Soviet Union: The communist regime in crisis: 1920–21: A new currency, called chervonets, based on gold, replaced the worthless ruble. Thus was inaugurated the New Economic Policy (NEP), which Lenin expected to last for an indeterminate period; during this time the country would recover from the calamities of War Communism and the population would acquire a higher…

Cherwell, district, administrative and historic county of Oxfordshire, south-central England. Banbury, in the north, is the administrative centre. The River Cherwell and the Oxford Canal extend north from Oxford city and bisect the district. Predominantly rural, Cherwell is a lowland area bordering

Winston Churchill: Exclusion from office, 1929–39: Lindemann (later Lord Cherwell), who enabled him to build up at Chartwell a private intelligence centre the information of which was often superior to that of the government. When Baldwin became prime minister in 1935, he persisted in excluding Churchill from office but gave him the exceptional…

Cheryl Miller: …Division I college basketball, the Cheryl Miller Award, was introduced in 2018.

James Lawrence: …to captain of the frigate Chesapeake. On June 1, 1813, the Chesapeake accepted HMS Shannon’s challenge to a sea fight off Boston (see photograph). The Chesapeake was decisively defeated in less than an hour and Lawrence was mortally wounded.

Chesapeake, independent city, southeastern Virginia, U.S. It lies along the Elizabeth River on the Tidewater coastal plain, adjacent to Suffolk, Portsmouth, Norfolk, and Virginia Beach, and extends southward from Hampton Roads (natural roadstead) to the North Carolina border. Formed as an

Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, American waterway 22 km (14 miles) long connecting the head of the Chesapeake Bay with the Delaware River estuary. The canal cuts across the narrow northern neck of the 290-km- (180-mile-) long Delmarva Peninsula, thereby providing shortened northern and European

Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, former waterway, extending 297 km (184.5 miles) along the east bank of the Potomac River between Washington, D.C., and Cumberland in western Maryland. Begun in 1828, the canal was intended to provide cheap transportation between the Atlantic seaports and the Midwest via

Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park, park, eastern United States. It consists of the former Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, a waterway running along the Potomac River between Washington, D.C., and Cumberland, Md. Construction of the canal, which extends 184.5 miles (297 km), began in the

Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Company (C&O), American railroad company established in 1868 with the consolidation of two smaller lines, the Virginia Central and the Covington and Ohio. It subsequently acquired a number of other lines, culminating in its merger with the Pere Marquette Railroad Company

Chesapeake Bay, largest inlet in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of the eastern United States. Created by the submergence of the lower courses of the Susquehanna River and its tributaries, it is 193 miles (311 km) long and 3 to 25 miles (5 to 40 km) wide. The southern part of the bay is bordered by

Chesapeake Bay: The William Preston Lane, Jr., Memorial Bridge spans the upper bay near Annapolis, Maryland. It was opened to traffic in 1952 and is 4 miles (6.4 km) long. The Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel was completed across the lower bay in 1964. The bay forms part of the…

Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel, complex of trestles, artificial islands, tunnels, and bridges that runs across the entrance to Chesapeake Bay in Virginia, providing a vehicular roadway between the Norfolk–Hampton Roads area (southwest) and Cape Charles at the tip of the Delmarva Peninsula

Chesapeake Bay retriever, breed of sporting dog, developed in the United States in the 19th century to retrieve downed fowl from icy coastal waters. Its water-repellent, short, thick coat tends to be wavy on the back, shoulders, and loins, and it occurs in colours described as brown, sedge, or dead

Battle of the Chesapeake, (September 5, 1781), in the American Revolution, French naval victory over a British fleet that took place outside Chesapeake Bay. The outcome of the battle was indispensable to the successful Franco-American Siege of Yorktown from August to October. Lord Charles

William Cheselden was a British surgeon and teacher of anatomy and surgery who wrote Anatomy of the Human Body (1713) and Osteographia, or the Anatomy of the Bones (1733). The former was used as a text by anatomy students for nearly a century. Cheselden was apprenticed to a Mr. Wilkes, surgeon of

Cheshire, geographic and historic county and former administrative county of northwestern England, bordering Wales to the west, fronting the Dee and Mersey estuaries to the northwest, and flanked by the Pennine uplands, partly within the Peak District National Park, to the east. In 2009 the

Cheshire, county, extreme southwestern New Hampshire, U.S. It consists largely of a hill-and-valley region bounded to the south by Massachusetts and to the west by Vermont, the Connecticut River constituting the western border. Other waterways include the Ashuelot and Cold rivers, Spofford and

