Canadian literature: Contemporary trends: Such writers include Normand Chaurette with Provincetown Playhouse, juillet 1919, j’avais 19 ans (1981; “Provincetown Playhouse, July 1919, I Was 19 Years Old”), René-Daniel Dubois with Being at Home with Claude (1986), and Michel Marc Bouchard with Les Feluettes; ou, la répétition d’un drame romantique (1987; Lilies; or,…

Chauri Chaura, town in eastern Uttar Pradesh, a state in northern India. In 1922, during the Indian Independence Movement, Chauri Chaura came to prominence when a violent clash between the British Indian police and political activists left many dead or injured. This led Indian nationalist leader

Shēr Shah of Sūr: At the Battle of Chausa on June 26, 1539, he defeated the Mughal emperor Humāyūn and assumed the royal title of Farīd al-Dīn Shēr Shah. In May 1540 at Kannauj he again defeated Humāyūn; he had driven his foes from Bengal, Bihar, Hindustan, and the Punjab and…

Pierre-Claude Nivelle de La Chaussée was a French playwright who created the comédie larmoyante (“tearful comedy”), a verse-drama form merging tearful, sentimental scenes with an invariably happy ending. These sentimental comedies, which were precursors of Denis Diderot’s drames bourgeois, were

Ernest Chausson was a composer whose small body of compositions has given him high rank among French composers of the late 19th century. After obtaining a doctorate degree in law, Chausson entered the Paris Conservatory in 1879 for a course of study with Jules Massenet and César Franck. At this

Om Prakash Chautala was an Indian politician and government official who was a longtime president of the Indian National Lok Dal (INLD), a regional political party in Haryana state, northwest-central India. He was chief minister of Haryana five times, though he served a full term (five years) only

Chautauqua, resort-colony and town (township), Chautauqua county, western New York, U.S. The resort-colony lies on Chautauqua Lake (18 miles [29 km] long, 1–2 miles [1.5–3 km] wide), near Lake Erie, 16 miles (26 km) northwest of Jamestown. It originated in 1874 with the establishment of the

Chautauqua, county, extreme southwestern New York state, U.S., bordered by Lake Erie to the north and Pennsylvania to the west and south. A band of lowlands along Lake Erie rises to rolling hills that surround Chautauqua Lake in the interior. The county is drained by French, Cassadaga, and

New York: Cultural institutions: The Chautauqua Institution, founded in 1874 on Chautauqua Lake in southwestern New York, inspired the national chautauqua movement of public lectures and adult education during the late 19th and early 20th centuries; the institution now offers a wide range of cultural and educational activities, including concerts,…

chautauqua movement, popular U.S. movement in adult education that flourished during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The original Chautauqua Lake Sunday School Assembly in western New York, founded in 1874 by John H. Vincent and Lewis Miller, began as a program for the training of

Camille Chautemps was a French politician who served three times as premier of France and played a controversial role in the surrender of France to Nazi Germany during World War II. Born into a politically prominent family, Chautemps developed a highly successful law practice and became an

chauth, in 17th- and 18th-century India, a levy of one-fourth of the revenue demand (or actual collection) of a district from which the Marathas claimed rights of passage or overlordship. The name was derived from the Sanskrit word meaning “a fourth.” In practice, chauth was often the fee paid by

Indo-Aryan literature: …of the year; and the chautis (“34”), in which the 34 consonants of the northern Indian Devanagari alphabet are used as the initial letters of a poem of 34 lines or stanzas, describing 34 joys of love, 34 attributes, and so on.

Chauvelin Family, prominent French family that had great influence in affairs of state from the 16th to 19th centuries and produced many notable diplomats and clergymen and several peers. The first family member of note was Toussaint Chauvelin (d. c. 1552), who was a public prosecutor for

Chauvelin Family: Bernard Chauvelin (1662–1755), great-grandson of Toussaint, was successively counsellor to parliament, steward of Tours, Bordeaux, and Amiens, and counsellor of state.

