chemokine, any of a group of small hormonelike molecules that are secreted by cells and that stimulate the movement of cells of the immune system toward specific sites in the body. Chemokines are a type of cytokine (a short-lived secreted protein that regulates the function of nearby cells) and may

metastasis: Preferential spread: …express a receptor known as CXCR4 (chemokine [C-X-C motif] receptor 4), which is found on certain types of cancer cells, such as those affected by breast cancer or acute myelogenous leukemia. The affinity of CXCR4-expressing cancer cells for CXCL12-secreting tissues results in the movement of the cancer cells from their…

metastasis: Preferential spread: …involves a substance known as CXCL12 (chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1), which is secreted by stromal cells (connective tissue cells found within organs). This substance attracts cells that express a receptor known as CXCR4 (chemokine [C-X-C motif] receptor 4), which is found on certain types of cancer cells, such as those…

bacteria: Nutritional requirements: …chemicals (organic and inorganic compounds); chemolithotrophs obtain their energy from reactions with inorganic salts; and chemoheterotrophs obtain their carbon and energy from organic compounds (the energy source may also serve as the carbon source in these organisms).

bacteria: Nutritional requirements: …chemicals (organic and inorganic compounds); chemolithotrophs obtain their energy from reactions with inorganic salts; and chemoheterotrophs obtain their carbon and energy from organic compounds (the energy source may also serve as the carbon source in these organisms).

nutrition: Nutritional patterns in the living world: …according to this classification, are chemoorganotrophs; i.e., they utilize chemical compounds to supply energy and organic compounds as electron donors.

nutrition: Nutritional patterns in the living world: …according to this classification, are chemoorganotrophs; i.e., they utilize chemical compounds to supply energy and organic compounds as electron donors.

cancer: Chemoprevention: Chemoprevention is the use of chemical compounds to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis (the development of cancer) and thereby reverse tumor formation. Many chemopreventive agents, both natural and synthetic, have been identified. Some of the most-promising compounds are found in vegetables…

animal disease: Disease prevention, control, and eradication: …compounds to prevent illness (chemoprophylaxis) includes a variety of pesticides, which are used to kill insects that transmit diseases, and substances either used internally or applied to the animal’s body to prevent the transmission or the development of a disease. An example is the use of sulfonamide drugs in…

chemoreception, process by which organisms respond to chemical stimuli in their environments that depends primarily on the senses of taste and smell. Chemoreception relies on chemicals that act as signals to regulate cell function, without the chemical necessarily being taken into the cell for

chemoreception: Signal transduction: In the case of chemoreceptors, these electrical changes are induced by chemicals. The initial changes are called receptor potentials, and they are produced by the movement of positively charged ions (e.g., sodium ions) into the cell through openings in the cell membrane called ion channels. Thus, in order to…

human nervous system: Reflex pathways: Overall, the chemoreceptor reflex regulates respiration, cardiac output, and regional blood flow, ensuring that proper amounts of oxygen are delivered to the brain and heart.

vomiting: … centres—the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone—both located in the medulla oblongata. The vomiting centre initiates and controls the act of emesis, which involves a series of contractions of the smooth muscles lining the digestive tract. These contractions begin at the small intestine and move successively through the stomach…

Chemosh, ancient West Semitic deity, revered by the Moabites as their supreme god. Little is known about Chemosh; although King Solomon of Israel built a sanctuary to him east of Jerusalem (1 Kings 11:7), the shrine was later demolished by King Josiah (2 Kings 23:13). The goddess Astarte was

chemosterilant, any chemical compound used to control economically destructive or disease-causing pests (usually insects) by causing temporary or permanent sterility of one or both of the sexes or preventing maturation of the young to a sexually functional adult stage. The mating of sterilized

bacteria: Nutritional requirements: Chemotrophs obtain their energy from chemicals (organic and inorganic compounds); chemolithotrophs obtain their energy from reactions with inorganic salts; and chemoheterotrophs obtain their carbon and energy from organic compounds (the energy source may also serve as the carbon source in these organisms).

chemokine, any of a group of small hormonelike molecules that are secreted by cells and that stimulate the movement of cells of the immune system toward specific sites in the body. Chemokines are a type of cytokine (a short-lived secreted protein that regulates the function of nearby cells) and may

bacteria: Flagella, fimbriae, and pili: Chemotaxis allows a bacterium to adjust its swimming behavior so that it can sense and migrate toward increasing levels of an attractant chemical or away from a repellent one.

