Cincinnati Bengals: …performance by rookie wide receiver Ja’Marr Chase (Burrow’s former college teammate at Louisiana State University), the Bengals won 10 games and a division title in 2021. In the postseason Cincinnati won three close contests (the team’s first playoff wins in more than 30 years) to advance to the third Super…

Kate Chase Sprague was the daughter of Abraham Lincoln’s secretary of the treasury, Salmon Chase. While continually attempting to advance her father’s political fortunes, she became a national fashion and social celebrity. Educated by her father and in private schools, Kate Chase became the

American Ballet Theatre: …was founded in 1939 by Lucia Chase and Richard Pleasant and presented its first performance on January 11, 1940. Chase was director, with Oliver Smith, from 1945 to 1980. The dancer Mikhail Baryshnikov was artistic director from 1980 to 1989. Smith and Jane Hermann held the post from 1990 to…

Margaret Chase Smith was an American popular and influential public official who became the first woman to serve in both U.S. houses of Congress. Margaret Chase attended high school in her native Skowhegan, Maine, graduating in 1916. She then taught school briefly, held a series of other jobs, and

A.D. Hershey: …experiment that he performed with Martha Chase in 1952. By showing that phage DNA is the principal component entering the host cell during infection, Hershey proved that DNA, rather than protein, is the genetic material of the phage.

Harvey: …1950, that is based on Mary Chase’s Pulitzer Prize-winning play of the same name about a man’s unusual friendship.

Mary Ellen Chase was an American scholar, teacher, and writer whose novels are largely concerned with the Maine seacoast and its inhabitants. Chase grew up in Maine, graduating from the University of Maine in 1909. Three autobiographical works describe her background and early experiences: A Goodly

Philander Chase was a U.S. clergyman and bishop in the Protestant Episcopal Church, educator, and founder of Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio. Ordained a priest in 1799, Chase served several parishes in New York State, New Orleans, and Hartford, Conn., prior to his consecration as bishop for the new

Salmon P. Chase was a lawyer and politician, antislavery leader before the U.S. Civil War, secretary of the Treasury (1861–64) in Pres. Abraham Lincoln’s wartime Cabinet, the sixth chief justice of the United States (1864–73), and repeatedly a seeker of the presidency. Chase received part of his

Salmon P. Chase was a lawyer and politician, antislavery leader before the U.S. Civil War, secretary of the Treasury (1861–64) in Pres. Abraham Lincoln’s wartime Cabinet, the sixth chief justice of the United States (1864–73), and repeatedly a seeker of the presidency. Chase received part of his

Samuel Chase was an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, whose acquittal in an impeachment trial (1805) inspired by Pres. Thomas Jefferson for political reasons strengthened the independence of the judiciary. Chase served as a member of the Maryland assembly (1764–84) and in the Continental

Arthur Penn: Early films: Far more commercial was The Chase (1966), based on a novel by Horton Foote (adapted by Lillian Hellman). It starred Marlon Brando as the sheriff of a Texas town overrun with nymphomaniacs, drunks, and assorted bullies, most of whom are waiting for the return of an escaped convict (Robert…

Garth Brooks: …Season (1992) and the introspective The Chase (1992). Although both releases posted sales figures in the millions, The Chase was regarded as somewhat of a disappointment, and Brooks returned to playful rock-influenced tunes on In Pieces (1993). Later releases included Fresh Horses (1995) and Sevens (1997), as well as the…

List of Famous Game Shows: The Chase: An award-winning British game show, The Chase is quiz-based and pits a team of four players against a “chaser” for a chance to split the winning money. Each show features one of several quizzing experts as the chaser. (In the American version of the show, former Jeopardy! champion Ken Jennings…

William Merritt Chase was a painter and teacher, who helped establish the fresh color and bravura technique of much early 20th-century American painting. Chase studied at the National Academy of Design in New York City and under Karl von Piloty for six years in Munich. He worked for a time in the

Faith Ringgold: …works by Betye Saar and Barbara Chase-Riboud in the 1972 sculpture biennial, and she helped win admission for Black artists to the exhibit schedule at the Museum of Modern Art. In 1970 Ringgold and one of her daughters founded the advocacy group Women Students and Artists for Black Art Liberation.…

chaser, a literary work or portion of a literary work that is of a light or mollifying nature in comparison with that which precedes or accompanies it. The metaphor may stem from the practice of following the consumption of strong alcoholic drink with consumption of a less-potent beverage or,

