Anna Sartorius Uhl Ottendorfer was a publisher and philanthropist who helped establish a major German-American newspaper and contributed liberally to German-American institutions. Anna Sartorius received a scanty education. About 1836 she immigrated to the United States and settled in New York

Turkish literature: Modern Turkish literature: Ataol Behramoğlu studied in Ankara and Moscow as well as in England and France. Often seen as the successor to Nâzim Hikmet, he merged political themes and folkloric forms. Among his collections of poetry are Kuşatmada (1978; “During the Siege”) and Türkiye üzgün yurdum, güzel…

Peter Behrens was an architect noted for his influential role in the development of modern architecture in Germany. In addition, he was a pioneer in the field of industrial design. After attending the fine arts school at Hamburg, Behrens went to Munich in 1897 during the time of the renaissance of

Emil von Behring was a German bacteriologist who was one of the founders of immunology. In 1901 he received the first Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work on serum therapy, particularly for its use in the treatment of diphtheria. Behring received his medical degree in 1878 from the

S.N. Behrman was an American short-story writer and playwright best known for popular Broadway plays that commented on contemporary moral issues. Behrman wrote about the wealthy, intellectual sector of society, endowing his characters with eloquence and intelligence. He is distinguished among

S.N. Behrman was an American short-story writer and playwright best known for popular Broadway plays that commented on contemporary moral issues. Behrman wrote about the wealthy, intellectual sector of society, endowing his characters with eloquence and intelligence. He is distinguished among

Behzād was a major Persian painter whose style as a miniaturist and work as a teacher were vital influences on Persian Islāmic painting. Orphaned at an early age, he was raised in the city of Herāt by the painter Mīrak Naqqāsh, who enjoyed the patronage of the Timurid princes who ruled the city.

Bei Dao is a Chinese poet and writer of fiction who was commonly considered the most influential poet in China during the 1980s; he went into exile in 1989. The eruption of the Cultural Revolution in 1966 interrupted Zhao Zhenkai’s formal education. A member of the Red Guards for a short time and

Beijing: Recreation: Bei Hai Park lies to the northwest of the Forbidden City. It covers some 170 acres (70 hectares), half of which is water. The focus is on Bei Hai, the most northerly of the three lakes—called “seas” (hai)—that lie roughly north-south along the western side…

China: The Shiguo (Ten Kingdoms): … (934–965), the Min (909–945), the Bei (Northern) Han (951–979), the Nan Han (917–971), and the Wu-Yue (907–978), the last located in China’s most rapidly advancing area—in and near the lower Yangtze delta.

Bei River, river in central Guangdong province, southeastern China. It is formed by the union of two smaller rivers, the Wu and the Zhen, at Shaoguan, in northern Guangdong. The Bei flows about 220 miles (350 km) south to join the Xi (West) River, west of Guangzhou (Canton). For centuries the Bei

the Andrews Sisters: …of the Yiddish song “Bei mir bist du schon.” The recording was released after Christmas 1937; by New Year’s Eve it had become the most popular song on New York radio stations, and it went on to become the first million-selling record by a female singing group.

Bei River, river in central Guangdong province, southeastern China. It is formed by the union of two smaller rivers, the Wu and the Zhen, at Shaoguan, in northern Guangdong. The Bei flows about 220 miles (350 km) south to join the Xi (West) River, west of Guangzhou (Canton). For centuries the Bei

Song dynasty: The last of the Northern Song emperors was himself perhaps the most noteworthy artist and art collector in the country. His capital at Kaifeng was a city of beauty, abounding in palaces, temples, and tall pagodas when, in 1126, the Juchen burned it. The architecture of the Song era…

Wei dynasty, (386–534/535 ce), the longest-lived and most powerful of the northern Chinese dynasties that existed before the reunification of China under the Sui and Tang dynasties. The Wei dynasty was founded by Tabgatch (Tuoba) tribesmen who, like many of the nomads inhabiting the frontiers of

China: The Shiliuguo (Sixteen Kingdoms) in the north (303–439): The Bei (Northern) Zhou (557–581), strategically based in the rich basin of the Wei River, reunified the north (577). Four years later Yang Jian (better known by his posthumous name, Wendi), a general of Chinese and foreign descent (but claiming to be a pure-blooded Chinese), usurped…

