Chatham, port, Medway unitary authority, geographic and historic county of Kent, southeastern England. The port lies along the River Medway just above its confluence with the River Thames, on the southeastern periphery of Greater London. Chatham is continuous with the communities of Rochester

Chatham, city, seat of Kent county, southeastern Ontario, Canada. It lies at the head of navigation on the Thames River. The town originated in 1793 as a naval dockyard and was named for Chatham, England. During the War of 1812 a retreating British army under Gen. Henry A. Procter escaped (October

San Cristóbal Island, one of the easternmost of the Galapagos Islands in the eastern Pacific Ocean. San Cristóbal Island lies approximately 600 miles (965 km) west of mainland Ecuador. It was originally named by English pirates for William Pitt, the Elder, 1st earl of Chatham. With an area of 195

Chatham Islands, island group in the South Pacific Ocean, about 500 miles (800 km) east of New Zealand. Composed of 10 islands, they are primarily of volcanic formation, but areas of limestone indicate that they may once have been part of New Zealand. Chatham Island, the largest (347 square miles

Chatham Sound, inlet of the eastern North Pacific Ocean, west-central British Columbia, Canada. An eastern extension of Dixon Entrance between the Haida Gwaii (formerly the Queen Charlotte Islands) and Dall Island, the sound stretches north from Porcher Island for 40 miles (65 km) to the mouth of

Chatham Strait, narrow passage of the eastern North Pacific through the northern Alexander Archipelago, southeastern Alaska, U.S. It extends for 150 miles (240 km) from the junction of Icy Strait and Lynn Canal, past Chichagof and Baranof islands (west) and Admiralty and Kuiu islands (east), to

Pittsburgh: The contemporary city: Chatham (1869), and Carlow (1929) universities and two campuses of the Community College of Allegheny County (1966).

William Pitt, the Elder was a British statesman, twice virtual prime minister (1756–61, 1766–68), who secured the transformation of his country into an imperial power. Pitt was born in London of a distinguished family. His mother, Lady Harriet Villiers, daughter of Viscount Grandison, belonged to

Chatham-Kent, municipality, southern Ontario, Canada. It lies at the confluence of the north and east branches of the Sydenham River, 30 miles (50 km) northeast of Detroit, Michigan. The town was called The Forks until it was renamed Wallaceburg for Sir William Wallace, a medieval Scottish national

Châtillon, town, a southwestern suburb of Paris, in Hauts-de-Seine département, Île-de-France région, north-central France. Several engagements were fought there during the German siege of Paris in 1870–71. The town is a centre for aerospace research. Pop. (1999) 28,622; (2014 est.)

Gaspard II de Coligny, seigneur de Châtillon was the admiral of France and leader of the Huguenots during the early years of the Wars of Religion (1562–98). Coligny was the son of Gaspard I de Coligny, the marshal of Châtillon, and Louise de Montmorency, sister of Anne de Montmorency, constable of

Châtillon, town, a southwestern suburb of Paris, in Hauts-de-Seine département, Île-de-France région, north-central France. Several engagements were fought there during the German siege of Paris in 1870–71. The town is a centre for aerospace research. Pop. (1999) 28,622; (2014 est.)

Les Châtiments, collection of poems by Victor Hugo, published in 1853 and expanded in 1870. The book is divided into seven sections containing more than 100 odes, popular songs, narrative poems, and anthems in which Hugo denounces injustice and tyranny and rails against Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon

Chatino, Mesoamerican Indians of southwestern Oaxaca state in southern Mexico. The Chatino language is closely related to the neighbouring Zapotec language, and there are many cultural similarities between the two groups. The Chatino live in a mountainous region. They are agricultural, raising a

Chatino: The Chatino language is closely related to the neighbouring Zapotec language, and there are many cultural similarities between the two groups. The Chatino live in a mountainous region. They are agricultural, raising a staple crop of corn (maize), as well as beans, squash, tomatoes, and chilies.…

Kyrgyzstan: Relief: …northwest, which merges into the Chatkal Range. The Chatkal Range is linked to the Ysyk-Köl region by a final enclosing range, the Kyrgyz. The only other important lowlands in the country are the Chu and Talas river valleys in the north, with the capital, Bishkek, located in the Chu. The…