Chauvelin Family: His son, Bernard-François, marquis de Chauvelin (b. Nov. 29, 1766—d. April 9, 1832), succeeded his father as an attendant to Louis XVI. Raised with strong liberal ideals, Chauvelin welcomed the Revolution and fought with Rochambeau’s army. In 1792 he was made ambassador to London, where he succeeded in obtaining British…

Chauvelin Family: Bernard-Louis, marquis de Chauvelin (b. March 1, 1716—d. Nov. 24, 1773), was the brother of Henri-Philippe and achieved great distinction as a soldier and diplomat. In 1732 he became a lieutenant in the king’s infantry and distinguished himself in the Italian campaign. Rising rapidly through the ranks, he…

Chauvelin Family: Germain-Louis Chauvelin (b. 1685—d. April 1, 1762) was general counsellor to parliament when he was appointed keeper of the seals (minister of justice) in 1727 and then secretary of state (1727–37) under the foreign minister Cardinal Fleury. Chauvelin’s policy was basically anti-Austrian, and the War…

Chauvelin Family: Henri-Philippe Chauvelin (b. April 18, 1714—d. Jan. 14, 1770), the son of Bernard, was the abbot of Montieramey and counsellor to the parliament. Along with his widespread political influence, he was known for his anti-Jesuitical writings.

Chauvelin Family: Louis de Chauvelin (b. 1640—d. July 31, 1719), the son of Louis Chauvelin (d. 1645), who was steward of the army of Italy, became counsellor to parliament and then steward of Picardie and Franche-Comté. At the time of his death he was counsellor of state.…

Chauvelin Family: …family member of note was Toussaint Chauvelin (d. c. 1552), who was a public prosecutor for parliament and then attorney general under Catherine de Médicis. His oldest son, François, became attorney general under Marie de Médicis. Bernard Chauvelin (1662–1755), great-grandson of Toussaint, was successively counsellor to parliament, steward of Tours,…

Chauvet–Pont d’Arc: Discovery of the site: …Ministry of Culture park ranger Jean-Marie Chauvet pursued the exploration. After destroying the obstruction, he and speleologist Éliette Brunel Deschamps crawled through the opening and reached the roof of an unknown cave. With the help of a spelunking ladder, they descended 26 feet (8 metres) to the ground below. That…

Chauvet–Pont d’Arc, painted cave in southeast France considered to be one of the greatest Paleolithic sanctuaries ever discovered. It is noted both for the originality and quality of its animal representations and for their great age. Chauvet–Pont d’Arc was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site

chauvinism: …derived from the name of Nicolas Chauvin, a French soldier who, satisfied with the reward of military honours and a small pension, retained a simpleminded devotion to Napoleon. Chauvin came to typify the cult of the glorification of all things military that was popular after 1815 among the veterans of…

Yves Chauvin was a French chemist who was corecipient, with Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock, of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2005 for developing metathesis, an important chemical reaction used in organic chemistry. Chauvin offered a detailed explanation of “how metatheses reactions

chauvinism, excessive and unreasonable patriotism, similar to jingoism. The word is derived from the name of Nicolas Chauvin, a French soldier who, satisfied with the reward of military honours and a small pension, retained a simpleminded devotion to Napoleon. Chauvin came to typify the cult of the

La Chaux-de-Fonds, town, Neuchâtel canton, western Switzerland. It is situated in the Jura Mountains, near the French border, northwest of Neuchâtel city. First mentioned in the 14th century, it was chartered in 1656 and was almost completely rebuilt after a fire in 1794. The watchmaking industry

Thaksin Shinawatra: Entry into politics: …minister a second time, under Chavalit Yongchaiyudh, in 1997.

Yashwantrao Balwantrao Chavan was an Indian politician and government official who was prominent in the independence movement against British rule and became a senior leader of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party). He served as the third chief minister (head of government) of Bombay state

Yashwantrao Balwantrao Chavan was an Indian politician and government official who was prominent in the independence movement against British rule and became a senior leader of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party). He served as the third chief minister (head of government) of Bombay state

Georgian literature: The 18th and 19th centuries: Ilia Chavchavadze and Akaki Tsereteli had immense moral and intellectual authority and measurable narrative talent, as displayed, for example, in Chavchavadze’s Katsia-adamiani? (1859–63; “Is That a Human Being?”), which attacks the degenerate gentry, and Tsereteli’s fine autobiographical Chemi tavgadasavali (1894–1909; “The Story of My Life”).…

Chaves, city and concelho (municipality), northern Portugal. It lies along the Tâmega River, north-northeast of Vila Real town. The city, 5 miles (8 km) south of the Spanish frontier, is the site of a spa, the Chaves thermal springs, known as Aquae Flavius to the Romans, who fortified it. Chaves

