Zhengding, town, western Hebei sheng (province), China. The town has been strategically important throughout history, being situated on the edge of the North China Plain at the foot of the Taihang Mountains and commanding the approaches to one of the principal routes from the plain into Shanxi

Lu Jiuyuan: …the Learning of Principle (lixue), often called the Cheng-Zhu school after its leading philosophers, Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi.

Chengalpattu, town, northeastern Tamil Nadu state, southeastern India. It is located along the Palar River, about 35 miles (56 km) south-southwest of the city of Chennai (Madras). Chengalpattu dates from the early Chola dynasty of the 2nd century bce. Its name means “Town of Red Lotuses.” The

Chengde, city in northern Hebei sheng (province), China. The city is situated in the mountains separating the North China Plain from the plateaus of Inner Mongolia, approximately 110 miles (180 km) northeast of Beijing, on the Re River (Re He; “Hot River”), a small tributary of the Luan River. The

Chengde Uplands, region of extremely complex and rugged topography in northeastern China. It encompasses portions of southwestern Liaoning province, northeastern Hubei province, and southeastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The area is mostly composed of Precambrian granites, gneiss, and

Chengde Uplands, region of extremely complex and rugged topography in northeastern China. It encompasses portions of southwestern Liaoning province, northeastern Hubei province, and southeastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The area is mostly composed of Precambrian granites, gneiss, and

China: From Chengdi to Wang Mang: In the reigns of Chengdi (33–7 bce), Aidi (7–1 bce), and Pingdi (1 bce–6 ce), the conduct of state affairs and the atmosphere of the court were subject to the weakness or youth of the emperors, the lack of an heir…

Daoguang was the reign name (nianhao) of the sixth emperor of the Qing dynasty of China, during whose reign (1820–50) attempts to prevent governmental decline met with little success. The monarch ascended the throne in 1820, assuming the reign name Daoguang in 1821. The imperial treasury had been

Chengdu, city and capital of Sichuan sheng (province), China. Chengdu, in central Sichuan, is situated on the fertile Chengdu Plain, the site of Dujiangyan, one of China’s most ancient and successful irrigation systems, watered by the Min River. The system and nearby Mount Qingcheng, an early

China: Rural areas: In the Chengdu Plain of the Sichuan Basin, a large part of the population lives in isolated farmsteads or scattered hamlets, surrounded by thickets of bamboo and broad-leaved trees.

pottery: Reign of the Chenghua emperor (1464–87): Much overglaze decoration can be attributed with a reasonable measure of certainty to the reign of Chenghua, the finest examples being, perhaps, the chicken cups, so called because they are decorated with chickens. Their decoration is outlined in underglaze blue and filled…

Cheng Huang, in Chinese mythology, the City God, or the spiritual magistrate and guardian deity of a particular Chinese city. Because dead spirits reputedly informed the god of all good and evil deeds within his jurisdiction, it was popularly believed that devout prayers offered in Cheng Huang’s

Chengjiang fossil site, formation in China containing fossils dating to the Terreneuvian Epoch of the Cambrian Period (541 million to 521 million years ago). Comprising a 512 hectare- (1,265-acre-) parcel of hilly terrain in Yunnan province, the site is one of the most-important fossil formations

Chengjiang fossil site, formation in China containing fossils dating to the Terreneuvian Epoch of the Cambrian Period (541 million to 521 million years ago). Comprising a 512 hectare- (1,265-acre-) parcel of hilly terrain in Yunnan province, the site is one of the most-important fossil formations

Dorgon was a prince of the Manchu people of Manchuria (present-day Northeast China) who played a major part in founding the Qing (Manchu) dynasty in China. He was the first regent for the first Qing emperor, Shunzhi. Dorgon was the 14th of the 16 sons of Nurhachi, founder of the Manchu state, who

Jingtai was the reign name (nianhao) of the seventh emperor of the Ming dynasty. He ascended to the throne after his brother, the Zhengtong emperor, was captured while leading the imperial forces against the Oryat (western Mongol) leader Esen Taiji in 1449. When Esen tried to take advantage of his

Chinese painting: Ming dynasty (1368–1644): …Fangshi Mopu of 1588 and Chengshi Moyuan of 1606 (“Mr. Fang Yulu’s Ink Catalog” and “Mr. Cheng Dayue’s Ink Garden,” respectively); both catalogs utilized graphic designs by significant artists to promote the products of Anhui province’s foremost manufacturers of ink sticks. The Shizhuzhai Shuhuapu (“Ten Bamboo Studio Manual of Painting…

