fat and oil processing: Alkali refining: In batch refining, the aqueous emulsion of soaps formed from free fatty acids, along with other impurities (soapstock), settles to the bottom and is drawn off. In the continuous system the emulsion is separated with centrifuges. After the fat has been refined, it is usually washed…

tool and die making: …machine shop was called a job shop, which meant that it had no product of its own but served large industrial facilities by fabricating tooling, machines, and machinepart replacements. Eventually, some machine shops began to specialize in tooling to the exclusion of other work.

puppetry: Rod puppets: …United States, largely inspired by Marjorie Batchelder, the use of rod puppets was greatly developed in school and college theatres, and the hand-rod puppet was found to be of particular value. In this figure the hand passes inside the puppet’s body to grasp a short rod to the head, the…

Radio Luxembourg: Groundbreaking Belgian Broadcaster: …of association football pools forecaster Horace Batchelor, whose Keynsham address—“that’s K-E-Y-N-S-H-A-M”—was immortalized as the title of a Bonzo Dog Band album in 1969.

John Halas and Joy Batchelor: After art school Batchelor became a commercial artist and met Halas in 1936 while working on Music Man (1938). They later married and in 1940 established Halas and Batchelor Animation, Ltd., which became the largest cartoon film studio in Great Britain.

traditional ceramics: Blending: …forming operations is known as batching. Batching has always constituted much of the art of the ceramic technologist. Formulas are traditionally jealously guarded secrets, involving the selection of raw materials that confer the desired working characteristics and responses to firing and that yield the sought-after character and properties. Clays must…

Claes Oldenburg: …Pompidou Centre in Paris, and Batcolumn (1977), provided by the art-in-architecture program of the federal government for its Social Security Administration office building in Chicago.

Battambang, city in western Cambodia that is the capital of Battambang province. It is the third largest city in Cambodia, after the national capital of Phnom Penh and the city of Siem Reap. Located in Cambodia’s “rice bowl” along the Sangkae River northwest of Phnom Penh, Battambang is a major

W. Jackson Bate was an American author and literary biographer known for his studies of the English writers John Keats and Samuel Johnson. Educated at Harvard University, Bate taught history and literature there from 1946 to 1986 and was chairman of the department of English from 1956 to 1962. In

W. Jackson Bate was an American author and literary biographer known for his studies of the English writers John Keats and Samuel Johnson. Educated at Harvard University, Bate taught history and literature there from 1946 to 1986 and was chairman of the department of English from 1956 to 1962. In

The Drunken Boat, poem by the 16-year-old French poet Arthur Rimbaud, written in 1871 as “Le Bateau ivre” and often considered his finest poem. The poem was written under the sponsorship of the poet Paul Verlaine, who first published it in his study of Rimbaud that appeared in the review Lutèce in

African religions: Ritual and religious specialists: …such figures, which they call bateba. Once activated, the bateba can be invoked for aid but will die if neglected. Other intermediaries range from simple officiants at family altars to prophets, sacred kings, and diviners as well as certain priests, who are invested with powers that identify them more fully…

African art: Lower Congo (Kongo) cultural area: The Teke live on the banks of the Congo River. They are best known for their fetishes, called butti, which serve in the cult of a wide range of supernatural forces sent by the ancestors, who are not worshiped directly. Each figure has its own specific…

Republic of the Congo: Relief: …the Chaillu Massif, while the Batéké Plateau stretches northward along the Congo River from Brazzaville to Mpouya.

Bahrain: Transportation and telecommunications: Bahrain Telecommunications Company (Batelco), established in 1981, serves the country’s telephone, wireless telephone, data communications, and Internet needs, either directly or through its subsidiaries. Through Batelco, Bahrain has promoted itself as a regional telecommunications centre, connecting the countries of the gulf region with the broader world. In 1998…

bateleur, (species Terathopius ecaudatus), small eagle of Africa and Arabia, belonging to the subfamily Circaetinae (serpent eagles) of the family Accipitridae. The name bateleur (French: “tumbler”) comes from the birds’ distinctive aerial acrobatics. About 60 cm (2 feet) long, the bateleur has a

H.L. Bateman: …two eldest daughters, Kate and Ellen, aged six and four, respectively, began to tour widely as stars. Later Ellen played Richard III, Shylock, and Macbeth to Kate’s Richmond, Portia, and Lady Macbeth. In 1855 Bateman managed a St. Louis theatre and later, as Kate’s manager, moved to New York City,…