Peking University, university in Beijing, one of the oldest and most important institutions of higher learning in China. Its total enrollment is about 35,000. The school originated as the Capital College, which was founded in 1898 by the Guangxu emperor as part of his short-lived program to

Al-Bayḍāʾ, town, south-central Yemen. It is situated on a high plateau and, until the unification of the two Yemen states in 1990, was part of North Yemen (Sanaa), though it lay near the disputed frontier with South Yemen (Aden). The town, formerly known as Bayḥān Umm Rusās, was the historic

Bei Dao is a Chinese poet and writer of fiction who was commonly considered the most influential poet in China during the 1980s; he went into exile in 1989. The eruption of the Cultural Revolution in 1966 interrupted Zhao Zhenkai’s formal education. A member of the Red Guards for a short time and

Bix Beiderbecke was an American jazz cornetist who was an outstanding improviser and composer of the 1920s and whose style is characterized by lyricism and purity of tone. He was the first major white jazz soloist. As a boy Beiderbecke was expelled from Lake Forest Academy in suburban Chicago. In

Bix Beiderbecke was an American jazz cornetist who was an outstanding improviser and composer of the 1920s and whose style is characterized by lyricism and purity of tone. He was the first major white jazz soloist. As a boy Beiderbecke was expelled from Lake Forest Academy in suburban Chicago. In

textile: Multiple plain weave: German 18th-century Beiderwand is an example of antique double-woven cloth consisting of two layers of tabby weave joined only along the edges of the pattern. A dark-coloured pattern in one layer is set against the light-coloured ground of the other layer; the pattern is seen in negative…

Al-Bayḍāʾ, town, south-central Yemen. It is situated on a high plateau and, until the unification of the two Yemen states in 1990, was part of North Yemen (Sanaa), though it lay near the disputed frontier with South Yemen (Aden). The town, formerly known as Bayḥān Umm Rusās, was the historic

GPS: …GPS service known as the BeiDou Navigation System. In 2007 China began launching a series of 14 second-generation satellites, known as BeiDou-2, or Compass, to provide services in China. A third-generation constellation of 30 satellites, BeiDou-3, was completed in 2020 and provides global service.

beignet, French-style fried square doughnut. Introduced in Louisiana by the French Acadians in the 18th century, this light pastry is a delicacy in New Orleans. The beignet was named the official state doughnut of Louisiana in 1986. Beignets are commonly served hot with powdered sugar for breakfast

Beihai, city and port, southern Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi, China. For a time the city was in Guangdong province, but in 1965 it became part of Guangxi. It is located on the western shore of a small peninsula on the eastern side of Qinzhou Bay on the Gulf of Tonkin, immediately south of

Al-Bayḍāʾ: …the historic capital of the sultanate of Bayḥān (Beihan), which ruled over a wide area from the lifetime of Muḥammad (7th century ad) to the 16th century. In modern times, before delimitation of the frontier between North Yemen and South Yemen, the town and environs were considered to be part…

Martinus W. Beijerinck Dutch microbiologist and botanist who founded the discipline of virology with his discovery of viruses. Beijerinck was the first to recognize that viruses are reproducing entities that are different from other organisms. He also discovered new types of bacteria from soil and

Martinus W. Beijerinck Dutch microbiologist and botanist who founded the discipline of virology with his discovery of viruses. Beijerinck was the first to recognize that viruses are reproducing entities that are different from other organisms. He also discovered new types of bacteria from soil and

Beijing, city, province-level shi (municipality), and capital of the People’s Republic of China. Few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural centre of an area as immense as China. The city has been an integral part of China’s history over the past

Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, athletic festival held in Beijing that took place August 8–24, 2008. The Beijing Games were the 26th occurrence of the modern Olympic Games. Some 200 Olympic committees sent almost 11,000 athletes to compete in 28 sports. The Games were auspiciously scheduled to begin at

The Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games were an international athletic competition held in Beijing, China, that took place February 4–20, 2022. It was the 24th edition of the Winter Olympic Games. Beijing became the first city to host both the Summer Olympics and the Winter Olympics, having

The Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games were an international athletic competition held in Beijing, China, that took place February 4–20, 2022. It was the 24th edition of the Winter Olympic Games. Beijing became the first city to host both the Summer Olympics and the Winter Olympics, having

China: Aviation: …and is now known as Capital International Airport. Major airport construction projects since 1990 include new facilities at Macau (1995), Hong Kong (1998), Shanghai (2000), and Guangzhou (2004). Daxing International Airport, located south of Beijing’s city center, opened in 2019 and was intended to share traffic with Capital International, which…

Opium Wars: The second Opium War: …month the Chinese signed the Beijing Convention, in which they agreed to observe the treaties of Tianjin and also ceded to the British the southern portion of the Kowloon Peninsula adjacent to Hong Kong.