chemotaxy, method of biological classification based on similarities in the structures of certain compounds among the organisms being classified. Proponents of this taxonomic method argue that proteins, being more closely controlled by the genes and less directly subject to natural selection than

fungicide: Systemic fungicides, or chemotherapeutants, are applied to plants, where they become distributed throughout the tissue and act to eradicate existing disease or to protect against possible disease. In human and veterinary medicine, pharmaceutical fungicides are commonly applied as topical antifungal creams or are given as oral medications.

pharmaceutical industry: Drug interactions: Cancer chemotherapeutic agents are often given in combination because cellular interactions (such as inhibiting cell replication and promoting apoptosis) among the drugs cause more cancer cell death. Antihypertensive drugs are often given in combination because some of the side effects produced by one drug are overcome…

therapeutic index, margin of safety that exists between the dose of a drug that produces the desired effect and the dose that produces unwanted and possibly dangerous side effects. This relationship is defined as the ratio LD50:ED50, where LD50 is the dose at which a drug kills 50 percent of a test

chemotherapy, the treatment of diseases by chemical compounds. Chemotherapeutic drugs were originally those employed against infectious microbes, but the term has been broadened to include anticancer and other drugs. Until the end of the 19th century, most drugs were derived either from minerals or

bacteria: Nutritional requirements: Chemotrophs obtain their energy from chemicals (organic and inorganic compounds); chemolithotrophs obtain their energy from reactions with inorganic salts; and chemoheterotrophs obtain their carbon and energy from organic compounds (the energy source may also serve as the carbon source in these organisms).

bacteria: Nutritional requirements: Chemotrophs obtain their energy from chemicals (organic and inorganic compounds); chemolithotrophs obtain their energy from reactions with inorganic salts; and chemoheterotrophs obtain their carbon and energy from organic compounds (the energy source may also serve as the carbon source in these organisms).

tropism: …light), geotropism (response to gravity), chemotropism (response to particular substances), hydrotropism (response to water), thigmotropism (response to mechanical stimulation), traumatotropism (response to wound lesion), and galvanotropism, or electrotropism (response to electric current). Most tropic movements are orthotropic; i.e., they are directed

Lana Del Rey: Later singles and albums: …Del Rey dropped two albums: Chemtrails over the Country Club came out in March, and Blue Banisters followed in October. Her next project, Did You Know That There’s a Tunnel Under Ocean Blvd (2023), explores new themes such as aging and grief. (Del Rey’s uncle died in 2016 while she…

Chemung, county, south-central New York state, U.S., bordered by Pennsylvania to the south. It consists of a hilly region drained by the Chemung River (which bisects the county roughly north-south) and its tributaries. Forested areas feature a variety of hardwoods. On Aug. 29, 1779, the American

Susquehanna River: …its tributaries (which include the Chemung, Lackawanna, West Branch of the Susquehanna, and Juniata rivers) drain an area of 27,570 square miles (71,410 square km). Though the river itself never served as an important waterway because of rapids and other obstructions, its valley was significant as a land route to…

Chen Boda was a revolutionist and propagandist who became the chief interpreter of the “thought of Mao Zedong” and was briefly one of the five most powerful leaders of modern China. Later he was prosecuted for his role in the Cultural Revolution (1966–76). Born into a peasant family, Chen

snow goose, (Chen caerulescens), a species of North American goose that may be either white or dark with black wingtips and pink legs and a bill with black gape (“grin”), belonging to the family Anatidae (order Anseriformes). Two subspecies are recognized. The lesser snow goose (Chen caerulescens

snow goose: The greater snow goose (C.c. atlantica) breeds in northwestern Greenland and nearby islands and winters on the east coast of the United States from Chesapeake Bay to North Carolina, especially at Pea Island in the Outer Banks.

snow goose: The lesser snow goose (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) breeds in the Arctic and usually migrates to California and Japan. The greater snow goose (C.c. atlantica) breeds in northwestern Greenland and nearby islands and winters on the east coast of the United States from Chesapeake Bay to North…

China: Literature and scholarship: …History”); a phonological analysis by Chen Di of the ancient Shijing (“Classic of Poetry”); and a dictionary by Mei Yingzuo that for the first time classified Chinese ideograms (characters) under 214 components (radicals) and subclassified them by number of brushstrokes—an arrangement still used by most standard dictionaries.

