Achille Bazaine was a marshal of France who, after distinguished service during the Second Empire, was sentenced to death for his surrender of Metz and 140,000 men to the Germans on Oct. 27, 1870, during the Franco-German War. Bazaine was commissioned second lieutenant in 1833. As a colonel he led

Sir Joseph William Bazalgette was a British civil engineer who designed the main drainage system for London. After working on projects in Northern Ireland, Bazalgette in 1842 became a consulting engineer at Westminster. Seven years later he joined the London Metropolitan Commission of Sewers,

Azerbaijan: Relief, drainage, and soils: The highest peaks are Bazardyuzyu (Bazardüzü; 14,652 feet [4,466 meters]), Shakhdag, and Tufan, all part of the Greater Caucasus range, the crest of which forms part of Azerbaijan’s northern boundary. Magnificent spurs and ridges, cut into by the deep gorges of mountain streams, make this part of Azerbaijan a…

Kazakh literature: …century in the works of Bazar Zhıraw, who combined the didacticism of the zhıraw with the quick wit of the improvising aqın. Bazar’s poetry frequently treats such issues as the types of behaviour that are appropriate to different stages of life; the responsibilities of different social classes; the opposition of…

Pamirs: Physiography: …Rushan on the west and Bazar-dara, or Northern Alichur, on the east. Still farther south are the Southern Alichur Range and, to the west of the latter, the Shugnan Range. The extreme southwestern Pamirs are occupied by the Shakhdarin Range, composed of north-south (Ishkashim Range) and east-west elements, rising to…

Azerbaijan: Relief, drainage, and soils: The highest peaks are Bazardyuzyu (Bazardüzü; 14,652 feet [4,466 meters]), Shakhdag, and Tufan, all part of the Greater Caucasus range, the crest of which forms part of Azerbaijan’s northern boundary. Magnificent spurs and ridges, cut into by the deep gorges of mountain streams, make this part of Azerbaijan a…

Azerbaijan: Relief, drainage, and soils: The highest peaks are Bazardyuzyu (Bazardüzü; 14,652 feet [4,466 meters]), Shakhdag, and Tufan, all part of the Greater Caucasus range, the crest of which forms part of Azerbaijan’s northern boundary. Magnificent spurs and ridges, cut into by the deep gorges of mountain streams, make this part of Azerbaijan a…

Azerbaijan: Relief, drainage, and soils: The highest peaks are Bazardyuzyu (Bazardüzü; 14,652 feet [4,466 meters]), Shakhdag, and Tufan, all part of the Greater Caucasus range, the crest of which forms part of Azerbaijan’s northern boundary. Magnificent spurs and ridges, cut into by the deep gorges of mountain streams, make this part of Azerbaijan a…

Azerbaijan: Relief, drainage, and soils: The highest peaks are Bazardyuzyu (Bazardüzü; 14,652 feet [4,466 meters]), Shakhdag, and Tufan, all part of the Greater Caucasus range, the crest of which forms part of Azerbaijan’s northern boundary. Magnificent spurs and ridges, cut into by the deep gorges of mountain streams, make this part of Azerbaijan a…

Dobrich, town, northeastern Bulgaria. It lies on the road and railway line between Varna and Constanța, Rom., and is a long-established market town. Under Turkish rule from the 15th century until 1878, the town was called Bazardzhik; after liberation it became Dobrich. While part of Romania from

Mehdi Bazargan was an Iranian educator and politician who in 1979 became the first prime minister of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Unable to stem the tide of violent extremism under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, he resigned after only nine months in office. Bazargan, the son of an Azerbaijani

Mehdi Bazargan was an Iranian educator and politician who in 1979 became the first prime minister of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Unable to stem the tide of violent extremism under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, he resigned after only nine months in office. Bazargan, the son of an Azerbaijani

Dobrich, town, northeastern Bulgaria. It lies on the road and railway line between Varna and Constanța, Rom., and is a long-established market town. Under Turkish rule from the 15th century until 1878, the town was called Bazardzhik; after liberation it became Dobrich. While part of Romania from

Yevgeny Bazarov, fictional character, a young physician whose actions and philosophy are the focus of the novel Fathers and Sons (1862) by Ivan Turgenev. Bazarov is rude, sarcastic, and strident in his profession of faith in nothing but science. He calls himself a nihilist and rejects all