Beijing: Transportation: A new international airport, Daxing, opened south of the city centre in 2019.

Peking University, university in Beijing, one of the oldest and most important institutions of higher learning in China. Its total enrollment is about 35,000. The school originated as the Capital College, which was founded in 1898 by the Guangxu emperor as part of his short-lived program to

Beijing: Municipal services: The headquarters of the Beijing General Post Office is located on the east side of Tiananmen Square. It provides more comprehensive services than do post offices in Western cities, handling mail, telegrams, long-distance telephone calls, and the distribution of newspapers and magazines. There are more than 350 branch offices…

Beijing: Museums and libraries: …holds the collections of the National Library of China, is located in the southern Haidian district, just west of the zoo. The library inherited books and archives from the renowned Imperial Wenyuange library collection of the Qing dynasty that has existed for more than 500 years and that, in turn,…

Chinese performing arts: The 20th and 21st centuries: …important plays, including Beijingren (1940; Beijing Man); heavily influenced by Eugene O’Neill and Henrik Ibsen, he portrayed dissolute members of the old gentry class and new rising entrepreneur class.

Beijing: Government: The Beijing Municipal People’s Congress follows the guidance of the local CCP in issuing administrative orders, collecting taxes, determining the budget, and implementing economic plans. Under the direction of the local CCP, a standing committee of the Municipal People’s Congress recommends policy decisions and oversees the…

Beijing National Stadium, stadium in Beijing that was designed by architecture firm Herzog & de Meuron and architect Li Xinggang of China Architectural Design and Research Group. The artist and activist Ai Weiwei served as artistic adviser to the project. Completed in 2008, the stadium was the main

jingxi, popular Chinese theatrical form that developed in the mid-19th century. It incorporated elements of huidiao from Anhui, dandiao from Hubei, and kunqu, the traditional opera that had predominated since the 16th century. Sung in Mandarin, the dialect of Beijing and of the traditional elite,

education: Communism and the intellectuals: A movement called “Beijing (Peking) Spring” was launched in November 1978. Huge wall posters condemning the communist regime appeared on Beijing’s so-called Democracy Wall. The movement’s leaders expanded the modernization program by adding a fifth modernization, which clearly emphasized democracy, freedom, and human rights. The “Beijing Spring” movement…

Peking University, university in Beijing, one of the oldest and most important institutions of higher learning in China. Its total enrollment is about 35,000. The school originated as the Capital College, which was founded in 1898 by the Guangxu emperor as part of his short-lived program to

Beijing Zoo, zoological garden on the western outskirts of Beijing, founded in 1906 by the empress dowager Cixi. The zoo is financed with government funds and is noted for its collection of rare Asian species. The Beijing Zoo served chiefly as an experimental farm from 1911 to 1949, when the

China: The anti-foreign movement and the second Opium War (Arrow War): …his mediatory effort, the Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing, which confirmed the Treaty of Aigun and ceded to Russia the territory between the Ussuri and the sea.

Chinese performing arts: The 20th and 21st centuries: …important plays, including Beijingren (1940; Beijing Man); heavily influenced by Eugene O’Neill and Henrik Ibsen, he portrayed dissolute members of the old gentry class and new rising entrepreneur class.

Jonestown: Another man, Charles Beikman, pleaded guilty to the attempted murder of a young girl and served a five-year prison term in Guyana.