Indus River: Irrigation of the Indus River: …of those canals is the Chashma-Jhelum link joining the Indus River with the Jhelum River, with a discharge capacity of some 21,700 cubic feet (615 cubic meters) per second. Water from that canal feeds the Haveli Canal and Trimmu-Sidhnai-Mailsi-Bahawal link canal systems, which provide irrigation to areas in southern Punjab…

Bozorg Alavi: …for his novel Chashmhāyash (1952; Her Eyes), an extremely controversial work about an underground revolutionary leader and the upper-class woman who loves him. Alavi also wrote a number of works in German, among them, Kämpfendes Iran (1955; “The Struggle of Iran”) and Geschichte und Entwicklung der modernen Persischen Literatur (1964;…

Hasidean, member of a pre-Christian Jewish sect of uncertain origin, noted for uncompromising observance of Judaic Law. The Hasideans joined the Maccabean revolt against the Hellenistic Seleucids (2nd century bc) to fight for religious freedom and stem the tide of paganism. They had no interest in

Hasidean, member of a pre-Christian Jewish sect of uncertain origin, noted for uncompromising observance of Judaic Law. The Hasideans joined the Maccabean revolt against the Hellenistic Seleucids (2nd century bc) to fight for religious freedom and stem the tide of paganism. They had no interest in

Ḥasidism, (from Hebrew ḥasid, “pious one”), a 12th- and 13th-century Jewish religious movement in Germany that combined austerity with overtones of mysticism. It sought favour with the common people, who had grown dissatisfied with formalistic ritualism and had turned their attention to developing

Baʿal Shem Ṭov: 1750) of Ḥasidism, a Jewish spiritual movement characterized by mysticism and opposition to secular studies and Jewish rationalism. He aroused controversy by mixing with ordinary people, renouncing mortification of the flesh, and insisting on the holiness of ordinary bodily existence. He was also responsible for divesting Kabbala…

chasing, metalwork technique used to define or refine the forms of a surface design and to bring them to the height of relief required. The metal is worked from the front by hammering with various tools that raise, depress, or push aside the metal without removing any from the surface (except when

Ben Affleck: Early life and career: …lead in his next film, Chasing Amy (1997).

Tim Flannery: His Chasing Kangaroos (2004) was an engaging collection of stories chronicling the history of the kangaroo and related species.

Adele: …the lush bluesy song “Chasing Pavements”).

Samantha Power: In 2008 she published Chasing the Flame: Sergio Vieira de Mello and the Fight to Save the World, a biography of the Brazilian diplomat who, like her, sought to enlist governmental power in advancing human rights.

Nikki Giovanni: Chasing Utopia (2013) and Make Me Rain (2020) feature poetry and prose. In Gemini: An Extended Autobiographical Statement on My First Twenty-Five Years of Being a Black Poet (1971) she presents autobiographical reminiscences, and in Sacred Cows…and Other Edibles (1988) she proffers a collection of…

Michel Chasles was a French mathematician who, independently of the Swiss German mathematician Jakob Steiner, elaborated on the theory of modern projective geometry, the study of the properties of a geometric line or other plane figure that remain unchanged when the figure is projected onto a plane

George Cram Cook: Cook’s novel The Chasm (1911) explores the conflict experienced by an American girl in Russia and the United States between Nietzschean aristocratic individualism and Socialist ideas, with the latter winning.

Dorothea Tanning: Later art and writing: She also wrote a novel, Chasm: A Weekend (2004), and produced two collections of her poetry, A Table of Content: Poems (2004) and Coming to That (2011). Her writing appeared in such publications as The Paris Review, The New Yorker, and The Yale Review. In 1994 Tanning bestowed the Academy…

Fabales: Characteristic morphological features: …of propagation) is possible (chasmogamous); in others all parts are reduced and the petals do not open, thus enforcing self-pollination (cleistogamous). In the chasmogamous flowers, the sepals are most commonly partly fused, and the five petals alternate in position with the sepals. There are commonly 10 stamens, but there…

ceratopsian: …up of two lineages: the Chasmosaurinae had large eye horns and small nose horns, and the Centrosaurinae had small eye horns and large nose horns. Chasmosaurinae includes Triceratops and Torosaurus. Triceratops was unusual among ceratopsians in that its bony head frill was short and of solid bone; in other forms…