Bazaruto Island, island, Mozambique. It is situated in the Mozambique Channel of the Indian Ocean, about 15 miles (24 km) offshore from the town of Inhassoro and 130 miles (209 km) southeast of Beira. The island is 22 miles (35 km) long and 4 miles (7 km) wide. Prior to the civil strife that

Bazaruto Island, island, Mozambique. It is situated in the Mozambique Channel of the Indian Ocean, about 15 miles (24 km) offshore from the town of Inhassoro and 130 miles (209 km) southeast of Beira. The island is 22 miles (35 km) long and 4 miles (7 km) wide. Prior to the civil strife that

lethal injection: …a 7–2 plurality ruling (Baze v. Rees [2008]), the court upheld the constitutionality of the protocol, determining that it did not pose a “substantial” or “objectively intolerable” risk of “serious harm” to prisoners. The court also concluded that a proposed alternative method of execution, consisting solely of a large…

cipher: In 1891 Étienne Bazeries, a French cryptologist, invented a more sophisticated cipher device based on principles formulated by Thomas Jefferson of the United States nearly a century earlier. Bazeries’s so-called cylindrical cryptograph was made up of 20 numbered rotatable disks, each with a different alphabet engraved on…

Western architecture: Russia: …two leading Russian architects were Vasily Ivanovich Bazhenov and Ivan Yegorovich Starov, both of whom studied in Paris under de Wailly in the 1760s, bringing back to Russia the most-advanced Neoclassical ideas. Bazhenov designed the new Arsenal in St. Petersburg (1765) and prepared unexecuted designs for the Kamenni Ostrov Palace…

Frédéric Bazille was a painter who, as a friend, benefactor, and colleague of the Impressionists, played an important role during the movement’s formative years. Bazille was an unenthusiastic medical student before his wealthy parents permitted him to study painting. While a student in Paris, he

Frédéric Bazille was a painter who, as a friend, benefactor, and colleague of the Impressionists, played an important role during the movement’s formative years. Bazille was an unenthusiastic medical student before his wealthy parents permitted him to study painting. While a student in Paris, he

François Truffaut: Early works: …to the attention of critic André Bazin, doyen of the monthly avant-garde film magazine Cahiers du cinéma. After Truffaut enlisted in the military and then was imprisoned for attempting to desert, Bazin helped him secure a discharge and incorporated him into the magazine’s staff. For eight years Truffaut asserted himself…

Henri-Émile Bazin was an engineer and member of the French Corps des Ponts et Chaussées (“Corps of Bridges and Highways”) whose contributions to hydraulics and fluid mechanics included the classic study of water flow in open channels. He worked as an assistant to the noted hydraulic engineer

Hervé Bazin was a French author whose witty and satirical novels often focus on the problems within families and marriages. Hervé was the great-nephew of the Roman Catholic traditionalist novelist René Bazin. After solid academic training, years of family conflict, and financial and professional

René Bazin was a French novelist of provincial life, strongly traditionalist in outlook. His works express in simple but elegant style his love of nature, of simple virtues, and of work, especially on the land. Educated in Paris and Angers, Bazin became a professor of law at the Catholic University

René Bazin was a French novelist of provincial life, strongly traditionalist in outlook. His works express in simple but elegant style his love of nature, of simple virtues, and of work, especially on the land. Educated in Paris and Angers, Bazin became a professor of law at the Catholic University

William Baziotes was an American painter who was one of the leading members of the New York Abstract Expressionist group from the late 1940s, when it became the most influential movement in international art. Baziotes studied with Leon Kroll at the National Academy of Design in New York City

Cicero was one of the most famous spies of World War II, who worked for Nazi Germany in 1943–44 while he was employed as valet to Sir Hughe Montgomery Knatchbull-Hugessen, British ambassador to neutral Turkey from 1939. He photographed secret documents from the embassy safe and turned the films

mirliton: A common mirliton is the kazoo, in which the membrane is set in the wall of a short tube into which the player vocalizes. Tissue paper and a comb constitute a homemade mirliton. Mirlitons are also set in the walls of some flutes (e.g., the Chinese ti) and xylophone resonators…

bazooka, shoulder-type rocket launcher adopted by the U.S. Army in World War II. The weapon consisted of a smooth-bore steel tube, originally about 5 feet (1.5 metres) long, open at both ends and equipped with a hand grip, a shoulder rest, a trigger mechanism, and sights. Officially titled the M9A1