Beilan v. Board of Public Education, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on June 30, 1958, ruled (5–4) that a teacher’s dismissal for incompetence as a result of a failure to respond to a superintendent’s questions concerning his fitness as an educator—the inquiry regarded his loyalty and

glassware: England: …glass by members of the Beilby family of Newcastle upon Tyne during the 1760s and 1770s. Their rendering in usually blue-toned white enamel of ruins, trophies of arms, and rural pastimes, often framed in scrollwork of the utmost delicacy, is one of the best things in English Rococo glass. Gilding…

Sir George Thomas Beilby was a British industrial chemist who developed the process of manufacturing potassium cyanide by passing ammonia over a heated mixture of charcoal and potassium carbonate. This process helped meet the increased demand for cyanide for use in extracting gold from low-grade

blood libel: …times was the case of Mendel Beilis, a Jewish factory manager in Kiev (now in Ukraine), who was accused of ritual murder by the tsarist government in 1911. Imprisoned for more than two years, he was eventually acquitted by an all-Christian jury. In the 1930s the blood libel became part…

Laurales: Distribution and abundance: …has about 100 species; and Beilschmiedia contains about 250 species throughout many tropical regions as well as Australia and New Zealand. Persea and Cryptocarya are found in many tropical regions, and Cinnamomum is widely distributed in all the major tropical and subtropical regions. The roughly 100 species of the largely…

Friedrich Konrad Beilstein was a chemist who compiled the Handbuch der organischen Chemie, 2 vol. (1880–83; “Handbook of Organic Chemistry”), an indispensable tool for the organic chemist. In 1866 Beilstein was appointed professor of chemistry at the Imperial Technological Institute, St.

Zhejiang: Transportation: …of the new seaport of Beilun, east of Ningbo, in the 1980s increased the importance of the province’s coastal shipping, and by the early 21st century Beilun had become one of the largest seaports in China in terms of freight-handling capacities.

Günter Grass: Nobel Prize and a controversial memoir: …Beim Häuten der Zwiebel (2006; Peeling the Onion), caused widespread controversy, with some arguing that it undercut his moral authority. He had previously claimed that he had been drafted into an air defense unit in 1944.

Three Weeks, (“Between the Straits”), in Judaism, a period of mourning running from the 17th day of Tammuz, the fourth month of the Jewish religious year, to the 9th day of Av (Tisha be-Av), the fifth month (variously, about June to August). The observance commemorates the days between the first

Aristotle: Being: For Aristotle, “being” is whatever is anything whatever. Whenever Aristotle explains the meaning of being, he does so by explaining the sense of the Greek verb to be. Being contains whatever items can be the subjects of true propositions containing the word is, whether…

Canadian literature: Poetry and poetics: …and to the Arctic (Being Alive, 1978) and to the Soviet Union (Piling Blood, 1984; The Collected Poems of Al Purdy, 1986). The landscape of southwestern Saskatchewan figures centrally in the poetry of Lorna Crozier (Angels of Flesh, Angels of Silence, 1988; What the Living Won’t Let Go, 1999).…

Gabriel Marcel: Basic philosophical orientation: Marcel observed (in Being and Having) that “Cartesianism implies a severance…between intellect and life; its result is a depreciation of the one, and an exaltation of the other, both arbitrary.” Descartes is famous for having purposefully doubted all of his ideas and for splitting the interior self off…

Jean-Paul Sartre: Early life and writings: …L’Être et le néant (1943; Being and Nothingness) that Sartre revealed himself as a philosopher of remarkable originality and depth. Sartre places human consciousness, or no-thingness (néant), in opposition to being, or thingness (être). Consciousness is not-matter and by the same token escapes all determinism. The message, with all the…

Étienne Gilson: …of Philosophical Experience (1937) and Being and Some Philosophers (1949), perhaps the best examples of his use of the history of philosophy as though it were a laboratory for investigating ideas; and Reason and Revelation in the Middle Ages (1938).

Being and Time, work by the German existentialist philosopher Martin Heidegger, first published in German (as Sein und Zeit) in 1927, that permanently altered the course of philosophy in continental Europe. Widely regarded as Heidegger’s masterpiece, Being and Time generated a level of excitement

Rob Reiner: Later films: The partially autobiographical Being Charlie (2015), cowritten by Reiner’s son Nick, probes the painful relationship between a young man struggling with substance abuse and his politician father. The film, which featured Elwes as the father, was commended for its honest portrayal of addiction. Reiner later turned to political…