H.L. Bateman was an actor and theatrical manager who made a great success of touring the United States and England with two of his daughters, both child actresses. Bateman made his stage debut in 1832 and acted in various repertory companies until 1849. Then he, his wife, Sidney Frances, and his

H.M. Bateman was a cartoonist known for narrative cartoons and for cartoons of situations involving social gaffes. After studying drawing and painting, Bateman began drawing for publication in 1906. Before World War I his work had appeared in Punch and other publications. A notable series of

H.M. Bateman was a cartoonist known for narrative cartoons and for cartoons of situations involving social gaffes. After studying drawing and painting, Bateman began drawing for publication in 1906. Before World War I his work had appeared in Punch and other publications. A notable series of

Hester Bateman was a silversmith noted particularly for her domestic silver of elegant simplicity. Her husband, John Bateman, who worked in gold and silver, particularly watch chains, died in 1760. The next year she took over the family business, registering her mark at the Goldsmiths’ Hall,

H.L. Bateman was an actor and theatrical manager who made a great success of touring the United States and England with two of his daughters, both child actresses. Bateman made his stage debut in 1832 and acted in various repertory companies until 1849. Then he, his wife, Sidney Frances, and his

Jason Bateman is an American actor, director, and producer best known for playing the part of Michael Bluth, the even-keeled, sensible president and CEO of his dysfunctional family’s company, in the television comedy series Arrested Development (2003–19). He is also known for portraying Marty

Jason Bateman is an American actor, director, and producer best known for playing the part of Michael Bluth, the even-keeled, sensible president and CEO of his dysfunctional family’s company, in the television comedy series Arrested Development (2003–19). He is also known for portraying Marty

H.L. Bateman: …and his two eldest daughters, Kate and Ellen, aged six and four, respectively, began to tour widely as stars. Later Ellen played Richard III, Shylock, and Macbeth to Kate’s Richmond, Portia, and Lady Macbeth. In 1855 Bateman managed a St. Louis theatre and later, as Kate’s manager, moved to New…

H.L. Bateman: Bateman made his stage debut in 1832 and acted in various repertory companies until 1849. Then he, his wife, Sidney Frances, and his two eldest daughters, Kate and Ellen, aged six and four, respectively, began to tour widely as stars. Later Ellen played Richard III,…

Batemans Bay, coastal town and inlet of the Tasman Sea, southeastern New South Wales, Australia. The inlet, an estuary of the Clyde River, measures 4 by 5 miles (6 by 8 km). The area was sighted in 1770 by Capt. James Cook, who named it for the captain of the ship Northumberland. The town, founded

Bates College, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Lewiston, Maine, U.S. It is a liberal arts college that offers bachelor’s degree programs in literature, languages, social sciences, life and physical sciences, philosophy, and other areas. Research facilities include the

Australian literature: Nationalism and expansion: … peoples would also pass away—Daisy Bates, who lived for many years among Aboriginal people, used as the title of her book about her experiences the standard phrase The Passing of the Aborigine (1938). Aboriginal people had become the subject of anthropological interest in the work of Sir Walter Baldwin…

Daisy Bates was an American journalist and civil rights activist who withstood economic, legal, and physical intimidation to champion racial equality, most notably in the integration of public schools in Little Rock, Arkansas. Daisy Gaston was adopted as a baby after her mother’s murder and her

Daisy Bates was an American journalist and civil rights activist who withstood economic, legal, and physical intimidation to champion racial equality, most notably in the integration of public schools in Little Rock, Arkansas. Daisy Gaston was adopted as a baby after her mother’s murder and her

Daisy Bates was an American journalist and civil rights activist who withstood economic, legal, and physical intimidation to champion racial equality, most notably in the integration of public schools in Little Rock, Arkansas. Daisy Gaston was adopted as a baby after her mother’s murder and her

Blind Lemon Jefferson was an American country blues singer, guitarist, and songwriter, one of the earliest folk-blues singers to achieve popular success. Blind from birth and the youngest of seven children, Jefferson became an itinerant entertainer in his teens, learning a repertoire of prison

Edward Bates was a lawyer and Whig politician who joined the Republican Party before the U.S. Civil War and served as Abraham Lincoln’s attorney general. Educated largely at home, Bates moved from Virginia to Missouri in 1814 and shortly thereafter began the study of law. By 1816 he was practicing