Chaves, county, southeastern New Mexico, U.S. Most of Chaves county lies in the Great Plains, with the extreme western section including the Guadalupe and Sacramento Mountains and a portion of the Lincoln National Forest. On the east lies Mescalero Ridge. In the flat-to-rolling Pecos River valley

Costa Rica: Costa Rica in the 21st century: …early 2000s, and his opponent, Rodrigo Chaves Robles, a conservative economist and former finance minister, had seen his career at the World Bank undermined by charges of sexual harassment. In the April runoff Chaves claimed some 53 percent of the vote to become president. More than 43 percent of eligible…

Federico Chávez was a Paraguayan politician and soldier who served as president of his country (1949–54). Chávez, who received his law degree in 1905, was a longtime leader of the right-of-centre Colorado (National Republican) Party. When his party served in a coalition government in 1946, Chávez

Hugo Chávez was a Venezuelan politician who was president of Venezuela (1999–2013). Chávez styled himself as the leader of the “Bolivarian Revolution,” a socialist political program for much of Latin America, named after Simón Bolívar, the South American independence hero. Although the focus of the

Carlos Chávez was a Mexican conductor and composer whose music combines elements of traditional folk songs and modern compositional techniques. At age 16 Chávez completed Sinfonía, his first symphony. The ballet El fuego nuevo (1921; “The New Fire”) was his first significant work in a Mexican

Dina Boluarte: Pedro Castillo’s removal from office and Dina Boluarte’s accidental presidency: …Prime Minister Aníbal Torres with Betssy Chávez, Boluarte left the cabinet, resigning her post as minister for development and social inclusion but remaining as vice president. On December 7, with Congress preparing a third impeachment attempt, Castillo acted preemptively, going on national television to announce his intention to dissolve the…

Carlos Chávez was a Mexican conductor and composer whose music combines elements of traditional folk songs and modern compositional techniques. At age 16 Chávez completed Sinfonía, his first symphony. The ballet El fuego nuevo (1921; “The New Fire”) was his first significant work in a Mexican

Cesar Chavez was an organizer of migrant American farmworkers and a cofounder with Dolores Huerta of the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) in 1962. Chavez, who was a farm labourer himself, grew up in a family of Mexican American descent. After his parents lost their farm during the Great

Cesar Chavez was an organizer of migrant American farmworkers and a cofounder with Dolores Huerta of the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) in 1962. Chavez, who was a farm labourer himself, grew up in a family of Mexican American descent. After his parents lost their farm during the Great

Federico Chávez was a Paraguayan politician and soldier who served as president of his country (1949–54). Chávez, who received his law degree in 1905, was a longtime leader of the right-of-centre Colorado (National Republican) Party. When his party served in a coalition government in 1946, Chávez

Hugo Chávez was a Venezuelan politician who was president of Venezuela (1999–2013). Chávez styled himself as the leader of the “Bolivarian Revolution,” a socialist political program for much of Latin America, named after Simón Bolívar, the South American independence hero. Although the focus of the

Julio César Chávez is a Mexican professional boxer and world lightweight champion, for many years one of Mexico’s most popular sports figures. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Chávez began boxing at a young age; he had older brothers in boxing who took him to the gym where he

AFL–CIO: Merger of the AFL and the CIO: …an AFL-CIO executive office when Linda Chavez-Thompson became executive vice president. Sweeney pledged to increase union membership through aggressive organizing campaigns and political lobbying.

Daína Chaviano is an expatriate Cuban author of novels, novellas, short stories, and scripts for film and television. Chaviano grew up in Havana. She published her first book, the short-story collection Los mundos que amo (1980; “The Worlds I Love”), after winning a literary contest while attending

piperine: …is attributed to the compound chavicine, a geometric isomer (having the same molecular formula but differing in structure) of piperine. Ground pepper loses its pungency when stored, due to the slow transformation of chavicine into piperine.