Arcade Fire: April 14, 1980) met multi-instrumentalist Régine Chassagne (b. August 18, 1977) at an art opening. The two formed a songwriting partnership and eventually married. The group’s original lineup was completed with Win’s brother, William Butler (b. October 6, 1982), playing synthesizer and percussion, along with keyboardist Richard Reed Parry (b.…

Arthur Rimbaud: Major works of Arthur Rimbaud: …Verlaine called his masterpiece, “La Chasse spirituelle” (“The Spiritual Hunt”), the manuscript of which disappeared when the two poets went to England. Rimbaud now virtually abandoned verse composition; henceforth most of his literary production would consist of prose poems.

boat: Northern Europe and Britain: The three-masted lugger or chasse-marée of France and a similar type built in England were fast enough to become the traditional craft of Channel smugglers.

Constantin-François de Chasseboeuf, count de Volney was a historian and philosopher, whose work Les Ruines . . . epitomized the rationalist historical and political thought of the 18th century. As a student in Paris, Volney frequented the salon of Madame Helvétius, widow of the philosopher Claude

small arm: The bolt action: …French employed Antoine-Alphonse Chassepot’s 11-mm Fusil d’Infanterie Modèle 1866 to devastating effect in such battles of the Franco-German War (1870–71) as Mars-la-Tour and Gravelotte. Close-order troop formations disappeared from the European scene as a result of these fights, and the cavalry charge was relegated to the past. The Chassepot rifle…

small arm: The bolt action: The French employed Antoine-Alphonse Chassepot’s 11-mm Fusil d’Infanterie Modèle 1866 to devastating effect in such battles of the Franco-German War (1870–71) as Mars-la-Tour and Gravelotte. Close-order troop formations disappeared from the European scene as a result of these fights, and the cavalry charge was relegated to the past.…

Théodore Chassériau was a French painter who attained some measure of success in his attempt to fuse the Neoclassicism of Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres and the Romanticism of Eugène Delacroix. As a boy, Chassériau entered the studio of Ingres, following his master to Rome in 1834. Chassériau’s

chasseur, (French: “hunter”), member of various branches of the French army. Originally (1743) chasseurs, or chasseurs à pied (“on foot”), were light-infantry regiments. By the outbreak of World War I there were 31 battalions of chasseurs of which 12 were known as chasseurs alpins—units specially

Martin Buber: From Vienna to Jerusalem: His Chassidischen Bücher (1927) made the legacy of this popular 18th-century eastern European Jewish pietistic movement a part of Western literature. In Ḥasidism Buber saw a healing power for the malaise of Judaism and mankind in an age of alienation that had shaken three vital human…

achondrite: …following groups: acapulcoites, angrites, aubrites, chassignites, diogenites, eucrites, howardites, lodranites, nakhlites, shergottites, and ureilites. The howardites, eucrites, and diogenites (HEDs) are from the large asteroid Vesta. The shergottites, nakhlites, and chassignites almost certainly came from

automotive industry: Manufacturing processes: …main assembly lines, body and chassis. On the first the body panels are welded together, the doors and windows are installed, and the body is painted and trimmed (with upholstery, interior hardware, and wiring). On the second line the frame has the springs, wheels, steering gear, and power train (engine,…

Isamu Noguchi: …New York City and designed Chassis Fountain for the Ford Pavilion at the New York World’s Fair of 1939. He also made many important contributions toward the aesthetic reshaping of physical environment. His garden for the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in Paris (completed 1958), his playground…

Roz Chast is an American cartoonist known for her humorous yet honest depictions of everyday life that explore themes of family, anxiety, loneliness, and the absurdity of modern living. Chast has published her work in books and magazines, most notably in The New Yorker magazine, where her cartoons

Roz Chast is an American cartoonist known for her humorous yet honest depictions of everyday life that explore themes of family, anxiety, loneliness, and the absurdity of modern living. Chast has published her work in books and magazines, most notably in The New Yorker magazine, where her cartoons