Meriwether Lewis: …absence empowered the territorial secretary, Frederick Bates, who undermined Lewis’s authority by setting his own regulations on trading and mining licenses and filling positions through favouritism. When Lewis arrived in Missouri, he clashed with Bates over the administration of Indian and territorial affairs, which resulted in an irreparable rift between…

H.E. Bates was an English novelist and short-story writer of high reputation and wide popularity. Bates attended grammar school at Kettering; he qualified for university but did not attend because his family could not afford it. In 1921, at age 16, he joined the Northampton Chronicle as a reporter,

H.W. Bates was a British naturalist and explorer whose demonstration of the operation of natural selection in animal mimicry (the imitation by a species of other life-forms or of inanimate objects) gave firm support to Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. In 1844 Bates introduced the subject of

H.W. Bates was a British naturalist and explorer whose demonstration of the operation of natural selection in animal mimicry (the imitation by a species of other life-forms or of inanimate objects) gave firm support to Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. In 1844 Bates introduced the subject of

H.E. Bates was an English novelist and short-story writer of high reputation and wide popularity. Bates attended grammar school at Kettering; he qualified for university but did not attend because his family could not afford it. In 1921, at age 16, he joined the Northampton Chronicle as a reporter,

United Kingdom: Finance and politics: …after the judges ruled in Bate’s case (1606) that the king could make impositions on imported commodities without the consent of Parliament. Two years later, under the direction of James’s able minister Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury, impositions were levied on an expanded list of goods, and a revised book…

Katharine Lee Bates was a poet, author, and educator who wrote the text of the national hymn “America the Beautiful.” She was educated at Wellesley College, in Wellesley, Massachusetts, where she taught English literature from 1885 to 1925. Among her many works are The College Beautiful and Other

Kathy Bates is an American actress of stage, screen, and television, especially known for her portrayals of strong women who act against the social milieu. Bates won an Academy Award for best actress for her chilling performance of an obsessed fan in Misery (1990). Her other notable films include

Kathy Bates is an American actress of stage, screen, and television, especially known for her portrayals of strong women who act against the social milieu. Bates won an Academy Award for best actress for her chilling performance of an obsessed fan in Misery (1990). Her other notable films include

Lucius Christopher Bates was an African American newspaper publisher and civil rights leader. Bates was the publisher of the Arkansas State Press, a weekly pro-civil rights newspaper. In 1957, after Governor Orval Faubus called out the state’s National Guard in an attempt to thwart the racial

Marston Bates was an American zoologist whose studies of mosquitoes in the 1930s and ’40s contributed greatly to the epidemiology of yellow fever in northern South America. After several years of fieldwork, Bates received his Ph.D. at Harvard University in 1934. From 1937 to 1952 he served on the

Norfolk Island: …above sea level, rises to Mount Bates (1,047 feet [319 m]) and Mount Pitt (1,043 feet [318 m]). Kingston, in the south, is the main settlement and administrative centre. Area 13 square miles (35 square km). Population (2016) 1,748.

Bo Diddley was an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist who was one of the most influential performers of rock music’s early period. He was raised mostly in Chicago by his adoptive family, from whom he took the surname McDaniel, and he recorded for the legendary blues record company Chess as

Percy Bates was a British shipowner who was responsible for outlining the policy that led to the construction of the largest passenger ships in the world, the Queen Mary and the Queen Elizabeth. Educated at Winchester College, Bates became an apprentice with a Liverpool shipping office in 1899, but

Percy Bates was a British shipowner who was responsible for outlining the policy that led to the construction of the largest passenger ships in the world, the Queen Mary and the Queen Elizabeth. Educated at Winchester College, Bates became an apprentice with a Liverpool shipping office in 1899, but

Batesian mimicry, a form of biological resemblance in which a noxious, or dangerous, organism (the model), equipped with a warning system such as conspicuous coloration, is mimicked by a harmless organism (the mimic). The mimic gains protection because predators mistake it for the model and leave

Gregory Bateson was a British-born American anthropologist who greatly contributed to the field of cybernetics. He championed the idea that psychological disorders, particularly schizophrenia, were ultimately communication problems that arose because of situations involving a “double bind” before

William Bateson was a British biologist who founded and named the science of genetics and whose experiments provided evidence basic to the modern understanding of heredity. A dedicated evolutionist, he cited embryo studies to support his contention in 1885 that chordates evolved from primitive