Léon Bouthillier, comte de Chavigny et de Buzançais was a prominent figure during the French civil wars of the Fronde. The son of one of Cardinal de Richelieu’s principal adjutants, he was created Count de Chavigny and secretary of state in 1632; in 1635 he was also made chancellor in the household

Chavín, earliest highly developed culture in pre-Columbian Peru, which flourished between about 900 and 200 bc. During this time Chavín artistic influence spread throughout the northern and central parts of what is now Peru. The name given to this early civilization derives from the great ruin of

Chavín de Huántar, site of temple ruins, west-central Peru. The ruins belong to the Chavín pre-Columbian culture, which flourished c. 900–c. 200 bc. The central building is a massive temple complex constructed of rectangular stone blocks; it contains interior galleries and incorporates bas-relief

Million Man March: …of Islam, and directed by Benjamin F. Chavis, Jr., the former executive director of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, to bring about a spiritual renewal that would instill a sense of personal responsibility in African American men for improving the condition of African Americans. Among other…

zydeco: …Chenier, Queen Ida, Buckwheat Zydeco, Boozoo Chavis, and others.

zydeco: …Chenier, Queen Ida, Buckwheat Zydeco, Boozoo Chavis, and others.

Venezuela: The presidency of Nicolás Maduro: …outcome as a victory for chavismo, and the Maduro-friendly election commission pronounced the elections clear. In refuting the results, the opposition alleged that there had been widespread ballot manipulation and pointed to the last-minute relocation of hundreds of polling places without public notice (often away from opposition strongholds) and the…

Zambezi River: Physiography: …the river flows over the Chavuma Falls and enters a broad region of hummocky, sand-covered floodplains, the largest of which is the Barotse, or Zambezi, Plain. The region is inundated during the summer floods, when it receives fertile alluvial soils. The main tributaries intersecting the river along the plains are…

French literature: Prose fiction: Chantal Chawaf’s sensually charged prose offers a highly original version of the blood rhythms of the body in Rédemption (1989; Eng. trans. Redemption), a very new kind of vampire novel.

Ob River: Physiography: …after the Chulym, include the Chaya and the Parabel (both left), the Ket (right), the Vasyugan (left), and the Tym and Vakh rivers (both right). Down to the Vasyugan confluence the river passes through the southern belt of the taiga, thereafter entering the middle belt. Below the Vakh confluence the…

Paddy Chayefsky was an American playwright and screenwriter whose work was part of the flowering of television drama in the 1950s. He also wrote several critically acclaimed films. Chayefsky graduated from City College of New York in 1943 and served during World War II in the U.S. Army. On his

Paddy Chayefsky was an American playwright and screenwriter whose work was part of the flowering of television drama in the 1950s. He also wrote several critically acclaimed films. Chayefsky graduated from City College of New York in 1943 and served during World War II in the U.S. Army. On his

The Seagull, drama in four acts by Anton Chekhov, performed in 1896 and published in Russian the following year as Chayka. A revised edition was published in 1904. The play deals with lost opportunities and the clash between generations. The main characters, all artists, are guests at a country

Dances With Wolves: …the unhinged Major Fambrough (Maury Chaykin) assigns him to the army’s most distant outpost, Fort Sedgewick. When Dunbar arrives at the post, he is surprised to find it deserted and in disrepair, but he chooses to stay nonetheless. He sets about restoring the fort, and he keeps a journal…

Nikolay Vasilyevich Chaykovsky: …group became known as the Chaykovsky Circle. Dedicated to spreading socialist ideas as widely as possible, the circle distributed legally published political books and organized discussion groups among industrial workers. It attracted members from a variety of schools of radical thought, grew into the first major populist movement in Russia,…

Nikolay Vasilyevich Chaykovsky was a revolutionary socialist and leader of the early Narodnik movement in Russia. Having joined a radical students’ circle in St. Petersburg in 1869, Chaykovsky became its leader when its founder, Mark Natanson, was arrested (1871); the group became known as the

chayote, (Sechium edule), perennial vine of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae), cultivated for its edible fruits. Chayote is native to the New World tropics and is also grown as an annual plant in temperate climates. The fruits are boiled, baked, or sautéed as a vegetable and taste similarly to

keyboard instrument: Great Britain: …complete diapason chorus, and the Choir, or Chayre, organ usually extended upward only to a single two-foot. Almost every organ had a cornet, and the reeds in common use were trumpet, vox humana, and cremona, or krummhorn, with half-length, cylindrical resonators. There were no pedals, but the manual compass almost…

cantor, in Judaism and Christianity, an ecclesiastical official in charge of music or chants. In Judaism the cantor, or ḥazzan, directs liturgical prayer in the synagogue and leads the chanting. He may be engaged by a congregation to serve for an entire year or merely to assist at the ceremonies of