Jessica Chastain is an American actress who is known for the luminous authenticity of her performances in a variety of roles. She specializes in playing flawed but strong women. Chastain was born to teen parents and raised by her mother, a vegan chef, and, later, her stepfather, a firefighter. She

Jessica Chastain is an American actress who is known for the luminous authenticity of her performances in a variety of roles. She specializes in playing flawed but strong women. Chastain was born to teen parents and raised by her mother, a vegan chef, and, later, her stepfather, a firefighter. She

India: Central Asian rulers: …during the reigns of Nahapana, Cashtana, and Rudradaman—in the first two centuries ce. Rudradaman’s fame is recorded in a lengthy Sanskrit inscription at Junagadh, dating to 150 ce.

Saint Lucia: Independence of Saint Lucia: …of Assembly, and its leader, Allen Chastanet, became prime minister. The next month, however, he came under fire when charges of misfeasance and breach of trust, dating from his time as a government minister, resurfaced.

English literature: Other Jacobean dramatists: 1608) and A Chaste Maid in Cheapside (1613) are the only Jacobean comedies to rival the comprehensiveness of Bartholomew Fair, but their social attitudes are opposed to Jonson’s; the misbehavior that Jonson condemned morally as “humours” or affectation Middleton understands as the product of circumstance.

chaste tree, (Vitex agnus-castus), aromatic shrub of the mint family (Lamiaceae; formerly placed in Verbenaceae), native to Eurasia. Its pliable twigs are used in basketry. Its fruits are used for flavouring and in herbal medicine to treat menstrual cycle problems. The plant gets its name from the

romance: The Tristan story: …and far-fetched—appears in the anonymous Chastelain de Couci (c. 1280) and again in Daz Herzmaere by the late 13th-century German poet Konrad von Würzburg. The theme of the outwitting of the jealous husband, common in the fabliaux (short verse tales containing realistic, even coarse detail and written to amuse), is…

Georges Chastellain was a Burgundian chronicler and one of the leading court poets. He had many literary admirers and followers, among them Jean Molinet and Pierre Michault. Chastellain served Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, until in 1435, after the Peace of Arras, he abandoned soldiering. He

romance: The Tristan story: …that told in the anonymous Chastelaine de Vergi (c. 1250), one of the gems of medieval poetry, in which the heroine dies of grief because, under pressure, her lover has revealed their secret and adulterous love to the duke of Burgundy. The latter tells it to his own wife, who…

Pierre de Bocosel de Chastelard was a French courtier whose passion for Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, eventually led to his execution. Grandson of Pierre Terrail, chevalier de Bayard, Chastelard became page to the constable Montmorency and frequented the court of Francis II of France, where he fell

Georges Chastellain was a Burgundian chronicler and one of the leading court poets. He had many literary admirers and followers, among them Jean Molinet and Pierre Michault. Chastellain served Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, until in 1435, after the Peace of Arras, he abandoned soldiering. He

The Dam Busters: …for and the execution of Operation Chastise (May 16–17, 1943), in which a British air squadron used bouncing bombs to destroy hydroelectric dams that were vital to Germany’s production of war matériel.

lust: …of the heavenly virtue of chastity.

chastushka, a rhymed folk verse usually composed of four lines. The chastushka is traditional in form but often has political or topical content. The word is a derivative of the Russian chastyĭ, “frequent” or “in quick succession,” and probably originally referred to the refrain of a

chasuble, liturgical vestment, the outermost garment worn by Roman Catholic priests and bishops at mass and by some Anglicans and Lutherans when they celebrate the Eucharist. The chasuble is a conical or bell-shaped cloak made from a semicircular piece of cloth sewn partially up the front with an

chat, any of several songbirds (suborder Passeri, order Passeriformes) named for their harsh, chattering notes. These birds span several families, but most are classified with Old World flycatchers in the family Muscicapidae. Some authorities, however, include many species with the thrushes in the

khat, (Catha edulis), slender evergreen tree or shrub, the leaves and young buds of which are chewed for a euphoric effect. The plant is native to the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula and is an important cash crop in Yemen, Somalia, and Ethiopia; it is often cultivated in areas that do not