Batesville, city, seat (1821) of Independence county, north-central Arkansas, U.S., about 90 miles (145 km) northeast of Little Rock. It lies in the foothills of the Ozark Mountains on the White River. The land on which the city is built once belonged to the Osage Indians, who ceded the territory

batfish, any of about 60 species of fishes of the family Ogcocephalidae (order Lophiiformes), found in warm and temperate seas. Batfishes have broad, flat heads and slim bodies and are covered with hard lumps and spines. Some species have an elongated, upturned snout. Batfishes grow at most about

Batgirl, American comic-strip superhero created for DC Comics by writer Gardner Fox and artist Carmine Infantino. Batgirl first appeared in Detective Comics no. 359 (January 1967). The first teenage heroine to join Batman’s extended family was Betty Kane, niece of the costumed hero Batwoman. As

Bath, city, unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset, historic county of Somerset, southwestern England. Bath lies astride the River Avon (Lower, or Bristol, Avon) in a natural arena of steep hills. It was built of local limestone and is one of the most elegant and architecturally

Bath, city, port of entry (since 1789), seat (1854) of Sagadahoc county, southwestern Maine, U.S. The city lies along the Kennebec River near its mouth on the Atlantic coast, 36 miles (58 km) northeast of Portland. Settled about 1670 and named for the English city, it was part of Georgetown until

bat, in a measurement system, ancient Hebrew unit of liquid and dry capacity. Estimated at 37 litres (about 6.5 gallons) and approximately equivalent to the Greek metrētēs, the bat contained 10 omers, 1 omer being the quantity (based on tradition) of manna allotted to each Israelite for every day

Bath, town, Beaufort county, eastern North Carolina, U.S., on the Pamlico estuary. The first proprietary grant in the area (1684) embraced the town site, about 40 miles (65 km) southeast of Greenville, then occupied by a Native American village called Pamlicoe. Settled by the English (1695), it

bath, process of soaking the body in water or some other aqueous matter such as mud, steam, or milk. The bath may have cleanliness or curative purposes, and it can have religious, mystical, or some other meaning (see ritual bath). The bath as an institution has a long history. Writings from ancient

Bath, town, seat (1820) of Morgan county, in the eastern panhandle of West Virginia, U.S., near the Potomac River. Probably the oldest spa in the nation, it was chartered in 1776 and officially named Bath for the famous English watering place; its post-office name, however, is Berkeley Springs.

Bath: Its 16th-century abbey church of St. Peter and St. Paul is late Perpendicular Gothic and is noted for its windows, but it is the wealth of classical Georgian buildings mounting the steep valley sides that gives Bath its distinction. The city was designated a UNESCO World Heritage…

Bath and North East Somerset, unitary authority, geographic and historic county of Somerset, southwestern England. It lies southeast of the city of Bristol and encompasses the city of Bath (the main administrative centre), several small urban areas between Bath and Bristol, and the countryside

bath chair, chair on wheels intended for use by ladies and invalids. It was devised by James Heath, of Bath, Eng., about 1750. For the next three-quarters of a century it rivaled the sedan chair and ultimately superseded it as a form of conveyance in Great Britain. The most common variety was

Bath: The Bath Iron Works (founded 1833 and the city’s main economic asset) has been building ships since 1889, reaching peak naval production during the world wars. Inc. city, 1847. Pop. (2000) 9,266; (2010) 8,514.

Christianity: Renaissance magic and science: …the crucible containing the so-called Bath of Mary, whose amniotic fluids dissolved all impurities. This dissolution prepared one for rebirth as a perfect being. All matter was redeemed by immersion in the fluids of the womb where Jesus assumed the flesh. Mystical union with Christ’s death and physical regression to…

François Girardon: …are the relief of the Bath of the Nymphs (1668–70), perhaps inspired by Jean Goujon’s Fontaine des Innocents, and The Rape of Persephone (1677–79; pedestal completed 1699), in which he challenges comparison with Giambologna’s Rape of the Sabines. The effect of this group is marred by its present situation in…

Bath school disaster, pair of bombings on May 18, 1927, of Bath Consolidated School in Bath Township, Michigan, U.S., that killed 38 schoolchildren and five adults. The perpetrator also killed himself. The man who carried out the attack, Andrew Kehoe, spent months before the event placing dynamite