Tang was the reign name of the Chinese emperor who overthrew the Xia dynasty (c. 2070–c. 1600 bc) and founded the Shang, the first historical dynasty ( c. 1600–1046 bc, though the dating of the Shang—and hence also of the Tang emperor’s founding of it—have long been the subject of much debate). As

Xuanzang: …was set forth in Xuanzang’s Chengweishilun (“Treatise on the Establishment of the Doctrine of Consciousness Only”), a translation of the essential Yogacara writings, and in Kuijhi’s commentary. The main thesis of this school is that the whole world is but a representation of the mind. While Xuanzang and Kuiji lived,…

Dorgon was a prince of the Manchu people of Manchuria (present-day Northeast China) who played a major part in founding the Qing (Manchu) dynasty in China. He was the first regent for the first Qing emperor, Shunzhi. Dorgon was the 14th of the 16 sons of Nurhachi, founder of the Manchu state, who

Temür was the grandson and successor of the great Kublai Khan; he ruled (1295–1307) as emperor of the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty (1206–1368) of China and as great khan of the Mongol Empire. He was the last Yuan ruler to maintain firm control over China, but he never exercised real power over Mongol

Yongle was the reign name (nianhao) of the third emperor (1402–24) of China’s Ming dynasty (1368–1644), which he raised to its greatest power. He moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, which was rebuilt with the Forbidden City. Zhu Di’s father, the Hongwu emperor, had rapidly risen from a poor

chenier, beach ridge, usually composed of sand-sized material resting on clay or mud. Chenier is the Louisiana French term for the oak tree belts that mark the distribution of the ridges in the Mississippi Delta region. In that area there are several sets of cheniers, each separated from, and

André de Chénier was a poet and political journalist, generally considered the greatest French poet of the 18th century. His work was scarcely published until 25 years after his death. When the first collected edition of Chénier’s poetry appeared in 1819, it had an immediate success and was

Clifton Chenier was an American popular musician and pioneer in the development of zydeco music—a bluesy, southern Louisiana blend of French, African American, Native American, and Afro-Caribbean traditions. He was a master keyboard accordionist, a bold vocalist, and the unofficial (but virtually

Marie-Joseph de Chénier was a poet, dramatist, politician, and supporter of the French Revolution from its early stages. The brother of the Romantic poet André de Chénier, Marie-Joseph attended the Collège de Navarre, then joined the regiment of Montmorency for two years. A member of the Convention

Marie-Joseph de Chénier was a poet, dramatist, politician, and supporter of the French Revolution from its early stages. The brother of the Romantic poet André de Chénier, Marie-Joseph attended the Collège de Navarre, then joined the regiment of Montmorency for two years. A member of the Convention

yarn: …times at one point; and chenille, a soft, lofty yarn with pile protruding on all sides. Textured yarns are synthetic filament yarns that are made bulky or stretchy by heating or other techniques.

copperleaf: Major species: Another ornamental species, the chenille plant, also called bristly copperleaf or red hot cattail (A. hispida), reaches a height of 3 metres (10 feet) and is grown for its long tail-like pendent flower spikes that are rust-red in colour. It is native to tropical eastern Asia. A. godseffiana, which…

floor covering: Chenille rugs have soft, deep pile formed by long, furry strips. The pile of tufted carpets is formed by tufts inserted into a backing with needles. In knitted carpets, the backing, locking, and pile yarns are all looped together. Flocked types are produced by systems…

Ōe Kenzaburō: Chenjiringu (2000; The Changeling) tells the story of a writer who relives his personal history, often in a dreamlike and surreal manner, after he receives a collection of audiotapes from an estranged friend who appears to have recorded his own suicide. In Suishi (2009; Death by Water)…

Cambodia: Funan and Chenla: …modern writers to use “Chenla,” the contemporary Chinese term for the region, when referring to Cambodia during that time. Chinese sources suggest that there were at least two kingdoms in Cambodia, known as “Water Chenla” and “Land Chenla,” that vied for recognition from China in that period. Whereas the…

Yu Dafu: …first collection of short stories, Chenlun (1921; “Sinking”), was written in vernacular Chinese, as advocated by the new generation of writers. Chenlun became a popular success in China because of its frank treatment of sex; when Yu returned to his country in 1922, he was a literary celebrity.