Niger: Military coup and return to civilian rule: Mohamed Bazoum of Issoufou’s PNDS and Mahamane Ousmane received the most votes—about 39 percent and 17 percent, respectively—but as no one received more than 50 percent, they advanced to a runoff, held on February 21, 2021. Bazoum was announced the winner, with more than 55…

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Bazzāz was an Iraqi politician who was prime minister of Iraq from 1965 to 1966. From 1955 to 1956 Bazzāz was dean of the Baghdad Law School. Following the coup that overthrew the Hāshimite monarchy of Fayṣal II in 1958, he became president of the Court of Cassation. In 1960 he

Il Sodoma was an Italian painter whose works reflect the transition from High Renaissance to Mannerist style. Sodoma was the son of a shoemaker. From 1490 to 1497 he was apprenticed to G.M. Spanzotti, a minor Piedmontese artist, but he was afterward much influenced by Leonardo da Vinci and later by

Meïr was a rabbi who was among the greatest of the tannaim, the group of some 225 masters of the Jewish Oral Law that flourished in Palestine for roughly the first 200 years ad. He continued the work of his teacher, Rabbi Akiba, in compiling by subject the Halakhot (laws) that came to be

baʿal shem, in Judaism, title bestowed upon men who reputedly worked wonders and effected cures through secret knowledge of the ineffable names of God. Benjamin ben Zerah (11th century) was one of several Jewish poets to employ the mystical names of God in his works, thereby demonstrating a belief

Baʿal Shem Ṭov was the charismatic founder (c. 1750) of Ḥasidism, a Jewish spiritual movement characterized by mysticism and opposition to secular studies and Jewish rationalism. He aroused controversy by mixing with ordinary people, renouncing mortification of the flesh, and insisting on the

Abraham: The Genesis narrative in the light of recent scholarship of Abraham: …cult of the Canaanite god Baʿal-Berit (Lord of the Covenant). The architecture uncovered on the site by archaeologists would date to the 18th century bce, in which the presence of the patriarchs in Shechem is placed.

Baalat, (from West Semitic baʿalat, “lady”), often used as a synonym for the special goddess of a region; also, the chief deity of Byblos. Very little is known of Baalat, “the Lady [of Byblos],” but, because of the close ties between Byblos and Egypt, she was often represented with a typically

Baalat, (from West Semitic baʿalat, “lady”), often used as a synonym for the special goddess of a region; also, the chief deity of Byblos. Very little is known of Baalat, “the Lady [of Byblos],” but, because of the close ties between Byblos and Egypt, she was often represented with a typically

baʿal shem, in Judaism, title bestowed upon men who reputedly worked wonders and effected cures through secret knowledge of the ineffable names of God. Benjamin ben Zerah (11th century) was one of several Jewish poets to employ the mystical names of God in his works, thereby demonstrating a belief

Baʿath Party, Pan-Arabist political party advocating the formation of a single Arab socialist nation. It has branches in many Middle Eastern countries and was the ruling party in Syria from 1963 and in Iraq from 1968 to 2003. The Baʿath Party was founded in 1943 in Damascus, Syria, by Michel Aflaq

Baalbek, large archaeological complex encompassing the ruins of an ancient Roman town in eastern Lebanon. It is located in the broad Bekaa valley region, at an elevation of roughly 3,700 feet (1,130 meters) about 50 miles (80 km) east-northeast of Beirut. The complex was designated a UNESCO World

Baʿqūbah, city, capital of Diyālā muḥāfaẓah (governorate), east-central Iraq. Located on the Diyālā River and on a road and a rail line between Baghdad and Iran, it is a regional trade centre for agricultural produce and livestock. The name comes from the Aramaic Bāya ʿqūbā, meaning “Jacob’s

Baʿath Party, Pan-Arabist political party advocating the formation of a single Arab socialist nation. It has branches in many Middle Eastern countries and was the ruling party in Syria from 1963 and in Iraq from 1968 to 2003. The Baʿath Party was founded in 1943 in Damascus, Syria, by Michel Aflaq

air gun: …modern air guns are inexpensive BB guns (named for the size of the shot fired). The best of these develop about half the muzzle velocity of light firearms, are accurate enough for marksmanship training at ranges up to 100 feet (30 m), and can kill small game. Darts with tranquilizing…

ARPANET: Roots of a network: …network, and in January 1969 Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN) of Cambridge, Massachusetts, won the $1 million contract.