Kyrgyzstan: Relief: …northwest, which merges into the Chatkal Range. The Chatkal Range is linked to the Ysyk-Köl region by a final enclosing range, the Kyrgyz. The only other important lowlands in the country are the Chu and Talas river valleys in the north, with the capital, Bishkek, located in the Chu. The…

Chatou, town, Yvelines département, Île-de-France région, north-central France, on the Seine River. Chatou is a northwestern residential suburb of Paris, with some light manufacturing. It is the birthplace (1880) of the painter André Derain. Pop. (1999) 28,588; (2014 est.)

chatoyance, the property of some minerals to exhibit a wavy, luminous band with a silky lustre, reminiscent of the eye of a cat, in the centre of a cabochon-cut (polished, with a rounded, unfaceted convex surface) stone. The effect, caused by parallel fibres or by oriented imperfections or

chess: Ancient precursors and related games: …64-square board, gradually transformed into shatranj (or chatrang), a two-player game popular in northern India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and southern parts of Central Asia after 600 ce. Shatranj resembled chaturanga but added a new piece, a firzān (counselor), which had nothing to do with any troop formation. A game of shatranj…

Erckmann-Chatrian: …two of the first French regionalist novelists in the 19th century.

Thailand: Drama and film: …directors is Mom Chao (Prince) Chatrichalerm Yukol, more commonly known by his nickname, Than Mui. In the 1970s and ’80s he produced a number of popular action films that explored the same themes of corruption, environmental degradation, and social inequality as did many fiction writers of the period. Than Mui…

chat room, virtual space in which Internet users engage in discussion with one another in real time, often about a specific topic and typically in an informal setting. The first chat room capable of supporting small group discussions online was Talkomatic, introduced in 1973 by American computer

Chatsworth, estate near Rowsley, Derbyshire Dales district, administrative and historic county of Derbyshire, England, containing the principal seat of the English dukes of Devonshire. Chatsworth House itself stands near the left bank of the River Derwent. Construction of the original building

Georgia: Cultural life: …mountainous north is dominated by Chattahoochee National Forest, which includes the Cohutta Wilderness Area. On the coast is Cumberland Island National Seashore, which comprises part of that large barrier island. Numerous other national wildlife areas and refuges are found throughout the coastal zone. The unique character of Okefenokee Swamp is…

Chattahoochee River, river having its source in several headstreams in the Blue Ridge Mountains in northeastern Georgia, U.S. It flows southwestward across northern Georgia to West Point, south of which its course marks the Georgia-Alabama and Georgia-Florida boundaries until it joins the Flint

Chattanooga, city, seat (1819) of Hamilton county, southeastern Tennessee, U.S. The city lies along the Moccasin Bend of the Tennessee River, near the Georgia border, about 115 miles (185 km) north of Atlanta. Chattanooga is a headquarters for the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) power system,

Harry Warren: …Sun Valley Serenade (1941; “Chattanooga Choo-Choo”). He also wrote “You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby” and “Jeepers, Creepers,” to lyrics by Johnny Mercer, as well as music for such films as Marty (1955), An Affair to Remember (1957), Jerry Lewis’s The Caddy (1953) and Cinderfella (1960), and

Adolph Simon Ochs: …controlling interest in the moribund Chattanooga Times, which he developed into one of the leading newspapers in the South. He was a founder of the Southern Associated Press and was its chairman from 1891 to 1894; from 1900 until his death he was a director of the Associated Press.

Battle of Chattanooga, (November 23–25, 1863), in the American Civil War, a decisive engagement fought at Chattanooga on the Tennessee River in late November 1863, which contributed significantly to victory for the North. Chattanooga had strategic importance as a vital railroad junction for the

Four Noble Truths, one of the fundamental doctrines of Buddhism, said to have been set forth by the Buddha, the founder of the religion, in his first sermon, which he gave after his enlightenment. Although the term Four Noble Truths is well known in English, it is a misleading translation of the