Henry Frederick Thynne, 6th marquess of Bath was a British nobleman who in 1949 turned Longleat House, his financially distressed family’s 16th-century home, into a tourist attraction, setting a precedent that was followed by a number of his peers. In the 1960s he introduced African wildlife in a

Patricia Bath was an American ophthalmologist and humanitarian who invented the laserphaco probe, a device for cataract surgery, and who advocated for greater access to basic eye care for persons in underserved communities. Bath’s laserphaco device was patented in 1988, making her the first African

Patricia Bath was an American ophthalmologist and humanitarian who invented the laserphaco probe, a device for cataract surgery, and who advocated for greater access to basic eye care for persons in underserved communities. Bath’s laserphaco device was patented in 1988, making her the first African

The Child’s Bath, oil-on-canvas painting created in 1893 by American artist Mary Cassatt during her mature period. The work depicts an intimate and tender moment between a woman and a child without indulging in excessive sentimentality. Like much of Cassatt’s work in the early 1890s, The Child’s

The Most Honourable Order of the Bath, order of British knighthood established by King George I in 1725, conferred as a reward either for military service or for exemplary civilian merit. Like most chivalric orders, it has antecedents that reach far before the actual date of its founding. Bathing

Thomas Thynne, 1st marquess of Bath was a politician who, as 3rd Viscount Weymouth, held important office in the British government during two critical periods in the reign of George III. Although he was an outstanding orator, his dissolute habits (gambling and heavy drinking), indolence, and

Thomas Thynne, 1st marquess of Bath was a politician who, as 3rd Viscount Weymouth, held important office in the British government during two critical periods in the reign of George III. Although he was an outstanding orator, his dissolute habits (gambling and heavy drinking), indolence, and

William Pulteney, 1st earl of Bath was an English Whig politician who became prominent in the opposition to Sir Robert Walpole (first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the Exchequer, 1721–42), after being staunchly loyal to him for 12 years, up to 1717. Pulteney was himself three times in a

William Pulteney, 1st earl of Bath was an English Whig politician who became prominent in the opposition to Sir Robert Walpole (first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the Exchequer, 1721–42), after being staunchly loyal to him for 12 years, up to 1717. Pulteney was himself three times in a

Morocco: Cultural institutions: The Batha Museum, located in Fès and housed in a former 19th-century royal residence, specializes in historical Moroccan art and has an excellent collection of native ceramics. The Oudaïa Museum (founded 1915; also known as the Museum of Moroccan Art) is located near Rabat’s Oudaïa Casbah.…

South Arabian languages: Shaḥrī (Eḥkalī; Jibbali), Ḥarsūsī, and Baṭḥarī on the Arabian shore of the Indian Ocean and Soqoṭrī on Socotra. Ḥarsūsī has been influenced by Arabic, a northern Arabian language, to a greater extent than have the other dialects. These languages lack a tradition of writing, and thus almost nothing is known…

Lillie Langtry was a British beauty and actress, known as the Jersey Lily. She was the daughter of the dean of Jersey. In 1874 she married Edward Langtry, who died in 1897, and in 1899 she married Hugo de Bathe, who became a baronet in 1907. In 1881 Langtry caused a sensation by being the first

Western sculpture: France: …contours of Étienne-Maurice Falconet’s marble Bather (1757) adapt the Classic tradition to a pretty and intimate Rococo ideal that is the quintessence of 18th-century taste. This Classicism was purified by Jean-Antoine Houdon, who avoided the playful air of the Rococo boudoir in his Diana (c. 1777) and his marble nude…

Paul Cézanne: Final years of Paul Cézanne: …countless still-life images, and the Bathers series, in which he attempted to return to the classic tradition of the nude and explore his concern for its sculptural effect in relation to the landscape. He was obsessed with his work, which was time-consuming since he painted slowly.

Bathers at Asnières, French artist Georges Seurat’s first large-scale painting (measuring 6.59 × 9.84 feet [2.01 × 3.00 meters]). It depicts factory workers relaxing in the sunshine by the Seine River. Images of “lowly” workingmen were more typical of small-scale genre paintings, but here they are

Félix Vallotton: …he completed in that period, Bathers on a Summer Evening (1892–93) attracted the most attention. That large-scale composition of women of various ages and in various stages of undress was exhibited at the Salon des Indépendants in spring 1893, and it shocked the crowds with its eroticism.