Cheshire Cat, fictional character, a cat notable for its broad grin and its ability to disappear and reappear at will, in Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865) by Lewis Carroll. The phrase “grin like a Cheshire cat” predates Carroll’s story, and, although experts have guessed at its meaning, its

Cheshire East, unitary authority, geographic and historic county of Cheshire, northwestern England. Cheshire East is bounded to the north by Greater Manchester, to the northeast by Derbyshire, to the east by Staffordshire, to the south by Shropshire, to the west by the unitary authority of Cheshire

Cheshire West and Chester, unitary authority, geographic and historic county of Cheshire, northwestern England. It is bounded to the north by the unitary authorities of Halton and Warrington, to the east by the unitary authority of Cheshire East, to the southeast by Shropshire, to the west by

Battle of Çeşme, (July 6–7, 1770), naval clash in which a Russian fleet defeated and destroyed the Ottoman fleet at the harbour of Çeşme on the Aegean Sea. During the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–74, a Russian fleet under Aleksey Orlov entered the Mediterranean in 1770 to destroy the Ottoman fleet and

Chesil Beach, beach, county of Dorset, England, that stretches 18 miles (29 km) from Bridport to the Isle of Portland. One of the best-known natural features in Britain, it consists of shingle (pebbles), 98.5 percent of which is hard flint or chert rock. From Abbotsbury to Portland (12 miles [19

Chesil Beach, beach, county of Dorset, England, that stretches 18 miles (29 km) from Bridport to the Isle of Portland. One of the best-known natural features in Britain, it consists of shingle (pebbles), 98.5 percent of which is hard flint or chert rock. From Abbotsbury to Portland (12 miles [19

Aleksey Grigoryevich, Count Orlov was a military officer who played a prominent role in the coup d’état that placed Catherine II the Great on the Russian throne. Having entered the cadet corps in 1749, Orlov became an officer in the Russian guards as well as a close adviser to his brother Grigory

André Duchesne was a historian and geographer, sometimes called the father of French history, who was the first to make critical collections of sources for national histories. Duchesne was educated at Loudun and Paris and devoted his early years to studies in history and geography. His first work,

Francis Rawdon Chesney was a British soldier, explorer, and Middle East traveler whose fame rests on his projects for the Suez Canal and for an overland route to India by the Euphrates River valley. After a cadetship at the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, near London, Chesney was gazetted to

science fiction: Mass markets and juvenile science fiction: …as seen, for example, in George Chesney’s short story The Battle of Dorking (1871). First published in Blackwood’s Magazine, The Battle of Dorking darkly postulated a Prussian defeat of a poorly armed, weak, and unwary Britain and established the military techno-thriller. Chesney used his urgent narrative of the near future…

Kenny Chesney is an American country-music singer, songwriter, and guitarist whose contemplative ballads and hard-core party songs, onstage energy, approachable character, and sophisticated concert productions made him one of the most popular performers of the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

Kenny Chesney is an American country-music singer, songwriter, and guitarist whose contemplative ballads and hard-core party songs, onstage energy, approachable character, and sophisticated concert productions made him one of the most popular performers of the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

Russian chant: …works of Aleksandr Kastalsky and Pavel Chesnokov, who, although writing for multi-voiced choirs, utilized supposedly traditional melodies and the style Mily Balakirev had developed for harmonizing Russian folk music.

Jeanne-Marie Bouvier de La Motte Guyon was a French Roman Catholic mystic and writer, a central figure in the theological debates of 17th-century France through her advocacy of Quietism, an extreme passivity and indifference of the soul, even to eternal salvation, wherein she believed that one

Mary Boykin Chesnut was the author of A Diary from Dixie, an insightful view of Southern life and leadership during the American Civil War (1861–65), told from an upper-class perspective. The work has led some to call Chesnut “the preeminent writer of the Confederacy.” Mary Boykin Miller was born

Charles W. Chesnutt was a pioneering Black American short-story writer and novelist during the decades after the Civil War. Chesnutt was the son of free Black parents of multiracial heritage who had left their native city of Fayetteville, North Carolina, prior to the Civil War. Following the war,

Charles W. Chesnutt was a pioneering Black American short-story writer and novelist during the decades after the Civil War. Chesnutt was the son of free Black parents of multiracial heritage who had left their native city of Fayetteville, North Carolina, prior to the Civil War. Following the war,

Chespirito was a Mexican comic actor and writer who became a cultural icon in Latin America for the characters he created and portrayed on the family-friendly TV sketch-comedy show Chespirito and its various spin-offs. Gómez Bolaños, whose father was a painter and an illustrator for periodicals,