Henri Sauguet: His second, La Chatte (1927; “The Cat”), about a young man and his kitten that is transformed into a beautiful young woman who chases mice, was choreographed by Serge Diaghilev. Sauguet’s ballet scores are among his foremost achievements; among them are La Dame aux camélias (1957; “The…

mortgage: History of the mortgage: …use of this so-called “chattel mortgage” was common throughout the Anglo-American world. The development of the law of chattel mortgages followed a course different from that of mortgages of land, but in most jurisdictions the end result was similar. The creditor’s rights normally do not come into play unless…

real and personal property: personal property, a basic division of property in English common law, roughly corresponding to the division between immovables and movables in civil law. At common law most interests in land and fixtures (such as permanent buildings) were classified as real-property interests. Leasehold interests in land,…

chatter mark, small, curved fracture found on glaciated rock surfaces. Chatter marks are commonly 1–5 centimetres (12–2 inches) but may be submicroscopic or as much as 50 cm in length. They occur mainly on hard, brittle rocks such as granite and are formed under a glacier by the pressure and impact

chatbot, computer program designed to have interactive or automated conversation with humans. Rudimentary chatbots were first developed in the mid-to-late 20th century and became more technically sound and widely available in the late 2010s and early 2020s, especially as artificial intelligence

Bankim Chandra Chatterjee Indian author, whose novels firmly established prose as a literary vehicle for the Bengali language and helped create in India a school of fiction on the European model. Bankim Chandra was a member of an orthodox Brahman family and was educated at Hooghly College, at

Benedict Anderson: …critic, the Indian-born postcolonial theorist Partha Chatterjee, rejected Anderson’s representation of nationalism as the creation of creole pioneers and argued that nationalism was an ideology imposed by the colonizing power such that “even our imaginations must forever remain colonized.” Although Anderson had his share of critics, most recognized the value…

South Asian arts: Bengali: …and early 20th centuries is Saratchandra Chatterjee, whose social concerns with the family and other homely issues made his work popular. But the early 20th century is certainly best known for the poet who towers head and shoulders above the rest, Rabindranath Tagore. Poet, playwright, novelist, painter, essayist, musician, social…

Somnath Chatterjee was an Indian lawyer, politician, and parliamentarian, who was a longtime senior official in the Communist Party of India (Marxist), or CPI(M). He served 10 terms in the Lok Sabha (lower chamber of the Indian parliament) between 1971 and 2009, the last of which (2004–09) was as

Ramakrishna was a Hindu religious leader, founder of the school of religious thought that became the Ramakrishna Order. Born into a poor Brahman (the highest-ranking social class) family, Ramakrishna had little formal schooling. He spoke Bengali and knew neither English nor Sanskrit. His father

Bengali language: History: The Bengali linguists Suniti Kumar Chatterji and Sukumar Sen suggested that Bengali had its origin in the 10th century ce, deriving from Magahi Prakrit (a spoken language) through Magahi Apabhramsha (its written counterpart). The Bengali scholar Muhammad Shahidullah and his followers offered a competing theory, suggesting that the…

Alfred-Victor, count de Vigny: Maturity and disillusionment.: …Kitty Bell in the play Chatterton in 1835. He accused Dorval of deceiving him and of having maintained an overaffectionate friendship with the writer George Sand. His relationship with Dorval left Vigny profoundly embittered.

Peter Ackroyd: …Book of the Year Award), Chatterton (1987), First Light (1989), English Music (1992), The House of Doctor Dee (1993), The Trial of Elizabeth Cree: A Novel of the Limehouse Murders (1995), The Fall of Troy (2006), Three Brothers (2013), and

Battle of White Plains, (Oct. 28, 1776), in the U.S. War of Independence, indecisive action forcing American withdrawal, part of the British campaign of 1776 to defeat American Gen. George Washington’s main army or isolate the New England colonies by gaining military control of New York. From his

Dorothy Arzner: Films of the 1930s and ’40s: … (1930), a drama that featured Ruth Chatterton as a young wife who is abandoned by her abusive husband after he sells their young son to a wealthy couple; she goes on to become an opera star and, with the help of an attorney (Fredric March), reclaims her child. After contributing…

Thomas Chatterton was the chief poet of the 18th-century “Gothic” literary revival, England’s youngest writer of mature verse, and precursor of the Romantic Movement. At first considered slow in learning, Chatterton had a tearful childhood, choosing the solitude of an attic and making no progress

Chatti, Germanic tribe that became one of the most powerful opponents of the Romans during the 1st century ad. At that time the Chatti expanded from their homeland near the upper Visurgis (Weser) River, across the Taunus highlands to the Moenus (Main) River valley, defeating the Cherusci and other