Damien Chazelle is an American director and screenwriter who won numerous awards for his first two major films, Whiplash (2014) and La La Land (2016). Chazelle was the son of university professors, and as a child he had an interest in both filmmaking and music. He attended Princeton High School in

Damien Chazelle is an American director and screenwriter who won numerous awards for his first two major films, Whiplash (2014) and La La Land (2016). Chazelle was the son of university professors, and as a child he had an interest in both filmmaking and music. He attended Princeton High School in

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War: …leadership of Bernard Lown and Yevgeny I. Chazov, respectively. The organization promotes research on the medical, psychological, and biospheric effects that a nuclear war would have. At the time that it was awarded the prize, the group had more than 135,000 members in 41 countries, with about 30,000 of them…

cantor, in Judaism and Christianity, an ecclesiastical official in charge of music or chants. In Judaism the cantor, or ḥazzan, directs liturgical prayer in the synagogue and leads the chanting. He may be engaged by a congregation to serve for an entire year or merely to assist at the ceremonies of

complex humanitarian emergency (CHE), type of disaster event that is caused by and results in a complicated set of social, medical, and often political circumstances, usually leading to great human suffering and death and requiring external assistance and aid. Complex humanitarian emergencies

Benicio Del Toro: …Guevara in Soderbergh’s two-part biopic Che (2008), for which he won the best actor award at the Cannes film festival.

Zhe school, group of conservative, academic Chinese painters who worked primarily in the 15th century, during the Ming dynasty. These painters specialized in large and decorative paintings that perpetuated the styles and interests of the Southern Song (1127–1279) academy of painting and represent a

Richard Fleischer: Middle years: Che! (1969), however, was a failure; the heavily romanticized account of the revolutionary leader’s life featured Omar Sharif as Che Guevara and Jack Palance as Fidel Castro.

Saturday Night Live: …Seth Meyers, Colin Jost, and Michael Che, among others.

Zhejiang, sheng (province) of southeastern China. It is one of the smallest province-level political units of China, but it is also one of the most densely populated and affluent. A coastal province, it is bounded by the East China Sea to the east, by the provinces of Fujian to the south, Jiangxi

Don Cheadle is an American film and television actor who is known for the scene-stealing yet understated intensity of his performances. Cheadle grew up in a middle-class family that often moved. He spent some of his elementary-school years in Lincoln, Nebraska, and graduated from high school in

Don Cheadle is an American film and television actor who is known for the scene-stealing yet understated intensity of his performances. Cheadle grew up in a middle-class family that often moved. He spent some of his elementary-school years in Lincoln, Nebraska, and graduated from high school in

Hannah More: …production of a series of “Cheap Repository Tracts.” Produced at the rate of three a month for three years with the help of her sisters and friends, the tracts sold for a penny each, 2,000,000 being circulated in a single year. They advised the poor in ingeniously homely language to…

R. Crumb: …was tapped to draw the Cheap Thrills album cover for a band named Big Brother & the Holding Company, which featured the up-and-coming blues vocalist Janis Joplin.

Heavy Metal: Music: …songs from Journey (“Open Arms”), Cheap Trick (“Reach Out” and “I Must Be Dreamin’ ”), Black Sabbath (“The Mob Rules”), Devo (“Working in the Coal Mine”), Blue Öyster Cult (“Veteran of the Psychic Wars”), Donald Fagen (“True Companion”), Stevie Nicks (“Blue Lamp”), Sammy Hagar (“Heavy Metal”), and the

Walter Lang: Films of the 1950s and ’60s: …Lang joined forces again for Cheaper by the Dozen (1950), a well-mounted adaptation of the popular memoir by Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Jr., and Ernestine Gilbreth Carey, with Webb as the stern paterfamilias of a brood of 12 children and Myrna Loy as his patient wife. The Jackpot (1950) was a…

Steve Martin: …Down the House (2003) and Cheaper by the Dozen (2003) and its sequel (2005). He later portrayed Inspector Jacques Clouseau, a character made famous by Peter Sellers, in The Pink Panther (2006) and The Pink Panther 2 (2009). Martin’s other films included It’s Complicated (2009),

