coast of Batangas Bay, which issues through straits ultimately into the South China Sea. The city is connected with Manila, about 70 miles (110 km) north, by

Jean d’Orléans, comte de Dunois was a French military commander and diplomat, important in France’s final victory over England in the Hundred Years’ War. Jean was the natural son of Louis, duc d’Orléans, by his liaison with Mariette d’Enghien. Jean entered the service of his cousin the dauphin, the

calligraphy: The black-letter, or Gothic, style (9th to 15th century): …vernacular books—is called cursiva bastarda, lettre bâtarde, or simply bâtarde, the word bastard indicating its mixed parentage of formal black letter and casual cursive script. Although the script is not truly cursive (there are several pen lifts within and between letters), the freedom with which it is written (e.g., in…

Batavi, ancient Germanic tribe from whom Batavia, a poetic name for the Netherlands, is derived. The Batavi inhabited what is now the Betuwe district of the Netherlands, around Lugdunum Batavorum (Leiden), at the mouth of the Rhine River. Subjugated by Rome in 12 ce, they became an “allied people”

Batavia, city, seat (1802) of Genesee county, northwestern New York, U.S. It lies along Tonawanda Creek, midway between Buffalo (west) and Rochester (northeast). Batavia is a distribution point and trade centre for a dairy and truck-farm region and has some industry, including the manufacture of

Aurora: …powerful particle accelerator, is in Batavia, just north of the city. Inc. 1857. Pop. (2010) 197,899; (2020) 180,542.

Jakarta, largest city and capital of Indonesia. Jakarta lies on the northwest coast of Java at the mouth of the Ciliwung (Liwung River), on Jakarta Bay (an embayment of the Java Sea). It is coextensive with the metropolitan district of Greater Jakarta (Jakarta Raya) and nearly coextensive with the

museum: The spread of the European model: …1778, eventually to become the Central Museum of Indonesian Culture and finally part of the National Museum. The origins of the Indian Museum in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) were similar, based on the collections of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, which commenced in 1784. In South America a number of national…

Joan Maetsuyker: In 1642 he wrote the Statutes of Batavia, the code of laws that served the Dutch during the entire period of the company’s rule (1602–1867) in the East Indies.

Batavian Republic: …the Batavian Republic was renamed Batavian Commonwealth, and executive power was given to a kind of dictator called the council pensionary. In June 1806, however, the Batavian Commonwealth was replaced by the Kingdom of Holland under Napoleon’s brother Louis; this monarchy lasted until July 1810, when the northern Dutch provinces…

Batavian Republic, republic of the Netherlands, established after it was conquered by the French during the campaign of 1794–95. Formalized in a constitution of 1798, it possessed a centralized government patterned after that of the Directory in France and was bound to France by alliance. In March

pottery: Coloured glazes: …the old Dutch catalogues as Batavian ware, because the wares were imported via the Dutch centre of trade and transshipment at Batavia (modern Jakarta), in Java. They are also related to “mirror black” (wujin), a lustrous colour obtained by the addition of manganese, and sometimes decorated with gilding or even,…

Bataysk, city, Rostov oblast (province), southwestern Russia, just south of Rostov-na-Donu. It is a transport centre in the northern Caucasus and a main rail junction, with railway shops and freight yards: much of the labour force is in transportation. Other important industries are metalworking

Mongolia: Political developments: …minister and was succeeded by Sukhbaataryn Batbold, then the minister of external relations. The following April, Batbold also succeeded Bayar as chairman of the MPRP. Batbold was confirmed in this post at the party’s congress in November 2010, at which it also was decided to revert to the party’s previous…

fat and oil processing: Extractors: …first practiced in Europe, using batch extractors for the recovery of additional oil from the residues obtained from mechanical pressing. The greater efficiency of solvent extraction encouraged direct application to oilseeds, and the batch extractor gradually gave way to continuous units in which fresh flakes are added continuously and subjected…

dairy product: Ice cream manufacture: …steady flow of mix, or batch freezing, which makes a single quantity at a time. For both methods, the objective is to freeze the product partially and, at the same time, incorporate air. The freezing process is carried out in a cylindrical barrel that is cooled by a refrigerant, either…

traditional ceramics: Kiln operation: …up and down in so-called batch furnaces. Most mass-produced traditional ceramics, on the other hand, are fired in tunnel kilns. These consist of continuous conveyor belt or railcar operations, with the ware traversing the kiln and gradually being heated from room temperature, through a hot zone, and back down to…

baking: Mixing: Mixers may be the batch type, similar in configuration to the household mixer, with large steel bowls, open at the top, containing the batter while it is mixed or whipped by beater paddles of various conformations. In continuous mixers the batter is pumped through an enclosed chamber while a…

computer: Time-sharing from Project MAC to UNIX: Batch processing was the normal mode of operating computers at the time: a user handed a deck of punched cards to an operator, who fed them to the machine, and an hour or more later the printed output would be made available for pickup. Licklider’s…

frozen meal: Cooking: Batch-type ovens are ideally suited to cooking under vacuum. In vacuum cooking, meats are cooked at reduced pressure and temperature. In one vacuum technique, known as sous vide cooking, foods are cooked in their own juices, thus retaining their natural flavours and moisture. Cooking time…

computer: Time-sharing from Project MAC to UNIX: Batch processing was the normal mode of operating computers at the time: a user handed a deck of punched cards to an operator, who fed them to the machine, and an hour or more later the printed output would be made available for pickup. Licklider’s…