Robert De Niro: Comedies and later work: …estranged son in the drama Being Flynn and played another paternal role in David O. Russell’s seriocomic Silver Linings Playbook. The latter film earned him his first Oscar nomination in more than two decades. In The Family (2013) De Niro starred as a mobster turned informant whose family moves to…

the Beatles: Reinventing rock music: Yesterday and Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band: …the carnivalesque soundscape of “Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!” (1967), which featured stream-of-consciousness lyrics by Lennon and a typically imaginative arrangement (by George Martin) built around randomly spliced-together snippets of recorded steam organs—a tour de force of technological legerdemain quite typical of the band’s studio work in…

Kay Boyle: Boyle and Robert McAlmon coauthored Being Geniuses Together, 1920–1930 (1968, reissued 1997), a book McAlmon began in 1934 that was revised after his death by Boyle, who wrote alternate chapters and added an afterword. The book provides a detailed, firsthand portrait of the expatriate writers in Paris during the 1920s.…

Robert McAlmon: …Not Alone Lost (1937), and Being Geniuses Together: An Autobiography (1938), a Paris memoir to which his friend Kay Boyle added further chapters in a 1968 edition; it is considered one of McAlmon’s greatest contributions to literature. McAlmon and the Lost Generation: A Self-Portrait (1962) is a collection of his…

Judith Heumann: Later career and legacy: …2020 she authored her memoir, Being Heumann: An Unrepentant Memoir of a Disability Rights Activist, with Kristen Joiner. In response to comments that she had changed the world, she wrote in the memoir, “I simply refused to accept what I was told about who I could be. And I was…

Cameron Diaz: Stardom: The Mask and There’s Something About Mary: …different role in Spike Jonze’s Being John Malkovich. In the innovative comedy she portrayed Lotte Schwartz, a frumpy pet shop employee who enters the mind of actor John Malkovich. That year she also appeared in the Oliver Stone film Any Given Sunday, playing Christina Pagniacci, the ruthless owner of the…

Annette Bening: Career: …title character in the melodrama Being Julia (2004), about an aging actress. She was nominated for an Emmy Award for her portrayal of the real-life convicted murderer Jean Harris in the TV movie Mrs. Harris (2005). After appearing in Running with Scissors (2006), The Women (2008), and Mother and Child…

Mary Tyler Moore: Being Mary Tyler Moore, a documentary about her life and career, was released in 2023.

Javier Bardem: …Frank Herbert’s sci-fi novel, and Being the Ricardos, Aaron Sorkin’s biopic about a turbulent week in the life of Lucille Ball and her husband, Desi Arnaz, both of whom starred in the TV comedy series I Love Lucy. For his performance in the latter film, Bardem received his fourth Oscar…

Jerzy Kosinski: …the National Book Award, and Being There (1971; film 1979), a satiric fable about Chance, a simple-minded gardener whose innocence, shallow platitudes, and total dependence on television for his vision of the world are interpreted as evidence of profound genius by socialites, business leaders, and politicians. Kosinski had less success…

Wilco: …approach on the 1996 album Being There. Adding keyboards and noisy textural elements to its roots rock foundation, the quintet morphed into one of the decade’s most adventurous bands, a reputation cemented by boisterous live shows. In 1998 Tweedy and Wilco collaborated with British singer-songwriter Billy Bragg on the Mermaid…

Hal Ashby: The 1970s: …did nearly as well with Being There (1979), a sometimes brilliant adaptation by Jerzy Kosinski of his novel, with an inspired performance by Peter Sellers as the idiot gardener who becomes a savant to all who behold him.

Great Chain of Being, conception of the nature of the universe that had a pervasive influence on Western thought, particularly through the ancient Greek Neoplatonists and derivative philosophies during the European Renaissance and the 17th and early 18th centuries. The term denotes three general

Great Chain of Being, conception of the nature of the universe that had a pervasive influence on Western thought, particularly through the ancient Greek Neoplatonists and derivative philosophies during the European Renaissance and the 17th and early 18th centuries. The term denotes three general

Christianity: The belief in the oneness of the Father and the Son: …the impersonal concept of “the Ground of Being,” or “Being Itself,” pointed toward an understanding of the pre-personal depths of the transcendence of Godhood.