Chennai, city, capital of Tamil Nadu state, southern India, located on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. Known as the “Gateway to South India,” Chennai is a major administrative and cultural center. Pop. (2011) city, 4,646,732; urban agglom., 8,696,010. Chennai is located on the Coromandel

Ravichandran Ashwin: Franchise cricket: …he was picked by the Chennai Super Kings for the 2008 IPL season but did not play a game. He played only two IPL games in 2009 but bowled well for two wickets. He had a breakthrough season in 2010; he took 13 wickets as CSK won the IPL trophy…

Claire L. Chennault was a U.S. major general who commanded the U.S. Army Air Forces in China (1942–45) and created the American Volunteer Group (AVG), best known as the Flying Tigers. Chennault briefly attended Louisiana State University before enrolling in the Louisiana State Normal School in

Claire L. Chennault was a U.S. major general who commanded the U.S. Army Air Forces in China (1942–45) and created the American Volunteer Group (AVG), best known as the Flying Tigers. Chennault briefly attended Louisiana State University before enrolling in the Louisiana State Normal School in

Najʿ Ḥammādī: …of the ancient town of Chenoboskion. It is a market town for the surrounding agricultural region, and it has a sugar refinery; an aluminum plant complex opened in 1975.

bile acid: Synthesis and circulation: …humans are cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, which are usually found in the form of their salts. In these bile acids the amino acids taurine and glycine are chemically linked to a side-chain carboxyl group. Conjugation with glycine or taurine increases the solubility of bile acids and increases their effectiveness…

Chenonceaux, village, Indre-et-Loire département, Centre région, west-central France, on the right bank of the Cher River. Chenonceaux is famous for its château, which bridges the Cher. Founded on the pilings of a mill in 1513 or 1515 by Thomas Bohier, financial minister in Normandy, the château

Chenonceaux: Chenonceaux is famous for its château, which bridges the Cher. Founded on the pilings of a mill in 1513 or 1515 by Thomas Bohier, financial minister in Normandy, the château was completed in 1522 and represents a type of architecture transitional between Gothic and Renaissance. An isolated tower flanking a…

wendigo, a mythological cannibalistic monster in the spiritual tradition of North American Algonquian-speaking tribes. It is associated with winter and described as either a fearsome beast that stalks and eats humans or as a spirit that possesses humans, causing them to turn into cannibals. There

scrubland: Environment: …in several such regions is chenopod scrubland, named for its dominant shrubs, which belong to the chenopod, or saltbush, family. In Australia, for example, in areas south of the Tropic of Capricorn (23°27′ S), which receive an average annual rainfall of 150 to 250 millimetres, chenopod scrublands cover about 6…

desert: Origin: …of diversity such as the chenopod and tamarisk families, first appeared in the Miocene (23 to 5.3 million years ago), evolving in the salty, drying environment of the disappearing Tethys Sea along what is now the Mediterranean–Central Asian axis.

goosefoot, (genus Chenopodium), genus of several weedy salt-tolerant plants belonging to the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae), found in temperate regions around the world. Goosefoot plants are often rank-smelling, and a number of species have leaves that resemble the foot of a goose—hence their

lamb’s quarters, (Chenopodium album), annual weedy plant of the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae), of wide distribution in Asia, Europe, and North America. It can grow up to 3 metres (about 10 feet) but is usually a smaller plant. The blue-green leaves are variable in size and shape but are often

goosefoot: Good King Henry, or mercury goosefoot (Blitum bonus-henricus, formerly C. bonus-henricus), is a deep-rooted perennial with several stems and edible spinach-like leaves. Feather geranium, or Jerusalem oak goosefoot (Dysphania botrys, formerly C. botrys), has many clusters of small flowers and is occasionally cultivated in gardens.

goosefoot: Feather geranium, or Jerusalem oak goosefoot (Dysphania botrys, formerly C. botrys), has many clusters of small flowers and is occasionally cultivated in gardens.