Chen Duxiu was a founder of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP; 1921) and a major leader in developing the cultural basis of revolution in China. He was removed from his position of leadership in 1927 and was expelled from the Communist Party in 1929. Chen was born to a wealthy family. His father,

China: The tide begins to shift: …Hubei, northeast of Hankou; and Chen Geng had another army in Henan west of the Beiping-Hankou railway. These groups cut Nationalist lines of communication, destroyed protecting outposts along the Longhai and Ping-Han lines, and isolated cities.

Chen Shizeng was an accomplished critic, painter, and educator of early 20th-century China. Chen came from a family of prominent officials and scholars. He was well educated and something of a child prodigy who, by age 10, was painting, writing poetry, and excelling at calligraphy. In 1902 Chen

Chen Tao: …movement that was founded by Chen Hong-min in Pei-pu, Hsin-chu county, Taiwan, in 1993.

Chen Hongshou was a Chinese artist noted for his curious, masterfully executed paintings of ancient personalities. His works suggest the disquiet of the artist caught between the decline of the Ming dynasty and the conquest of the foreign Manchus, who established the Qing dynasty. Chen’s father

Goldbach conjecture: …1973, when the Chinese mathematician Chen Jing Run proved that every sufficiently large even number is the sum of a prime and a number with at most two prime factors.

Chen Jiongming was a Chinese military leader whose support allowed Sun Yat-sen to establish in Guangzhou (Canton; 1920) the revolutionary government that later spawned both the Chinese Nationalist and the Chinese communist movements. Originally a Nationalist revolutionary, Chen by 1918 had become

Chen Kaige is a Chinese film director noted for his realistic, sensitive, compassionate, and unflinching view of the lives and hopes of Chinese people. He is best known for the award-winning film Bawang bieji (1993; Farewell My Concubine). Chen was the son of teacher and filmmaker Chen Huai’ai. In

T’ai-chung: The Chen Lan (Zhenlan) temple at Ta-chia is well known as the starting point of an annual pilgrimage to Pei-kang (Beigang) in southern Taiwan in honour of Matsu, goddess of the sea. The Taiwan Provincial Assembly, 6 miles (10 km) south of central T’ai-chung, formerly (until…

China: Yuan’s attempts to become emperor: In December, Chen Qimei (Ch’en Ch’i-mei) and Hu Hanmin (Hu Han-min), two followers of Sun Yat-sen (who was actively scheming against Yuan from his exile in Japan), began a movement against the monarchy. More significant was a military revolt in Yunnan, led by Gen. Cai E (Ts’ai O; a…

Chen Duxiu was a founder of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP; 1921) and a major leader in developing the cultural basis of revolution in China. He was removed from his position of leadership in 1927 and was expelled from the Communist Party in 1929. Chen was born to a wealthy family. His father,

Chinese painting: Song (960–1279), Liao (907–1125), and Jin (1115–1234) dynasties: …last great Song artists was Chen Rong, an official, poet, and Daoist who specialized in painting the dragon, a symbol both of the emperor and of the mysterious all-pervading force of the Dao. Chen Rong’s paintings show these fabulous creatures emerging from amid rocks and clouds. They were painted in…

Chen Shizeng was an accomplished critic, painter, and educator of early 20th-century China. Chen came from a family of prominent officials and scholars. He was well educated and something of a child prodigy who, by age 10, was painting, writing poetry, and excelling at calligraphy. In 1902 Chen

Chen Shui-bian is a lawyer and politician who served as president of the Republic of China (Taiwan) from 2000 to 2008. He was a prominent leader of the pro-independence movement that sought to establish statehood for Taiwan. Born into a poor farming family, Chen won a scholarship to National Taiwan

Chen Tao, new religious movement that was founded by Chen Hong-min in Pei-pu, Hsin-chu county, Taiwan, in 1993. Chen, a former professor of sociology at Chianan College of Pharmacology and Science, founded a religion that is an eclectic mixture of Buddhism, popular religion, Christianity, and New

Confucianism: Confucian learning in Jin, Yuan, and Ming: …scholars, Wu Yubi (1391–1469) and Chen Xianzhang (1428–1500), helped to define Confucian education for those who studied the Classics not simply in preparation for examinations but as learning of the “body and mind.” They cleared the way for Wang Yangming (1472–1529), the most-influential Confucian thinker after Zhu Xi.