Chattian Stage, uppermost and latest division of Oligocene rocks, representing all rocks deposited worldwide during the Chattian Age (28.1 million to 23 million years ago) of the Paleogene Period (66 million to 23 million years ago). The Chattian Stage is named for the Chatti, an ancient tribe that

protist: Defining the protists: …earlier by French marine biologist Edouard Chatton but universally overlooked, Roger Yate Stanier, Cornelius B. van Niel, and their colleagues formally proposed the division of all living things into two great groups, the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes. This organization was based on characteristics—such as the presence or

Oconee: The rushing Chattooga River, designated a national wild and scenic waterway, flows into the calmer Tugaloo River, which in turn flows into Hartwell Lake; all three are along Oconee county’s irregular western boundary. Lake Jocassee, impounded by the Jocassee Dam; Lake Keowee, impounded by the Keowee Dam;…

Sarojini Naidu was a political activist, feminist, and poet. She was the first Indian woman to be president of the Indian National Congress and to be appointed an Indian state governor. She was called “the Nightingale of India” by Mahatma Gandhi. Sarojini Chattopadhyay was the eldest daughter of

Ramakrishna was a Hindu religious leader, founder of the school of religious thought that became the Ramakrishna Order. Born into a poor Brahman (the highest-ranking social class) family, Ramakrishna had little formal schooling. He spoke Bengali and knew neither English nor Sanskrit. His father

ceremonial object: Places of worship and sacrifice: …or initiation hut; or a parasol shaft (chattravali) in the Buddhist stupas (buildings) and the Japanese and Chinese pagodas. If represented in stone, the tree evolved into a column gnomon (a perpendicular shaft), such as the Buddhist lat, the sacred pillar (matzeva) of the ancient Hebrews, or the

chess: Ancient precursors and related games: …was a war game called chaturanga, a Sanskrit name for a battle formation mentioned in the Indian epic Mahabharata. Chaturanga was flourishing in northwestern India by the 7th century and is regarded as the earliest precursor of modern chess because it had two key features found in all later chess…

South Asian arts: Theoretical developments: …melas was introduced, in the Chaturdandiprakashika (“The Illuminator of the Four Pillars of Music”), a text written in the middle of the 17th century. This system was based on the permutations of the tones and semitones, which had by this time been reduced to a basic 12 in the octave.…

Buddhism: Madhyamika (Sanlun/Sanron): …main work of Aryadeva, the Chatushataka, criticizes other forms of Buddhism and the classical Sanskrit philosophical systems.

Four Noble Truths, one of the fundamental doctrines of Buddhism, said to have been set forth by the Buddha, the founder of the religion, in his first sermon, which he gave after his enlightenment. Although the term Four Noble Truths is well known in English, it is a misleading translation of the

Bruce Chatwin was a British writer who won international acclaim for books based on his nomadic life. In 1966 Chatwin abandoned a promising career as a director of Impressionist art at the auction firm Sotheby’s in London to study archaeology at the University of Edinburgh. From 1973 he worked for

Bruce Chatwin was a British writer who won international acclaim for books based on his nomadic life. In 1966 Chatwin abandoned a promising career as a director of Impressionist art at the auction firm Sotheby’s in London to study archaeology at the University of Edinburgh. From 1973 he worked for

Greek literature: Literature after 1922: In the short story, Dimítris Chatzís painted ironic portraits of real and fictional characters in his native Ioánnina in the period before and during World War II, exposing their self-interested machinations.

Hong Chau is a Vietnamese American actor known for stealing scenes in Downsizing (2017), The Whale (2022), and The Menu (2022) with her engaging supporting characters. Chau was born in a refugee camp in Thailand to parents who had fled Vietnam with Chau’s two elder brothers in the late 1970s. They

Lake Chargoggagoggmanchauggauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg, lake, central Massachusetts, U.S. It is located in southern Worcester county near the town of Webster. The lake’s name is reportedly Nipmuc (Algonquian) for what popular culture has held to mean “You fish on your side; I fish on my side;

William Morris: The Kelmscott Press: …variant of Troy, in which The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer was printed during the last years of Morris’s life. One of the greatest examples of the art of the printed book, Chaucer is the most ornate of the Kelmscott publications. Most of the other Kelmscott books were plain and simple,…

George Lyman Kittredge: Chaucer and His Poetry (1915) was acclaimed as one of the first works to make clear Chaucer’s greatness to modern readers. Other books include A Study of Gawain and the Green Knight (1916); Words and Their Ways in English Speech (1901), with J.B. Greenough; Witchcraft…

John Guare: …their idolization of celebrities, and Chaucer in Rome (2002), a sequel to The House of Blue Leaves, satirizes art, religion, and fame. A Few Stout Individuals (2003) is a colourful account of the memories and delusions of a dying Ulysses S. Grant.