South America: Food crops: …environments, such as quinoa and canahua, both small grains used as cereals, and tuberoses such as ullucu and oca. Squashes and pumpkins are pre-Columbian crops that have spread throughout the world, as is the tomato, indigenous to South America’s west coast. Cashews, cultivated in most tropical countries, and Brazil nuts,…

quinoa, (Chenopodium quinoa), plant species grown for its tiny edible seeds. Quinoa is not a true cereal, and its seeds are high in protein and fiber. The young leaves are also nutritious and can be eaten as a vegetable similar to spinach (to which it is related). The plant is native to the Andean

Helen Hamilton Gardener was an American writer, reformer, and public official, who was an eloquent and charismatic advocate for woman suffrage and of feminism. Born Alice Chenoweth, she graduated from the Cincinnati (Ohio) Normal School in 1873. After two years as a schoolteacher she married

Wicked: …Idina Menzel as Elphaba and Kristin Chenoweth as Galinda, as well as Joel Grey, Carole Shelley, Norbert Leo Butz, Michelle Federer, and Christopher Fitzgerald. Although critics were unimpressed by the songs and plot of the show, Menzel’s and Chenoweth’s performances received praise. The show garnered the most nominations of any…

Avalokiteshvara, in Buddhism, and primarily in Mahayana (“Greater Vehicle”) Buddhism, the bodhisattva (“buddha-to-be”) of infinite compassion and mercy, possibly the most popular of all figures in Buddhist legend. Avalokiteshvara is beloved throughout the Buddhist world—not only in Mahayana

Cao Zhi was one of China’s greatest lyric poets and the son of the famous general Cao Cao. Cao Zhi was born at the time his father was assuming command over the northern third of China, later known as the Wei kingdom. In a family of poets—the verses of Cao Cao and Cao Pi (Cao Zhi’s older brother

Cheoah River, river that rises northeast of Andrews, North Carolina, U.S., and flows about 20 miles (32 km) northwest through Lake Santeetlah (impounded by Santeetlah Dam) to the Little Tennessee River just below Cheoah

Cheonan, city, South Chungcheong do (province), western South Korea, south of Seoul. A transportation junction since ancient times, it is known by a famous folk song, “Cheonan Samgeori” (samgeori meaning “three-way intersection”). The city is connected with the surrounding provinces by rail and

North Korea: Relations with the South: …a South Korean warship, the Ch’ŏnan (Cheonan), exploded and sank in the waters of the Yellow Sea near Paengnyŏng (Baengnyeong) Island, close to the maritime border with North Korea. An international team of investigators concluded in May that the explosion had been caused by a torpedo fired from a North…

Cheongju, city, North Chungcheong do (province), central South Korea. An old inland rural city, it is now the political and economic center of the province. After the city was connected to Seoul by highway in 1970, it developed rapidly. Rice, barley, beans, and cotton are produced within the

dress: China: This was the qipao, better known in the West by its Cantonese name, cheongsam, or as a “mandarin dress.” The qipao had developed from the changfu. A close-fitting dress made from one piece of material, the qipao was fastened up the right (or more rarely, the left) front…

Jan Hendrik Leopold: …work is the epic poem “Cheops” (1915), which describes in rich, musical language the journey of a pharaoh’s soul after death through the spiritual regions of the universe and its return, disillusioned, to its burial pyramid.

Khufu was the second king of the 4th dynasty (c. 2543–c. 2436 bce) of Egypt and builder of the Great Pyramid at Giza, the largest single building to that time. It and two nearby pyramids are collectively known as the Pyramids of Giza. Khufu’s reign and that of his son Khafre were represented by the

Khepri, in ancient Egyptian religion and mythology, the god of the morning sun, representing its transformational power. Khepri was depicted in the form of a scarab beetle, specifically the Egyptian dung beetle (Scarabaeus sacer), or in the form of a human with the head of a scarab beetle. As the

Khafre was a king of the 4th dynasty of ancient Egypt who ruled c. 2472–c. 2448 bce and built the second of the three Pyramids of Giza. Khafre was the son of King Khufu and succeeded the short-lived Redjedef, probably his elder brother. He married his sister Khamerernebti, Meresankh III, and

Chepstow, market town and historic fortress, historic and present county of Monmouthshire (Sir Fynwy), southeastern Wales, on the west bank of the River Wye where it forms the border between England and Wales, near its confluence with the River Severn. Situated at a strategic point in the Wye

Isambard Kingdom Brunel: …and his last were the Chepstow and Saltash (Royal Albert) bridges, all in England. The Maidenhead Railway Bridge had the flattest brick arch in the world. Brunel’s use of a compressed-air caisson to sink the pier foundations for the bridge helped gain acceptance of compressed-air techniques in underwater and underground…

check, bill of exchange drawn on a bank and payable on demand; it has become the chief form of money in the domestic commerce of developed countries. As a written order to pay money, it may be transferred from one person to another by endorsement and delivery or, in certain cases, by delivery

checkerwork, in architecture, masonry built of two materials, usually stone and flint or stone and brick, so arranged as to make a checkerboard pattern and to give variety in texture and colour. Stone and flint checkerwork is common in the parish churches and smaller houses of East Anglia, England;