Benbecula, island of the Outer Hebrides, Western Isles council area, historic county of Inverness-shire, Scotland. Benbecula, whose name means “Mountain of the Fords” in Scots Gaelic, lies between the islands of North Uist and South Uist and is connected over the fords by a causeway (1960) to the

Eduard van Beinum was a Dutch conductor, pianist, and violist who led orchestras in Europe and the United States. At 17 van Beinum entered the Amsterdam Conservatory after a year of playing in the string section of the Arnhem Philharmonic Orchestra. A series of minor appointments led to

Eduard van Beinum was a Dutch conductor, pianist, and violist who led orchestras in Europe and the United States. At 17 van Beinum entered the Amsterdam Conservatory after a year of playing in the string section of the Arnhem Philharmonic Orchestra. A series of minor appointments led to

Beipiao, mining town, western Liaoning sheng (province), northeastern China. It is located northwest of Daling Stream and east of the Nuluerhu Mountains and is the site of a coal combine. The vertical shafts, which extend nearly 3,280 feet (1,000 metres) into the ground, are among the deepest mines

Beijing, city, province-level shi (municipality), and capital of the People’s Republic of China. Few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural centre of an area as immense as China. The city has been an integral part of China’s history over the past

Hou Hsiao-hsien: …Wind) and Beiqing chengshi (1989; A City of Sadness). The latter film detailed the February 28, 1947, massacre by mainland Chinese of local Taiwanese demonstrating in the city of Taipei. The subject remained taboo in China for decades after the massacre, and A City of Sadness was the first film…

zaju, one of the major forms of Chinese drama. The style originated as a short variety play in North China during the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127), and during the Yuan dynasty (1206–1368) it developed into a mature four-act dramatic form, in which songs alternate with dialogue. The zaju, or

Beira, port city, central Mozambique. Beira is situated on the Mozambique Channel (Indian Ocean) at the mouths of the Púngoè and Búzi rivers. Beira was founded in 1891 as the headquarters of the Companhia de Moçambique (“Mozambique Company”) on the site of an old Muslim settlement. The city’s

Portuguese language: …mutually intelligible: (1) Central, or Beira, (2) Southern (Estremenho), including Lisbon, Alentejo, and Algarve, (3) Insular, including the dialects of Madeira and the Azores, and (4) Brazilian. Standard Portuguese was developed in the 16th century, basically from the dialects

Beira, former principality and historical province, north-central Portugal, extending from the banks of the Douro River in the north to the upper course of the Tagus in the southeast and from the Spanish frontier in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west. The region was reconquered from the

Portugal: Northern interior: …of the Spanish Meseta, are Beira Alta and Beira Baixa.

Portugal: Northern interior: …Meseta, are Beira Alta and Beira Baixa.

Portugal: Land of Portugal: The old coastal provinces of Beira Litoral and Estremadura are transitional in cultural landscape, vegetation, and climate but southern in relief and geology.

skate: In contrast, both the big skate (Beiringraja binoculata) of the eastern North Pacific Ocean and the common skate (Dipturus batis) of the western North Atlantic Ocean may reach 2.5 metres (8.2 feet) long as adults. The skate’s tail lacks the stinging spines found in electric rays. They are innocuous…

Beirut, capital, chief port, and largest city of Lebanon. It is located on the Mediterranean coast at the foot of the Lebanon Mountains. Beirut is a city of baffling contradictions whose character blends the sophisticated and cosmopolitan with the provincial and parochial. Before 1975 Beirut was

Jon Hamm: The Town and Million Dollar Arm: …next year Hamm starred in Beirut, portraying Mason Skiles, a former U.S. diplomat mediating a hostage situation in the midst of the Lebanese civil war, and the ensemble comedy Tag, playing a member of a group of friends involved in an epic match of the children’s game. Hamm assumed the…

Lebanon: Education: … (Université Libanaise; 1951), and the Beirut Arab University (1960; an affiliate of the University of Alexandria).

Lebanon: Transportation: Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport (until 2005 known as Beirut International Airport) was one of the busiest airports in the Middle East before the civil war. Its runways were built to handle the largest jet airplanes in service, and a number of international airlines used Beirut…

American University of Beirut (AUB), private, nondenominational, coeducational international and intercultural university in Beirut, Lebanon, chartered in 1863 by the state of New York, U.S., as the Syrian Protestant College. Classes started in 1866. Although founded by the American Protestant

Lebanon: Transportation: Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport (until 2005 known as Beirut International Airport) was one of the busiest airports in the Middle East before the civil war. Its runways were built to handle the largest jet airplanes in service, and a number of international airlines used Beirut…