Shiing-shen Chern was a Chinese American mathematician and educator whose researches in differential geometry developed ideas that now play a major role in mathematics and in mathematical physics. Chern graduated from Nankai University in Tianjin, China, in 1930; he received an M.S. degree in 1934

Yongle: Transfer of the capital to Beijing: …reign under the naval commander Chen Xuan. Rehabilitation and extension of old waterways in the north proceeded simultaneously, so that in 1411 sea transport vessels could enter the Huang He mouth south of Shandong and thus avoid the most perilous part of the coastal route; then Chen Xuan by 1415…

Xuanzang was a Buddhist monk and Chinese pilgrim to India who translated the sacred scriptures of Buddhism from Sanskrit into Chinese and founded in China the Buddhist Consciousness Only school. His fame rests mainly on the volume and diversity of his translations of the Buddhist sutras and on the

Chen Yi was one of the outstanding Chinese communist military commanders of the 1930s and ’40s. He was a party leader and served as foreign minister from 1958 to 1972. Chen Yi studied and worked in France from 1919 to 1921 under a worker-student program sponsored by the Chinese government. Upon his

Hongwu: National military leadership: Chief among them were Chen Youliang and Zhang Shicheng. Chen Youliang was the self-proclaimed emperor of the Han dynasty and was based in Wuchang (in Hubei province, about 400 miles [650 km] west of Shanghai), controlling a large portion of central China. Zhang Shicheng, the self-proclaimed prince Cheng of…

Hongwu: National military leadership: On the other hand, Chen Youting, a Yuan loyalist who protected Fujian province (on the southeast coast, opposite Taiwan), was captured and brought to Nanjing for execution.

China: Seizure of power: …surfaced in the summer, when Chen Zaidao, a military commander in the key city of Wuhan, arrested two important radical CCP leaders. Faced with possible widespread revolt among local military commanders, Mao tilted toward reestablishing some order.

Vera Wang: From Vogue to wedding dresses: …skaters, including Michelle Kwan and Nathan Chen. Soon celebrities were wearing her dresses at highly publicized events. In the late 1990s and early 2000s her designs also appeared on such television shows as Ugly Betty, Sex and the City, and Buffy the Vampire Slayer. In 2001 she released the book…

Perry Chen is an American entrepreneur who created and cofounded Kickstarter, an Internet company that specialized in providing financial support for philanthropic and artistic endeavors by linking project leaders with a vast online community of investors. Chen was raised on Roosevelt Island in New

gravity: The inverse square law: , by Y.T. Chen and associates, the attractions of two solid cylinders of different mass were balanced against a third cylinder so that only the separations of the cylinders had to be known; it was not necessary to know the distances of any from a test mass.…

Zhenjiang, city and port, southern Jiangsu sheng (province), China, situated on the southern bank of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang). It was capital of the province in 1928–49. Pop. (2002 est.) 536,137; (2007 est.) urban agglom., 854,000. Zhenjiang was the seat of feudal domains from the 8th

zhenren, in Daoism, a god or deified mortal. The term has been the official title of the head of the Zhengyidao sect since the late 13th century. The Daoist sage Zhuangzi used the term zhenren, along with shenren (“spiritualized person”), zhiren (“perfected person”), and shengren (“sage,” or

Cambodia: Funan and Chenla: …modern writers to use “Chenla,” the contemporary Chinese term for the region, when referring to Cambodia during that time. Chinese sources suggest that there were at least two kingdoms in Cambodia, known as “Water Chenla” and “Land Chenla,” that vied for recognition from China in that period. Whereas the…

Zhenzong was the temple name (miaohao) of the third emperor (reigned 997–1022) of the Song dynasty (960–1279), who strengthened Confucianism and concluded a peace treaty with the Liao empire to the north that ended several decades of warfare. As a result of the Treaty of Chanyuan (1004), the Song

Chenab River, river of the Indian subcontinent in northwestern India and northeastern and eastern Pakistan. The Chenab is formed by the confluence of two streams, Chandra and Bhaga, in the western (Punjab) Himalayas in India’s Himachal Pradesh state. It flows west through Jammu and Kashmir union

Congo River: Physiography: …a narrow section called the Chenal (“Channel”), or Couloir (“Corridor”). Between banks no more than half a mile to a mile wide, the riverbed deepens and the current becomes rapid, flowing through a valley that cuts down several hundreds of yards deep into the soft sandstone bedrock of the Batéké…

Chenango, county, south-central New York state, U.S., bounded by the Unadilla River to the east. It consists of a hilly region drained principally by the Chenango River (which bisects the county north-southwest) and by the Otselic, Susquehanna, and Sangerfield rivers. Parklands include Bowman Lake