Chespirito: …the family-friendly TV sketch-comedy show Chespirito and its various spin-offs.

chess, one of the oldest and most popular board games, played by two opponents on a checkered board with specially designed pieces of contrasting colours, commonly white and black. White moves first, after which the players alternate turns in accordance with fixed rules, each player attempting to

ABBA: Breakup and solo projects: …lyricist Tim Rice to create Chess (1984), a concept album and stage musical that produced the surprise radio hit “One Night in Bangkok.” In 1995 the songwriting duo produced the critically acclaimed Kristina från Duvemåla (“Kristina from Duvemåla”), a stage musical based on the four-volume Emigrant series by Swedish author…

bromegrass: The common weed chess (B. secalinus), sometimes known as cheat, is found along roadsides and in grain fields. Cheatgrass, ripgut grass (B. diandrus), and foxtail brome (B. rubens) are dangerous to grazing animals; spines on their spikelets or bracts can puncture the animals’ eyes, mouths, and intestines, leading…

chess: Philidor and the birth of chess theory: …published L’Analyze des échecs (Chess Analyzed), an enormously influential book that appeared in more than 100 editions.

chess: Technological improvements: …by a pair of mechanical clocks after a simple pendulum device was introduced at London 1883. The pendulum acted like a seesaw so that, when a player depressed his clock, it stopped and the opponent’s clock began ticking. See Figure 4.

chess: Conduct of the game: …rules that supplement the basic laws governing how the pieces move. Among the more important rules are those governing completion of a move, recording of games, time controls (see The time element and competition), and penalties for illegal moves and other infractions.

chess: Chess composition: Chess compositions are created positions in which one side, usually White, moves first and is required to perform a task. The reader is called upon to find the task’s solution. There are three basic forms of composition depending on the type of task.

chess pie, a very sweet egg-rich pie, popular in Tennessee and other parts of the southern United States, made with a simple recipe of sugar, eggs, cornmeal, and butter with vanilla. Some recipe variations add brown sugar, chocolate, lemon juice, or nuts as well. Chess pie is similar to cheesecake

chess piece, game piece used for playing chess. Chess pieces are distinguished by appearance and made of rigid material such as wood, ivory, or plastic. Pieces are of contrasting colours, commonly white and black. The six different types of pieces are: king, rook, bishop, queen, knight, and pawn.

Birju Maharaj: Music and films: …movie Shatranj ke Khilari (1977; The Chess Players), directed by Satyajit Ray. His choreography for Devdas (2002), particularly the song “Kaahe Chhed Mohe” (“Why Does He Tease Me?”), is widely recognized for its intricate classical elements and visual appeal. He choreographed “Unnai Kaanadhu Naan” (“Without Seeing You”) in Vishwaroopam (“The…

chess: Standard problems: The number of pieces in a problem is small but, with the exception of miniatures, there are generally more pieces than in studies. In studies the solver usually tries to overcome the limits of material, but in problems what must be overcome is…

Chess Records: From Muddy to “Maybellene”: In 1947 brothers Leonard and Phil Chess became partners with Charles and Evelyn Aron in the Aristocrat Record Company. The Chesses had operated several taverns on Chicago’s South Side—the last and largest of which was the Mocamba Lounge—and their desire to record one of the…

In 1947 brothers Leonard and Phil Chess became partners with Charles and Evelyn Aron in the Aristocrat Record Company. The Chesses had operated several taverns on Chicago’s South Side—the last and largest of which was the Mocamba Lounge—and their desire to record one of the singers who performed in

chess: Chess composition: …Master and International Grandmaster of Chess Composition based on having studies and problems published in the FIDE albums.

chess: Development of theory: Chess theory consists of opening knowledge, tactics (or combinations), positional analysis (particularly pawn structures), strategy (the making of long-range plans and goals), and endgame technique (including basic mates against the lone king).

chess: Conduct of the game: …rules that supplement the basic laws governing how the pieces move. Among the more important rules are those governing completion of a move, recording of games, time controls (see The time element and competition), and penalties for illegal moves and other infractions.