Chequers, country house, administrative and historic county of Buckinghamshire, England, situated 30 miles (50 km) northwest of London, the official country residence of the prime ministers of Great Britain. The estate is about 1,500 acres (600 hectares) in extent. Chequers owes much of its present

Chequers, country house, administrative and historic county of Buckinghamshire, England, situated 30 miles (50 km) northwest of London, the official country residence of the prime ministers of Great Britain. The estate is about 1,500 acres (600 hectares) in extent. Chequers owes much of its present

heraldry: Ordinaries: Checky, or chequy, describes the field or charge divided into squares of two tinctures, like a checkerboard. Billets are oblong figures. If their number exceeds 10 and they are irregularly placed, the field is described as billetté. The pall, or shakefork, is the upper half…

Cher is an American entertainer who parlayed her status as a teenage pop singer in the 1960s into a successful recording, concert, and acting career, projecting an image that is altogether tough, vulnerable, outspoken, and resilient. Known for having a devoted fan base, Cher is regarded as a

Berry: …region encompassing the Indre and Cher départements in the Centre région of central France. It is coextensive with the former province of Berry, which included the départements of Cher (roughly corresponding to Upper Berry) and Indre (Lower Berry).

Cher Ami, American military homing pigeon used by the U.S. Army Signal Corps during World War I (1914–18). The bird is credited with carrying a message that saved members of the U.S. Army’s 77th Division, which had become trapped behind German lines during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in October

Cher River, river in central France, a tributary of the Loire River. It rises in the northwest of the Massif Central and flows north across the Combrailles Plateau through the towns of Montluçon and Saint-Amand-Montrond. Veering northwest through the pastures and woodland west of Bourges, it is

Cera dynasty, rulers of an ancient kingdom in what is now Kerala state, southwestern India. Cera was one of the three major kingdoms of southern India that constituted Tamilkam (territory of the Tamils) and was centred on the Malabar Coast and its hinterland. The other two dynasties were the

Cherangany Hills, mountain range in western Kenya, East Africa. It forms the western half of the Great Rift Valley and extends northwest in a broken chain to Mount Moroto in Uganda. Nonvolcanic in origin, the Cherangany Hills resulted from faulting in the Rift Valley. The range is approximately 30

Cherangany Hills, mountain range in western Kenya, East Africa. It forms the western half of the Great Rift Valley and extends northwest in a broken chain to Mount Moroto in Uganda. Nonvolcanic in origin, the Cherangany Hills resulted from faulting in the Rift Valley. The range is approximately 30

Jules, Cardinal Mazarin: Service as papal diplomat.: By the Treaty of Cherasco (June 19, 1631), negotiated by Mazarin, the French candidate was installed in Mantua, but the agreement settled only the differences between France and Savoy.

Cherbourg-en-Cotentin, naval station, fortified town, and seaport in Manche département, Normandy région, northwestern France. It lies along the English Channel, west-northwest of Paris, and is situated at the mouth of the small Divette River on the north shore of the Cotentin peninsula. The steep

Cherbourg-en-Cotentin, naval station, fortified town, and seaport in Manche département, Normandy région, northwestern France. It lies along the English Channel, west-northwest of Paris, and is situated at the mouth of the small Divette River on the north shore of the Cotentin peninsula. The steep

Iol, ancient seaport of Mauretania, located west of what is now Algiers in Algeria. Iol was originally founded as a Carthaginian trading station, but it was later renamed Caesarea and became the capital of Mauretania in 25 bc. The city was famous as a centre of Hellenistic culture, and under the

Madeleine Guimard: …colleague Maximilien Gardel, whose La Chercheuse d’esprit was her favourite ballet, in opposing Noverre’s engagement as ballet master at the Opéra.