Steve Martin: …the Dozen (2003) and its sequel (2005). He later portrayed Inspector Jacques Clouseau, a character made famous by Peter Sellers, in The Pink Panther (2006) and The Pink Panther 2 (2009). Martin’s other films included It’s Complicated (2009), The Big Year (2011), Home (2015), and

bromegrass: The common weed chess (B. secalinus), sometimes known as cheat, is found along roadsides and in grain fields. Cheatgrass, ripgut grass (B. diandrus), and foxtail brome (B. rubens) are dangerous to grazing animals; spines on their spikelets or bracts can puncture the animals’ eyes, mouths, and intestines, leading…

community ecology: Mutualism and cheaters: Because mutualisms develop through the manipulation of other species, they are always susceptible to invasion by “cheaters,” those organisms that can exploit an existing relationship without reciprocating an advantage. Theft of a resource is one type of crime a cheater engages in. Some plants,…

bromegrass: Several species, including cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), are invasive species in areas outside their native range.

bromegrass, (genus Bromus), genus of approximately 160 annual and perennial grasses in the family Poaceae, found in temperate and cool climates. More than 40 species are found in the United States, a number of which are imporant forage grasses. Several species, including cheatgrass (Bromus

Sammy Price: …clarinetist Mezz Mezzrow, and trumpeter Doc Cheatham. Price toured in Europe, operated nightclubs in Dallas, Texas, organized jazz festivals in Philadelphia, was involved in politics in New York City, and was an artist in residence at Harvard University (1985). His autobiography is entitled What Do They Want? (1989).

Sammy Price: …clarinetist Mezz Mezzrow, and trumpeter Doc Cheatham. Price toured in Europe, operated nightclubs in Dallas, Texas, organized jazz festivals in Philadelphia, was involved in politics in New York City, and was an artist in residence at Harvard University (1985). His autobiography is entitled What Do They Want? (1989).

dice: Cheating with dice: Perfect dice are also known as fair dice, levels, or squares, whereas dice that have been tampered with, or expressly made for cheating, are known as crooked or gaffed dice. Such dice have been found in the tombs of ancient Egypt and…

Cheb, city, extreme western Czech Republic. Cheb lies along the Ohře River, near the German border. Its history has been full of violence, for it guards the easiest approach to Bohemia from the northwest. The city passed in the 13th century from Swabian rulers to Otakar I, king of Bohemia, and it

Shebaa Farms, area of land along the border of Lebanon and the Golan Heights (a territory recognized by most of the international community as part of Syria but occupied by Israel since the Six-Day War [1967]) that is claimed by Lebanon, internationally recognized as part of Syria, and occupied by

Earth impact hazard: …than 1,500 people in the Chelyabinsk region of Russia were injured, mostly by flying glass which had been shattered by the shock wave of a meteorite 17 metres (56 feet) wide breaking up in the atmosphere. (The only verified case of a meteorite hitting and injuring a human being occurred…

South American Indian languages: Grammatical characteristics: Other languages like Jebero express fundamentally modal categories. Very common are affixes indicating movement, chiefly toward and away from the speaker, and location (e.g., in Quechumaran, Záparo, Itonama), and in some stocks like Arawakan and Panoan there are many suffixes in the verb with very concrete adverbial meaning,…

Cheboksary, city and capital, Chuvashia republic, Russia. It lies on the right bank of the middle Volga River, between Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan. Although Cheboksary is known to have existed since the mid-15th century, and a fortress was built there in 1555, the town remained unimportant until the

Cheboygan, city, seat (1853) of Cheboygan county, northern Michigan, U.S. The city lies along the Cheboygan River as it enters Lake Huron near the eastern end of the Straits of Mackinac. According to some reports, the site was a Native American camping ground until it was settled by Jacob Sammons

Pafnuty Chebyshev: The Chebyshev parallel motion is a three-bar linkage that gives a very close approximation to exact rectilinear motion. His mathematical writings covered a wide range of subjects, including the theory of probabilities, quadratic forms, orthogonal functions, the theory of integrals, gearings, the construction of geographic maps,…

Chebyshev’s inequality, in probability theory, a theorem that characterizes the dispersion of data away from its mean (average). The general theorem is attributed to the 19th-century Russian mathematician Pafnuty Chebyshev, though credit for it should be shared with the French mathematician

Pafnuty Chebyshev was the founder of the St. Petersburg mathematical school (sometimes called the Chebyshev school), who is remembered primarily for his work on the theory of prime numbers and on the approximation of functions. Chebyshev became assistant professor of mathematics at the University