Leonard Chess was a Polish-born U.S. record producer. He immigrated to the U.S in 1928 with his mother, sister, and brother—and future partner—Fiszel (later Philip); they joined his father, who had preceded them, in Chicago. After working at several trades, Leonard Chess opened a lounge, and Phil

Alexandra Konstantinovna Kosteniuk: …the first woman champion of chess960 (also known as Fischer chess because it was invented by the American Bobby Fischer, former world chess champion), a game in which the chess pieces are shuffled along each player’s back rank (with certain restrictions) before play begins. Kosteniuk won the 2008 FIDE Women’s…

chess: Set design: Playing boards, which had monochromatic squares in the Muslim world, began to have alternating black and white, or red and white, squares by 1000 ce and were often made of fine wood or marble. Peter I (the Great) of Russia had special campaign boards made of…

Damascus rug, usually small floor covering, often attributed to Damascus, Syria, in the 16th or 17th century in continuation of the rug art of the Mamlūk rulers of that land. The usual Damascus field pattern is a grid of small squares or rectangles (hence the European term chessboard carpets), each

number game: The chessboard problem: ” How many were there? How many grains of wheat are required in order to place one grain on the first square, 2 on the second, 4 on the third, and so on for the 64 squares?

Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Company (C&O), American railroad company established in 1868 with the consolidation of two smaller lines, the Virginia Central and the Covington and Ohio. It subsequently acquired a number of other lines, culminating in its merger with the Pere Marquette Railroad Company

chess piece, game piece used for playing chess. Chess pieces are distinguished by appearance and made of rigid material such as wood, ivory, or plastic. Pieces are of contrasting colours, commonly white and black. The six different types of pieces are: king, rook, bishop, queen, knight, and pawn.

Caryl Chessman was an American criminal whose writings during 12 years on death row made him the symbol of an enduring controversy over capital punishment. Chessman had been sent to reform school and the county jail four times before he was sentenced in March 1941 to San Quentin prison for a term

Caryl Chessman was an American criminal whose writings during 12 years on death row made him the symbol of an enduring controversy over capital punishment. Chessman had been sent to reform school and the county jail four times before he was sentenced in March 1941 to San Quentin prison for a term

Chessmaster, popular series of electronic games for playing chess against a computer; it was originally released in 1986 by the Software Toolworks, which was acquired by the Learning Company. Chessmaster featured extremely competitive artificial intelligence engines—with later versions named “the

chess piece, game piece used for playing chess. Chess pieces are distinguished by appearance and made of rigid material such as wood, ivory, or plastic. Pieces are of contrasting colours, commonly white and black. The six different types of pieces are: king, rook, bishop, queen, knight, and pawn.

azurite, basic copper carbonate [Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2]. It is ordinarily found with malachite in the oxidized zone of copper lodes. Notable deposits are at Tsumeb, Namib.; Chessy, France; and Bisbee, Ariz., U.S. Azurite was used as a blue pigment in ancient Eastern wall painting and, from the 15th to the

thorax, the part of an animal’s body between its head and its midsection. In vertebrates (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals), the thorax is the chest, with the chest being that part of the body between the neck and the abdomen. The vertebrate thorax contains the chief organs of

chest, the earliest form of container for storing clothes, documents, valuables, or other possessions, and the most important piece of furniture in the home until the 18th century. Chests with flat tops were also sometimes used as seats or beds. Chests are known from the 18th dynasty (c. 1539–1292

thoracic cavity, the second largest hollow space of the body. It is enclosed by the ribs, the vertebral column, and the sternum, or breastbone, and is separated from the abdominal cavity (the body’s largest hollow space) by a muscular and membranous partition, the diaphragm. It contains the lungs,

chest of drawers, type of furniture developed in the mid-17th century from a chest with drawers in the base. By the 1680s the “chest” was entirely made up of drawers: three long ones of varying depth, topped by two short ones side by side. Sometimes a flat slide with two small pull handles was

speech: The basic registers: …the basic registers being called chest voice, midvoice, and head voice. These terms are derived from observations, for example, that in the low-chest register the resonances are felt chiefly over the chest. When sitting on a wooden bench with a large male, one can feel the vibrations of his low…

highboy, a high or double chest of drawers (known technically as a chest-on-stand and a chest-on-chest, respectively). The name highboy is derived from a corruption of the French bois (“wood”) and became common in English in the late 1600s. The prototype of the highboy was the chest of drawers on a

highboy, a high or double chest of drawers (known technically as a chest-on-stand and a chest-on-chest, respectively). The name highboy is derived from a corruption of the French bois (“wood”) and became common in English in the late 1600s. The prototype of the highboy was the chest of drawers on a

Chester: …area) and former city (district), Cheshire West and Chester unitary authority, northwestern England. It is situated on a small sandstone ridge at the head of the estuary of the River Dee.