Kailash Satyarthi: …in 1980 founded the nonprofit Bachpan Bachao Andolan (BBA; “Save the Childhood Movement”). Agnivesh, with whom Satyarthi retained an alternatingly close and antagonistic relationship, founded the more legislatively focused Bandhua Mukti Morcha (BMM; “Bonded Labor Liberation Front”) in 1981.

Better Business Bureau, any of several American and Canadian organizations formed to protect consumers against unfair, misleading, or fraudulent advertising and selling practices. Founded in 1912, the Council of Better Business Bureaus, the umbrella organization for the Better Business Bureau (BBB)

South Africa: Economy of South Africa: …defined and expanded by the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) Act of 2003 (promulgated in 2004), which addressed gender and social inequality as well as racial inequality.

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), publicly financed broadcasting system in Great Britain, operating under royal charter. It held a monopoly on television in Great Britain from its introduction until 1954 and on radio until 1972. Headquarters are in the Greater London borough of Westminster.

Indra Nooyi: Education and early career: …firm Asea Brown Boveri (now ABB).

BBC Proms, large-scale British music festival, sponsored by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). The festival focuses on Western classical tradition and is held over an eight-week period each summer. In 1894 Robert Newman, the manager of London’s newly constructed Queen’s Hall, conceived of

BBC Symphony Orchestra (BBC SO), British symphony orchestra, based in London and founded in 1930 by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). The BBC SO has long been renowned for its championing of 20th-century and contemporary music. Through concerts, recordings, and radio broadcasts, the

BBC Symphony Orchestra (BBC SO), British symphony orchestra, based in London and founded in 1930 by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). The BBC SO has long been renowned for its championing of 20th-century and contemporary music. Through concerts, recordings, and radio broadcasts, the

Prescott S. Bush: Business career, Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., and association with Nazi Germany: BBH’s association with the German industrialist Fritz Thyssen, which continued even after the start of World War II, would taint its reputation. Similarly infamous was the Union Banking Corporation (UBC), a BBH asset managed by Bush that transferred funds, bonds, gold, coal, oil, and steel…

printing: Programmed composition (1950s): In the 1950s the BBR system, named by the initials of three inventors in France, introduced programmed composition. Starting with a perforated tape continuously produced by the operator, a computer takes over the task of determining the length of lines, the places where words are to be divided according…

bulletin-board system (BBS), computerized system used to exchange public messages or files. A BBS was typically reached by using a dial-up modem. Most were dedicated to a special interest, which was often an extremely narrow topic. Any user could “post” messages (so that they appear on the site for

Bob Rafelson: Films of the 1960s and early 1970s: …joined Steve Blauner to form BBS Productions (its name derived from the initials of their first names), which entered into a production agreement with Columbia under which BBS would be given complete creative control of the films it made for the studio provided that the budget of each of those…

BBVA SA, Spanish financial group with its strength lying in the traditional business of retail banking, asset management, insurance, private banking, and wholesale banking. Headquarters are in Madrid. BBVA is the result of the 1999 merger of Banco Bilbao Vizcaya (BBV) and Banco Argentaria. BBV was

baseball: Awards: …have been chosen by the Baseball Writers Association of America (BBWAA). There are also MVP awards for the League Championship Series, the World Series, and the All-Star Game.

Poland: The Second Republic: …Cooperation with the Government (BBWR) became his political instrument, used at first against the opposition rightist National Democrats. In 1930 Piłsudski responded to the challenge of the centre-left opposition (Centrolew) by ordering the arrest and trial of its leaders, including three-time premier Witos. The brutal Brześć affair (named for…

biblical literature: The life of Jesus: …fact that Jesus was a historical person has been stressed, significant, too, is the fact that a full biography of accurate chronology is not possible. The New Testament writers were less concerned with such difficulties than the person who attempts to construct some chronological accounts in retrospect. Both the indifference…

Vancouver: The contemporary city: B.C. Place Stadium (1983) is the city’s main venue for major sporting events and concerts, in addition to being a popular site for consumer shows and special events. Adjacent to the stadium is GM Place (formally General Motors Place; 1995), home to the Vancouver Canucks…

billiards: Governing bodies: …form of snooker, is the Billiard Congress of America, which has been the ruling body since 1948. It maintains the rules of the games and sanctions championship tournaments including the U.S. Open Pocket Billiards Championship, regarded as the world championship.

steel: The base metal: iron: In the body-centred cubic (bcc) arrangement, there is an additional iron atom in the centre of each cube. In the face-centred cubic (fcc) arrangement, there is one additional iron atom at the centre of each of the six faces of the unit cube. It is significant that…

United Arab Emirates: Finance of the United Arab Emirates: …worldwide operations of Abu Dhabi’s Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI), partly owned by the ruling family, were closed down after corrupt practices were uncovered, and the emirate subsequently created the Abu Dhabi Free Zone Authority to develop a new financial center. The emirates’ first official stock exchange, the…

Indian Premier League: The brainchild of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), the Indian Premier League (IPL) is based on a round-robin group and knockout format and has teams in major Indian cities.