Geoffrey Chaucer was the outstanding English poet before Shakespeare and “the first finder of our language.” His The Canterbury Tales ranks as one of the greatest poetic works in English. He also contributed importantly in the second half of the 14th century to the management of public affairs as a

small arm: Light machine guns: …in Great Britain), the French Chauchat, several German weapons, and the U.S. M1918 Browning automatic rifle (known as the BAR). Most, but not all, of these light weapons were gas-operated. Almost all were air-cooled. Generally, they fired from magazines rather than belts of ammunition because detachable magazines were more convenient…

Claudette Colbert was an American stage and motion-picture actress known for her trademark bangs, her velvety purring voice, her confident intelligent style, and her subtle graceful acting. Colbert moved with her family to New York City about 1910. While studying fashion design, she landed a small

Germanic peoples: The Chauci were at the mouth of the Weser, and south of them lived the Cherusci, the people of Arminius. The Suebi, who have given their name to Schwaben, were a group of peoples inhabiting Mecklenburg, Brandenburg, Saxony, and Thuringia; the Semnones, living around the Havel…

Fernand Crommelynck: With Chaud et froid (1934; “Hot and Cold”), Crommelynck returned to the theme of marital constancy. He also published a Shakespearean adaptation, Le Chevalier de la lune (1957; “Knight of the Moon”), based on the character of Sir John Falstaff.

aspic: … mixed with liquid aspic yields chaud-froid, a sauce that can be coloured and used to decorate cold foods.

Neoclassical art: France: Joseph Chinard, Joseph-Charles Marin, Antoine-Denis Chaudet, and Baron François-Joseph Bosio. The early sculpture of Ingres’s well-known contemporary François Rude was Neoclassical.

Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan was a Pakistani politician, diplomat, and international jurist, known particularly for his representation of Pakistan at the United Nations (UN). The son of the leading attorney of his native city, Zafrulla Khan studied at Government College in Lahore and received his

Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry is a Pakistani judge who was named to the Pakistan Supreme Court in 2000 and later served as its chief justice (2005–07; 2009–13). Chaudhry received his early education in Balochistan before moving to Sindh province, where he studied law at Hyderabad University, receiving

Fiji: History of Fiji: In May 1999 Mahendra Chaudhry became Fiji’s first prime minister of Indian ancestry. Fijian nationalists strongly opposed Chaudhry’s premiership, and during his first months in office there were a number of arson and bomb attacks in Suva linked to extremists. However, Chaudhry easily survived a no-confidence motion by…

Nirad C. Chaudhuri was a Bengali author and scholar who was opposed to the withdrawal of British colonial rule from the Indian subcontinent and the subsequent rejection of Western culture in independent India. He was an erudite and complex individual who acknowledged the British Empire’s role in

Nirad C. Chaudhuri was a Bengali author and scholar who was opposed to the withdrawal of British colonial rule from the Indian subcontinent and the subsequent rejection of Western culture in independent India. He was an erudite and complex individual who acknowledged the British Empire’s role in

Turkmenistan: Turkmen tribes and Russian invasion: …16th and 17th centuries the Chaudor tribe led a powerful tribal union in the north, while the Salor tribe was dominant in the south. During the 17th and 18th centuries the ascendancy passed to the Yomuts, Tekkes, Ersaris, and Saryks, who began to move out of the desert into the…

Chaudor carpet, floor covering handmade by the Chaudor (Chodor) Turkmen. Usually, they are made either in carpet size or as bag faces (the fronts of bags used for storage in tents or for baggage on camels). They are characterized by their colouring, which ranges from plum through violet-brown

Chauk, town and port, north-central Myanmar (Burma). Situated in the Irrawaddy River basin, it is a petroleum port for the Singu-Chauk oil fields. Traditionally, people of the Mon group gathered asphalt in the area to weatherproof houses. In 1902 the British discovered the Chauk-Lonywa oil field.