Hot Springs: …along Central Avenue (also called Bathhouse Row) located on the southwestern slope of Hot Springs Mountain. Water from the hot springs flows at a rate of 850,000 gallons (3,200,000 litres) per day, with an average temperature of 143 °F (62 °C). Originally each of the bathhouses along Bathhouse Row had…

Vladimir Mayakovsky: 30, 1930; The Bathhouse), a satire of bureaucratic stupidity and opportunism under Joseph Stalin.

Arletty was a French actress with a distinguished international reputation for her film characterizations. Arletty worked for a time in a factory and as a secretary before becoming an artist’s model and chorus girl. In 1920 she joined the Théâtre des Capucines and appeared there in innumerable

Bathinda, city, southwest-central Punjab state, northwestern India. It is situated in the Malwa Plains on the Bathinda Branch Canal (which joins the Sutlej River to the northeast). Bathinda is a major rail hub, with lines converging on it from other Indian states and from nearby Pakistan. It is a

anseriform: Behaviour: Bathing movements include dipping the head, beating the wings on the surface and, at high intensity, actual diving or somersaulting through the water. Sleep often follows such maintenance activities, the bill being turned and placed under the scapular (shoulder) feathers. Bathing is often a communal…

George Sidney: Bathing Beauty and Anchors Aweigh: …production earned him another musical, Bathing Beauty (1944), which was Esther Williams’s first starring vehicle. Featuring a spectacular water finale and a fine comedic performance by Skelton, the film was a major success and launched a string of swimming musicals.

swimsuit, garment designed for wearing while swimming. Sea bathing became popular in the mid-19th century when railroads first made it possible for people to get to the beach for their vacations. The first swimsuits concealed most of the body: women wore bloomers, black stockings, and a dress with

Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin: …Group, he presented his painting Bathing the Red Horse (1912), which immediately became famous. His peers saw it on one hand as being “a hymn to Apollo” and on the other as a presaging of a future cataclysm and renewal of the world. (World War I was to break out…

batholith, large body of igneous rock formed beneath the Earth’s surface by the intrusion and solidification of magma. It is commonly composed of coarse-grained rocks (e.g., granite or granodiorite) with a surface exposure of 100 square km (40 square miles) or larger. A batholith has an irregular

Bathonian Stage, third of the four divisions of the Middle Jurassic Series, representing all rocks formed worldwide during the Bathonian Age, which occurred between 168.3 million and 166.1 million years ago during the Jurassic Period. The Bathonian Stage overlies the Bajocian Stage and underlies

Elizabeth Báthory was a Hungarian countess who purportedly tortured and murdered hundreds of young women in the 16th and 17th centuries. Báthory was born into prominent Protestant nobility in Hungary. Her family controlled Transylvania, and her uncle, Stephen Báthory, was king of Poland. She was

Elizabeth Báthory was a Hungarian countess who purportedly tortured and murdered hundreds of young women in the 16th and 17th centuries. Báthory was born into prominent Protestant nobility in Hungary. Her family controlled Transylvania, and her uncle, Stephen Báthory, was king of Poland. She was

Gábor Bethlen: …Transylvania and supported his successor, Gábor Báthory. Differences between Bethlen and Báthory, however, forced Bethlen to take refuge with the Turks. The Ottoman sultan Ahmed I, suzerain of Transylvania, provided Bethlen with an army and proclaimed him prince of Transylvania. When Báthory was driven from power, Bethlen was proclaimed prince…

Sigismund Báthory was a prince of Transylvania whose unpopular anti-Turkish policy led to civil war. The son of Christopher Báthory (prince of Transylvania, 1575–81) and nephew of Stephen (István Báthory, king of Poland, 1575–86), Sigismund succeeded his father in 1581 and actually assumed control

Stephen Báthory was a prince of Transylvania (1571–76) and king of Poland (1575–86) who successfully opposed the Habsburg candidate for the Polish throne, defended Poland’s eastern Baltic provinces against Russian incursion, and attempted to form a great state from Poland, Muscovy, and

Sigismund Báthory was a prince of Transylvania whose unpopular anti-Turkish policy led to civil war. The son of Christopher Báthory (prince of Transylvania, 1575–81) and nephew of Stephen (István Báthory, king of Poland, 1575–86), Sigismund succeeded his father in 1581 and actually assumed control