Mali: Finance and trade: …share a common bank, the Central Bank of West African States (Banque Centrale des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest), which is headquartered in Dakar, Seneg. The bank issues the currency used by the member countries, the CFA (Communauté Financière Africaine) franc, officially pegged to the euro since 2002. Mali has…

ballistocardiography: …movements are recorded photographically (ballistocardiogram, or BCG) as a series of waves. The BCG is one of the most sensitive measures of the force of the heartbeat, and an abnormality appearing in the BCG of an apparently healthy subject aged 40, or younger, may be suggestive of symptomatic coronary…

BCG vaccine, vaccine against tuberculosis. The BCG vaccine is prepared from a weakened strain of Mycobacterium bovis, a bacteria closely related to M. tuberculosis, which causes the disease. The vaccine was developed over a period of 13 years, from 1908 to 1921, by French bacteriologists Albert

combinatorics: Orthogonal arrays and the packing problem: The BCH codes obtained by Bose and Ray-Chaudhuri and independently by the French mathematician Alexis Hocquenghem in 1959 and 1960 are based on a construction that yields an n × r matrix H with the property P2u in which r ≤ mu, n = 2m −…

cancer: Apoptosis and cancer development: …mutation affects a proto-oncogene called BCL-2, which codes for a protein that blocks cell suicide. When mutated, the BCL-2 gene produces excessive amounts of the BCL-2 protein, which prevents the apoptosis program from being activated. Malignant lymphomas that stem from B lymphocytes exhibit this BCL-2 behavior. The alteration of the…

apoptosis: Regulation of apoptosis: …in mammals known as the BCL-2 protein family. This protein family, which provides the framework for controlling apoptosis, takes its name from a type of cancer called B-cell lymphoma. BCL-2, the first family member, forms the molecular basis for sustaining the lymphoma cancer cells. The BCL-2 family of proteins has…

Black Consciousness Movement (BCM), South African anti-apartheid movement that began in the late 1960s. Originating on university campuses, it espoused Black cultural pride and political solidarity while firmly denouncing white liberal inactivity. Though the movement began to decline after the

Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian language (BCMS), term of convenience used to refer to the forms of speech employed by Serbs, Croats, Montenegrins, and Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims). The term Serbo-Croatian was coined in 1824 by German dictionary maker and folklorist Jacob Grimm (see Brothers

Southern Africa: Lesotho, Botswana, and Swaziland: …1952 Ntsu Mokhehle formed the Basutoland Congress Party (BCP), modeled on the ANC. In 1958 Chief Leabua Jonathan, who was to become Lesotho’s first prime minister, founded the conservative Basutoland National Party (BNP), with the support of the South African government, the powerful Roman Catholic church, and the queen regent.…

imatinib: …of cells that possess the bcr-abl tyrosine kinase. Imatinib works similarly in patients affected by GIST, which arises from the abnormal activity of a tyrosine kinase called c-kit.

human genetic disease: Genetics of cancer: …9, creating the dominant oncogene BCR/abl at the junction point. The specific function of the BCR/abl fusion protein is not entirely clear. Another example is Burkitt lymphoma, in which a rearrangement between chromosomes places the myc gene from chromosome 8 under the influence of regulatory sequences that normally control expression…

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA), U.S. legislation that was the first major amendment of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (FECA) since the extensive 1974 amendments that followed the Watergate scandal. The primary purpose of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) was to

Donald Trump: Health care: …the ACA, initially called the Better Care Reconciliation Act (BCRA). Like the AHCA, the BCRA, in numerous versions under various names, would have decreased the deficit but significantly increased the number of uninsured, and it would have increased insurance premiums in the first year after its passage, according to analyses…

BCS, former arrangement of five American college postseason football games that annually determined the national champion. The games involved were the Rose Bowl, the Orange Bowl, the Sugar Bowl, the Fiesta Bowl, and the BCS National Championship Game. In 2014 the BCS was replaced by the College