ChatGPT, software that allows a user to ask it questions using conversational, or natural, language. It was released on November 30, 2022, by the American company OpenAI and almost immediately disturbed academics, journalists, and others because of concern that it was impossible to distinguish

Thai literature: …that emerged during this period, Chart Korbjitti (also spelled Chat Kobjitti) proved to be the most successful, both artistically and commercially. His skillfully structured short novel Chon trork (1980; “The End of the Road”), with its constant time shifts, chronicles the economic and moral descent of a decent working-class family,…

chat room, virtual space in which Internet users engage in discussion with one another in real time, often about a specific topic and typically in an informal setting. The first chat room capable of supporting small group discussions online was Talkomatic, introduced in 1973 by American computer

chat-thrush, any of the 190 species belonging to the songbird family Turdidae (order Passeriformes) that are generally smaller and have slenderer legs and more colourful plumage than true, or typical, thrushes. Chat-thrushes are sometimes treated as a distinct subfamily, Saxicolinae. They are found

chatbot, computer program designed to have interactive or automated conversation with humans. Rudimentary chatbots were first developed in the mid-to-late 20th century and became more technically sound and widely available in the late 2010s and early 2020s, especially as artificial intelligence

château, in France, during the 13th and 14th centuries, a castle, or structure arranged for defense rather than for residence. Later the term came to designate any seignorial residence and so, generally, a country house of any pretensions. Originally, châteaus functioned as feudal communities; but

Bordeaux wine: …are certain individual vineyards, called châteaux in this region, that produce the finest wines. The châteaux bottle their own wine and label it under their names, thus guaranteeing that it is not a blend. The château-bottled wines rated best are classified as crus classés, which in turn have five categories…

Canada: The rebellions of 1837–38: …Canada it was called the Château Clique. A similarly tightly knit group also dominated Nova Scotia politics. Forming the inner circle of the governor’s advisers, these cliques usually included all the important wealthy men of the colony. In Upper Canada the members of the Family Compact tended to emulate the…

If: Its castle, built by the French king Francis I in 1524, was later used as a state prison. The castle was made famous when Alexandre Dumas père, the 19th-century French writer, used it as one of the settings in his novel The Count of Monte Cristo…

Château de Chambord, château in Chambord, France, located in the eastern part of the Loire River valley. It was designed by architect Domenico da Cortona. Construction of the château began in 1519 and continued into the 17th century. It is the largest and most extravagant of the Loire châteaux and

château: …as typical examples of the châteaux de plaisance (country houses) of the transition period, all retaining some of the characteristics of the medieval castle.

Château Frontenac, château-style hotel in historic Old Québec, built by the Canadian Pacific Railroad Company in 1893 and designed by American architect Bruce Price. The Château Frontenac is an excellent example of the grand hotels developed by railway companies in Canada in the late 1800s.

François Mansart: The château of Maisons.: …château of Maisons (now called Maisons-Laffitte, in the chief town of the département of Yvelines) is unique in that it is the only building by Mansart in which the interior decoration (graced particularly by a magnificent stairway) survives. The symmetrical design of the building (as well as the mansard roof)…

William Maxwell: …relatives disrupts a family; in The Château (1961) American travelers encounter postwar French culture.

François-Louis Rousselet, marquis de Château-Renault was a French admiral, afterward a marshal of France, who served with distinction in the wars of King Louis XIV against the British and the Dutch. In 1689 he transported French troops to Ireland to aid the deposed Catholic King James II of Great

Château-Thierry, town, northeast France, Aisne département, Hauts-de-France région, east-northeast of Paris. It is situated on the Marne River on the slopes of a hill, at the top of which are the ruins of an old castle said to have been built about 720 by the Frankish ruler Charles Martel for his

chateaubriand, beef tenderloin dish of French origin that is made of a thick cut of fillet and often served with a sauce of shallots and wine or with sauce béarnaise, which adds tarragon, egg yolks, and butter to those ingredients. It is widely presumed that the dish was named for the French writer

Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve: Early critical and historical writings: …and his literary circle, entitled Chateaubriand et son groupe littéraire sous l’empire (1861).