Songkran, splashy and water-filled New Year festival in Thailand, and, by other names, in Cambodia, Myanmar (Burma), and Laos as well as in parts of India and China. Songkran is celebrated approximately April 13–15 and marks the entrance of the sun into the astrological sign of Mesha (“ram,” or

Guy de Chauliac was the most eminent surgeon of the European Middle Ages, whose Chirurgia magna (1363) was a standard work on surgery until at least the 17th century. In this work, he describes a narcotic inhalation used as a soporific for surgical patients, as well as numerous surgical procedures,

viperfish, any of nine species of marine fishes belonging to the genus Chauliodus (order Stomiiformes). They are found in tropical regions of the major oceans. The viperfishes are deep-sea dwellers and have luminescent organs along the sides; the lights sometimes function in the attraction of other

viperfish: …small, the largest being the Pacific viperfish (C. macouni), which attains a length of 30 centimetres (1 foot).

soldier beetle, any member of the approximately 3,500 species of the widely distributed insect family Cantharidae (order Coleoptera). These slender, soft-bodied beetles are brown or black and trimmed like a soldier’s uniform—with red, yellow, or orange. The adults range between 5 and 15 mm (0.2 and

Malpighiales: Achariaceae: …Hydnocarpus are a source of chaulmoogra oil, at one time important in the treatment of leprosy. The presumed active agent in the oil, hydnocarpic acid, is believed to have antibiotic properties. The seeds of Caloncoba echinata, from west-central Africa, are the source of gorli oil, also used in the treatment…

Pierre-Gaspard Chaumette was a French Revolutionary leader, social reformer, and promoter of the anti-Christian cult of the goddess Reason. He was put to death by the Revolutionary tribunal because of his democratic extremism. Chaumette went to sea as a cabin boy, studied botany, traveled widely in

Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre: In a later work, La Chaumière indienne (1790; “The Indian Cottage”), a traveler finds wisdom in the cottage of an Indian outcast. Cultural primitivism, which Bernardin was one of the first to celebrate, became one of the central ideas of the Romantic movement.

Chaumont, town, capital of Haute-Marne département, Grand Est région, eastern France, southeast of Paris. Situated on the edge of a plateau at the confluence of the Marne and the Suize rivers in the upper Marne valley, it was originally called Calvus Mons (Bald Mountain) and was built around a

Treaty of Chaumont, (1814) treaty signed by Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Britain binding them to defeat Napoleon. The British foreign secretary Viscount Castlereagh played a leading part in negotiating the treaty, by which the signatories undertook not to negotiate separately, and promised to

screamer: …east-central South America, and the black-necked screamer (C. chavaria), of Colombia and Venezuela, have hind crests of feathers.

cane toad, (Rhinella marina), a large terrestrial omnivorous amphibian considered to be one of the most invasive pests on Earth. This toxic species is native to South and Central America but is now found across the world, from Australia and Oceania to Caribbean islands and parts of the United

screamer: The crested screamer, or chaja (a name that comes from its cry; Chauna torquata), of open country in east-central South America, and the black-necked screamer (C. chavaria), of Colombia and Venezuela, have hind crests of feathers.

West Lafayette, city, Tippecanoe county, west-central Indiana, U.S. It lies along the Wabash River (bridged) opposite Lafayette. A town was platted on the west bank of the Wabash in 1836, but it failed to attract settlers because it was located in an area prone to flooding. A second settlement was

Charles Chauncy was an American clergyman and the second president of Harvard College, described by Cotton Mather as “a most incomparable scholar.” Chauncy attended Trinity College, Cambridge, and was in turn vicar at Ware and at Marston St. Lawrence, but he twice incurred censure from the

Charles Chauncy was a great-grandson of the elder Charles Chauncy. He was a Congregationalist minister and one of the leading critics of the Great Awakening (q.v.) revivalist movement in the British American colonies in the mid-18th century. A graduate of Harvard in 1721, Chauncy served the First

Chanticleer, character in several medieval beast tales in which human society is satirized through the actions of animals endowed with human characteristics. Most famous of these works is a 13th-century collection of related satirical tales called Roman de Renart, whose hero is Reynard the Fox. The

Cerro de Pasco, mining city, located in the highlands of central Peru, northeast of Lima, to which it is connected by rail and highway. One of the world’s highest cities, it lies at an elevation of 14,232 feet (4,338 m). Rich silver ores were discovered nearby in 1630, and for about two centuries

Hariprasad Chaurasia is an Indian flutist in the Hindustani classical tradition whose performances and compositions brought global recognition to the bansuri, a simple side-blown bamboo flute. Unlike most other noted musicians of his generation, Chaurasia was not born into a family of musicians.