BCS theory, in physics, a comprehensive theory developed in 1957 by the American physicists John Bardeen, Leon N. Cooper, and John R. Schrieffer (their surname initials providing the designation BCS) to explain the behaviour of superconducting materials. Superconductors abruptly lose all resistance

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, fungus isolated as the cause of amphibian

Bonner Durchmusterung (BD), star catalog showing the positions and apparent magnitudes of 324,188 northern stars. Compiled at Bonn under the direction of the German astronomer F.W.A. Argelander, it required 25 years’ work and was published in 1859–62. The accompanying charts, published in 1863,

star: White dwarfs: Another well-known white dwarf, designated BD + 16°516, is paired with a much cooler K0 V dwarf in an eclipsing system. The two stars, whose centres are separated by 2,092,000 km (about 1,300,000 miles), revolve around each other with a period of 12.5 hours. The white dwarf produces pronounced excitation…

star: Measuring starlight intensity: …star with the catalog name BD + 4°4048, has an absolute visual magnitude of +19, which is about a million times fainter than the Sun. Many astronomers suspect that large numbers of such faint stars exist, but most of these objects have so far eluded detection.

Rafflesiaceae: The genera Bdallophytum and Cytinus were transferred to the family Cytinaceae (order Malvales), and the genera Apodanthes and Pilostyles were moved to the family Apodanthaceae (order Cucurbitales).

Ebola: Species of ebolaviruses: Reston ebolavirus, and Bundibugyo ebolavirus, named for their outbreak locations—have been described. The viruses are known commonly as Ebola virus (EBOV), Sudan virus (SUDV), Taï Forest virus (TAFV), Reston virus (RESTV), and Bundibugyo virus (BDBV).

body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), preoccupation with one or more perceived or imagined flaws in one’s physical appearance, leading to excessive self-consciousness. In body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), the person’s preoccupation with physical appearance is overwhelming and is centred on a feature that

rotifer: …the swimming rotifers, some (subclass Bdelloidea) loop along the bottom of ponds, alternately attaching the head and tail ends; others remain anchored by means of tubes or cases of jelly attached to the bottom.

North Macedonia: Independence of North Macedonia: …governing coalition with the ethnic-Albanian Democratic Union for Integration (BDI), which took more than 10 percent of the vote and 15 seats. By garnering nearly 33 percent of the vote, the SDSM increased its representation considerably to 42 seats. Two other ethnic-Albanian parties also made their mark: the Democratic Party…

diagnosis: Psychological tests: Assorted References

Vidin, port town, extreme northwestern Bulgaria, on the Danube River. An agricultural and trade centre, Vidin has a fertile hinterland renowned for its wines and is the site of an annual fair. A regular ferry service connects it with Calafat, across the Danube in Romania. Vidin occupies the site of

darts: …25,000 are represented by the British Darts Organisation (BDO; founded 1973). The BDO is the founder member of the World Darts Federation (WDF), which represents more than 500,000 darts players in 50 countries. The major championships are the Winmau World Masters, the WDF World Cup, and the Embassy World Professional…

history of Botswana: Advance to independence: …(BDP; later known as the Botswana Democratic Party)—led by Khama—was founded in 1962.

Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions, (BDS), decentralized Palestinian-led movement of nonviolent resistance to Israel’s treatment of Palestinians. The movement advocates punitive measures against the state of Israel, including boycotts, divestment, and economic sanctions. BDS initiatives demand an end

sadomasochism: …as part of the larger BDSM community, an initialism (thought to have originated on the Internet) that stands for Bondage and Domination, Domination and Submission, and Sadism and Masochism. Some sadomasochists participate in these other forms of sexual expression, while others do not. For many practitioners, BDSM or sadomasochism is…

be, any of the hereditary occupational groups in early Japan (c. 5th–mid-7th century), established to provide specific economic services and a continuous inflow of revenue for the uji, or lineage groups. Each be was thus subsidiary to one of the uji into which all of Japanese society was then

beryllium (Be), chemical element, the lightest member of the alkaline-earth metals of Group 2 (IIa) of the periodic table, used in metallurgy as a hardening agent and in many outer space and nuclear applications. atomic number 4 atomic weight 9.0121831 melting point 1,287 °C (2,349 °F) boiling

Beyoncé: Acting career and soundtracks: …later cowrote and performed “Be Alive” for the film King Richard (2021), and it received an Oscar nomination for best original song.