Binghamton, city, seat (1806) of Broome county, south-central New York, U.S. It lies at the confluence of the Chenango and Susquehanna rivers, near the Pennsylvania border, 75 miles (121 km) south of Syracuse. With Johnson City and Endicott, it forms the Triple Cities. Settled in 1787 at the site

Kenneth Chenault is an American businessman and one of the first African Americans to become the chief executive officer (CEO) of a Fortune 500 firm, the American Express Company; he served as its CEO from 2001 to 2018. The son of a dentist and a dental hygienist, Chenault grew up on Long Island

Kenneth Chenault is an American businessman and one of the first African Americans to become the chief executive officer (CEO) of a Fortune 500 firm, the American Express Company; he served as its CEO from 2001 to 2018. The son of a dentist and a dental hygienist, Chenault grew up on Long Island

Chenchu, people of southern India, numbering about 59,000 at the turn of the 21st century. Most Chenchu live in the state of Andhra Pradesh. They speak variants of Telugu, the Dravidian language of the region. Their round houses of wattle and thatch are not unlike those used by other people of the

pre-Columbian civilizations: Major sites: …even more pronounced in the Chenes country to the northwest, in the modern state of Campeche. At Chenes sites, Maya architects constructed frontal portals surrounded by the jaws of sky serpents and faced entire buildings with a riot of baroquely carved grotesques and spirals.

Liz Cheney is an American attorney and Republican politician who served as the congresswoman from Wyoming in the U.S. House of Representatives (2017–23). Cheney had a lead role in the House’s investigation into the January 6, 2021, attack on the Capitol, and she was a vocal critic of Donald Trump.

Amy Marcy Beach was an American pianist and composer known for her Piano Concerto (1900) and her Gaelic Symphony (1894), the first symphony by an American woman composer. Amy Cheney had already demonstrated precocious musical talent when the family moved to Boston in 1870. She began taking piano

Charles Edward Cheney was a controversial American clergyman who helped found the Reformed Episcopal Church. Cheney became rector of Christ Church, Chicago, in 1860, the year he was ordained a priest in the Protestant Episcopal Church. A pronounced evangelical, he joined others in signing the

diplomatics: Post-Renaissance scholarship: Christopher Robert Cheney has made important contributions to the research of papal documents. In Italy Luigi Schiaparelli made vital contributions to the study of Lombard documents. From the 19th century, some study of documents has formed part of the medieval-history curriculum in most European universities.

Dick Cheney is the 46th vice president of the United States (2001–09) in the Republican administration of Pres. George W. Bush and secretary of defense (1989–93) in the administration of Pres. George H.W. Bush. Cheney was the son of Richard Herbert Cheney, a soil-conservation agent, and Marjorie

Liz Cheney is an American attorney and Republican politician who served as the congresswoman from Wyoming in the U.S. House of Representatives (2017–23). Cheney had a lead role in the House’s investigation into the January 6, 2021, attack on the Capitol, and she was a vocal critic of Donald Trump.

Dick Cheney: …August 29, 1964, he married Lynne Vincent. While Cheney worked as an aid to Wisconsin Gov. Warren Knowles, his wife received a doctorate in British literature from the University of Wisconsin. She later served as chair of the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH; 1986–93), where she was criticized by…

Dick Cheney is the 46th vice president of the United States (2001–09) in the Republican administration of Pres. George W. Bush and secretary of defense (1989–93) in the administration of Pres. George H.W. Bush. Cheney was the son of Richard Herbert Cheney, a soil-conservation agent, and Marjorie

zheng, Chinese plucked board zither roughly 47 inches (120 cm) long and 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Its resonator is galley-shaped, and in cross section the top is curved and the bottom flat. The strings are stretched over the surface, fastened at the left end and at the right where there are pegs for

Zheng Chenggong was a pirate leader of Ming forces against the Manchu conquerors of China, best known for establishing Chinese control over Taiwan. Zheng Chenggong was born in a small Japanese coastal town to a Japanese mother and a Chinese father, Zheng Zhilong, a maritime adventurer who made a

Zheng Qiao was a great historian of the Song dynasty (960–1279). He wrote the Tongzhi (“General Treatises”), a famous institutional history of China from its beginnings through the Tang dynasty (618–907). In this work he discussed subjects such as philology, phonetics, and the development of