Lina Bo Bardi: Life and work in Brazil: …by journalist and media magnate Assis Chateaubriand to help establish and direct the Art Museum of São Paulo (Museu de Arte de São Paulo; MASP), the first museum in Brazil to collect and exhibit modern art. For the first iteration of the institution, which opened in 1947 in part of…

François-Auguste-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand was a French author and diplomat, one of his country’s first Romantic writers. He was the preeminent literary figure in France in the early 19th century and had a profound influence on the youth of his day. It is widely presumed that the beef

Châteauguay, town, Montérégie region, southern Quebec province, Canada. It lies at the mouth of the Châteauguay River, just south of its confluence with the St. Lawrence River. The site of a Jesuit mission established in 1736, it served as a trading centre during the settlement of the surrounding

Battle of Châteauguay, (Oct. 26, 1813), in the War of 1812, engagement in which the British compelled U.S. forces to abandon a projected attack on Montreal and thus exerted a decisive influence on U.S. strategy during the 1813 campaign. In the autumn of 1813, a U.S. invading force of about 4,000

Châteauroux, town, capital of Indre département, Centre région, central France. It lies along the Indre River, south of Orléans, on the highway and railway from Paris to Toulouse. It derives its name from a castle built toward the end of the 10th century by Raoul le Large, prince of Déols. The

Marie-Anne de Mailly-Nesle, duchess de Châteauroux was a mistress of Louis XV of France who used her influence with the king to promote French involvement in the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48). The fifth daughter of Louis de Mailly, Marquis de Nesle, Marie-Anne was married in 1734 to the

Alain Resnais: …to the visual arts with Chateaux de France, which he made by cycling and camping through the country. Having little interest in the French commercial-film industry of the time, he continued making shorts—on Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, and Pablo Picasso’s painting Guernica, among others—for the next nine years. Even…

Unitarianism and Universalism: Servetus and Socinus: …for heresy in 1553 led Sebastian Castellio, a liberal humanist, to advocate religious toleration in De haereticis… (1554; Concerning Heretics”) and caused some Italian religious exiles, who were then in Switzerland, to move to Poland.

chatelaine, ornament, used by both men and women and usually fastened to belt or pocket, with chains bearing hooks on which to hang small articles such as watches, keys, seals, writing tablets, scissors, and purses. The word chatelaine is derived from a word meaning the keeper of a castle, thus the

Châtelet, in Paris, the principal seat of common-law jurisdiction under the French monarchy from the Middle Ages to the French Revolution. Located on the right bank of the Seine River, the building was originally a small fort that guarded the northern approach to the Île de la Cité. Frequently

Gabrielle-Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Châtelet was a French mathematician and physicist who was the mistress of Voltaire. She was married at 19 to the Marquis Florent du Châtelet, governor of Semur-en-Auxois, with whom she had three children. The marquis then took up a military

James Hamilton, 2nd earl of Arran was heir presumptive to the throne after the accession of Mary Stuart in 1542 and was appointed her governor and tutor. He negotiated for a marriage between Mary and Prince Edward (afterward Edward VI of England) but suddenly abandoned the project and joined the

Henry-Louis Le Chatelier was a French chemist who is best known for Le Chatelier’s principle, which makes it possible to predict the effect a change of conditions (such as temperature, pressure, or concentration of reaction components) will have on a chemical reaction. His principle proved

Châtellerault, town, Vienne département, Nouvelle-Aquitaine région, west-central France. It lies north-northeast of Poitiers, on the main road from Paris to Bordeaux. Situated on the Vienne River, it derives its name from a 10th-century castle built by the 2nd Viscount Airaud of the district. The

Perigordian industry: The earlier stage, called Châtelperronian, is concentrated in the Périgord region of France but is believed to have originated in southwestern Asia; it is distinguished from contemporary stone tool culture complexes by the presence of curved-backed knives (knives sharpened both on the cutting edge and the back). The later…

ChatGPT, software that allows a user to ask it questions using conversational, or natural, language. It was released on November 30, 2022, by the American company OpenAI and almost immediately disturbed academics, journalists, and others because of concern that it was impossible to distinguish

Miramichi: …of Northumberland county, 1786) and Chatham (1800), the city is now one of the largest in the province. The city’s name revives that of the earliest English settlement, before Newcastle and Chatham assumed the names of British statesmen William Pitt (earl of Chatham) and Thomas Pelham-Holles (duke of Newcastle). First…