Mari, European people, numbering about 670,000 in the late 20th century, who speak a language of the Finno-Ugric family and live mainly in Mari El, Russia, in the middle Volga River valley. There are also some Mari in adjacent regions and nearly 100,000 in Bashkortostan (Bashkiriya). Mari is their

Mari language, member of the Finno-Ugric division of the Uralic language family, spoken primarily in the Mari El republic, Russia. The three major dialects of Mari are the Meadow dialect, spoken in Mari El and north of the Volga River; the Mountain (Hill) dialect, spoken mostly south of the Volga,

Mari, European people, numbering about 670,000 in the late 20th century, who speak a language of the Finno-Ugric family and live mainly in Mari El, Russia, in the middle Volga River valley. There are also some Mari in adjacent regions and nearly 100,000 in Bashkortostan (Bashkiriya). Mari is their

Cheremkhovo, city, southwestern Irkutsk oblast (region), southern Siberia, Russia. It is situated on the Trans-Siberian Railroad, about 90 miles (145 km) northwest of the city of Irkutsk. Cheremkhovo was founded in 1772 as a station on the Great Siberian Post Road, and the town developed as a chief

Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov: …of the Cherenkov counter, or Cherenkov detector, that later was used extensively in experimental nuclear and particle physics. Cherenkov continued to do research in nuclear and cosmic-ray physics at the P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute. Cherenkov was elected to the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences as a corresponding (1964) and subsequently full…

Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov: …of the Cherenkov counter, or Cherenkov detector, that later was used extensively in experimental nuclear and particle physics. Cherenkov continued to do research in nuclear and cosmic-ray physics at the P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute. Cherenkov was elected to the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences as a corresponding (1964) and subsequently full…

Cherenkov radiation, light produced by charged particles when they pass through an optically transparent medium at speeds greater than the speed of light in that medium. Devices sensitive to this particular form of radiation, called Cherenkov detectors, have been used extensively to detect the

Cherenkov radiation, light produced by charged particles when they pass through an optically transparent medium at speeds greater than the speed of light in that medium. Devices sensitive to this particular form of radiation, called Cherenkov detectors, have been used extensively to detect the

Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov was a Soviet physicist who shared the 1958 Nobel Prize for Physics with fellow Soviet scientists Igor Y. Tamm and Ilya M. Frank for the discovery and theoretical interpretation of the phenomenon of Cherenkov radiation. A peasant’s son, Cherenkov graduated from Voronezh

Alexander Tcherepnin was a Russian-born American pianist and composer, known for his stylistic mixture of Romanticism and modern experimentation—e.g., with a nine-note scale and with complex rhythms. In smaller forms his work was often coloured by Russian and Chinese motifs. The son of the composer

Nikolay Tcherepnin was a prominent Russian composer of ballets, songs, and piano music in the nationalist style of Russian music. Tcherepnin studied law and then entered the St. Petersburg Conservatory, where he studied under Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov. He was conductor of the Belayev symphony

Nikolay Tcherepnin was a prominent Russian composer of ballets, songs, and piano music in the nationalist style of Russian music. Tcherepnin studied law and then entered the St. Petersburg Conservatory, where he studied under Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov. He was conductor of the Belayev symphony

Nikolay Tcherepnin was a prominent Russian composer of ballets, songs, and piano music in the nationalist style of Russian music. Tcherepnin studied law and then entered the St. Petersburg Conservatory, where he studied under Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov. He was conductor of the Belayev symphony

Cherepovets, city, southwestern Vologda oblast (region), northwest-central European Russia. Cherepovets lies on the right bank of the Sheksna River where it flows into the Rybinsk Reservoir of the Volga River. The city’s iron and steel plant, established in 1955 and enlarged several times since, is

Jules Chéret was a French poster illustrator and graphic designer who has been called “the father of the modern poster.” After apprenticing as a lithographer from 1849 and studying drawing, Chéret received his first major poster commission in 1858 for Jacques Offenbach’s operetta Orpheus in the

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky: Middle years: …Smith (1874), later revised as Cherevichki (1885; The Little Shoes), was similarly judged. In his early operas the young composer experienced difficulty in striking a balance between creative fervour and his ability to assess critically the work in progress. However, his instrumental works began to earn him his reputation, and,…

Morocco: Climate of Morocco: …late spring or summer, the sharqī (chergui)—a hot, dusty wind from the Sahara—can sweep over the mountains into the lowlands, even penetrating the coastal cities. Temperatures rise dramatically, often reaching 105 °F (41 °C). If crops have not been harvested, damage can be extensive from the desiccating effects of the…

Chott El-Chergui, shallow saline lake or salt flat in the High Plateaus (Hauts Plateaux) of the Atlas Mountains in northwestern Algeria. It is about 100 miles (160 km) long and has no outlet; its area varies depending upon