Zheng Zhenduo was a literary historian of Chinese vernacular literature who was instrumental in promoting the “new literature” of 20th-century China. After studying in his native province, where he began writing short stories and verse as a youth, Zheng Zhenduo went to Shanghai and then to Beijing

Zheng Zhilong was a Chinese pirate leader who achieved great power in the transitional period between the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911/12) dynasties. As a boy, Zheng found employment with the Europeans in the Portuguese settlement at Macau, where he was baptized and given the Christian name

Geng Jingzhong was a Chinese general whose revolt was one of the most serious threats to the authority of the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644–1911/12). In return for their services in establishing Manchu power in China, the Geng clan had been given control of a large fiefdom in Fujian province in South

East Asian mathematics: Fall into oblivion, 14th–16th centuries: … (“Systematic Treatise on Mathematics”) by Cheng Dawei (1592), had a special significance. In addition to its detailed treatment of arithmetic on the abacus, it provided a summa of mathematical knowledge assembled by the author after 20 years of bibliographic research. Re-edited several times through the 19th century, the “Systematic Treatise”…

Cheng Hao was a Chinese philosopher who, with his brother, Cheng Yi, developed Neo-Confucianism into an organized philosophy. Cheng Hao’s idealist school emphasized pure thought and introspection, while his brother’s rationalist school focused on illumination through investigation. Cheng was

Zheng He was an admiral and diplomat who helped extend the maritime and commercial influence of China throughout the regions bordering the Indian Ocean. He commanded seven naval expeditions almost a century before the Portuguese reached India by sailing around the southern tip of Africa. Zheng He

Cheng Huang, in Chinese mythology, the City God, or the spiritual magistrate and guardian deity of a particular Chinese city. Because dead spirits reputedly informed the god of all good and evil deeds within his jurisdiction, it was popularly believed that devout prayers offered in Cheng Huang’s

Chinese calligraphy: …to have been invented by Cheng Miao (240–207 bce), who had offended Shihuangdi and was serving a 10-year sentence in prison. He spent his time in prison working out this new development, which opened up seemingly endless possibilities for later calligraphers. Freed by lishu from earlier constraints, they evolved new…

Chinese painting: Painting and printmaking: A leading figure painter was Cheng Shifa, a descendant of the Shanghai school who utilized that style in politically polished depictions of China’s minority peoples. Many talented artists, including Luo Gongliu and Ai Zhongxin, painted in oils, which, because of their link to the Soviet Union and Soviet art advisers,…

kaishu, in Chinese calligraphy, a stylization of chancery script developed during the period of the Three Kingdoms and Western Jin (220–316/317) that simplified the lishu script into a more fluent and easily written form. Characterized by clear-cut corners and straight strokes of varying thickness,

Chinese painting: Yuan dynasty (1206–1368): …simply brushed orchid paintings of Zheng Sixiao, who painted this traditional symbol of political loyalty without any ground beneath as a comment on the grievous loss of China to foreign domination.

Dream of the Red Chamber: …of 120 chapters prepared by Cheng Weiyuan and Gao E. Uncertainty remains about the final 40 chapters of the book; they may have been forged by Gao, substantially written by Cao Zhan and simply discovered and put into final form by Cheng and Gao, or perhaps composed by an unknown…

Cheng Yi was a Chinese philosopher who influenced the development of the rationalist school of Neo-Confucianism. His statement “Principle is one but its manifestations are many” stressed the importance of investigation and contrasted with the introspective idealist Neo-Confucian philosophy of his

Carrie Lam is a civil servant and politician in Hong Kong who served as the fourth chief executive (2017–22) of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) of China. Carrie was born and raised in Hong Kong. She attended St. Francis’ Canossian School and College for 13 years. She then

Zhengzhou, city and capital of Henan sheng (province), China. Located in the north-central part of the province, it is situated to the south of the Huang He (Yellow River), where its valley broadens into the great plain and at the eastern extremity of the Xiong’er Mountains. The city is at the

Zhengtong was the reign name (nianhao) of the sixth and eighth emperor of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), whose court was dominated by eunuchs who weakened the dynasty by a disastrous war with Mongol tribes. In 1435 Zhu Qizhen ascended the throne and became known as the Zhengtong emperor, with his

Zhengde was the reign name (nianhao) of the 11th emperor (reigned 1505–21) of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), during whose reign eunuchs achieved such power within the government that subsequent rulers proved unable to dislodge them. Zhu Houzhao ascended the throne in 1505, taking the reign name