Chester, city, seat (1844) of Randolph county, southwestern Illinois, U.S. It lies on the Mississippi River (there bridged to Missouri) near the mouth of the Marys River, about 60 miles (100 km) southeast of St. Louis, Missouri. Founded in 1819 by an Ohio land company and named for Chester,

Chester, county, northern South Carolina, U.S. It is situated between the Broad and Catawba rivers in a hilly piedmont region of pine and hardwood forests. Chester and Landsford Canal state parks lie within its borders, as does part of Sumter National Forest. In the colonial era the region was part

Chester, county, southeastern Pennsylvania, U.S., consisting of a hilly piedmont region bounded to the southwest by Octoraro Creek, to the south by Maryland and Delaware, and to the northeast by the Schuylkill River. Some other waterways are French, Brandywine, Ridley, and Big Elk creeks and

Chester, urban area (from 2011 built-up area) and former city (district), Cheshire West and Chester unitary authority, northwestern England. It is situated on a small sandstone ridge at the head of the estuary of the River Dee. The town’s location was chosen by the Romans as headquarters of Legion

Chester, city, Delaware county, southeastern Pennsylvania, U.S., on the Delaware River (across from Bridgeport, New Jersey), within the Philadelphia metropolitan area. One of the oldest communities in the state, the Chester area was granted by the Swedish crown to a bodyguard of Johan Printz, the

dream: Dreams as a source of divination: …dreams predict the future; the Chester Beatty Papyrus is a record of Egyptian dream interpretations dating from the 12th dynasty (1991–1786 bce). In Homer’s Iliad, Agamemnon is visited in a dream by a messenger of the god Zeus to prescribe his future actions. From India, a document called the Atharvaveda,…

Widener University, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Chester, Pennsylvania, U.S. It comprises schools of arts and sciences; law; education, innovation, and continuing studies; hospitality management; human service professions; engineering; nursing; and business

Chester plays, 14th-century cycle of 25 scriptural plays, or mystery plays, performed at the prosperous city of Chester, in northern England, during the Middle Ages. They are traditionally dated about 1325, but a date of about 1375 has also been suggested. They were presented on three successive

livestock farming: Breeds: The Chester White, which originated in Chester county, Pa., after 1818, is restricted to the United States and Canada.

Hugh of Avranches, 1st earl of Chester , 1st earl of Chester, was the son of Richard, Viscount d’Avranches, and probable companion of William the Conqueror, who made him Earl of Chester in 1071. (He inherited his father’s viscountship sometime after 1082.) He had special privileges in his earldom,

Hugh of Avranches, 1st earl of Chester , 1st earl of Chester, was the son of Richard, Viscount d’Avranches, and probable companion of William the Conqueror, who made him Earl of Chester in 1071. (He inherited his father’s viscountship sometime after 1082.) He had special privileges in his earldom,

Ranulf de Blundeville, 6th earl of Chester was the most celebrated of the early earls of Chester, with whom the family fortunes reached their peak. Ranulf succeeded his father Hugh de Kevelioc (1147–81), son of Ranulf, the 4th earl, in 1181 and was created Earl of Lincoln in 1217. He married

Ranulf de Blundeville, 6th earl of Chester was the most celebrated of the early earls of Chester, with whom the family fortunes reached their peak. Ranulf succeeded his father Hugh de Kevelioc (1147–81), son of Ranulf, the 4th earl, in 1181 and was created Earl of Lincoln in 1217. He married

Ranulf de Gernons, 4th earl of Chester was the 4th earl of Chester and a key participant in the English civil war (from 1139) between King Stephen and the Holy Roman empress Matilda (also a claimant to the throne of England). Initially taking Matilda’s part, he fought for her in the Battle of

Ranulf de Gernons, 4th earl of Chester was the 4th earl of Chester and a key participant in the English civil war (from 1139) between King Stephen and the Holy Roman empress Matilda (also a claimant to the throne of England). Initially taking Matilda’s part, he fought for her in the Battle of

Chester-le-Street, town and former district, unitary authority and historic county of Durham, northern England. It is situated at the southern edge of the Tyne and Wear metropolitan county near the River Wear. It was the site of a Roman station behind the frontier of Hadrian’s Wall, a defensive

settee: …with an inclined back; the chesterfield, a large, very heavily stuffed and buttoned variety; the hall settee, largely an 18th-century form, usually having an upholstered seat and elaborately carved back, designed to be used with matching chairs in a hall or gallery; and the daybed, a carved or upholstered piece…

Chesterfield: (district), administrative and historic county of Derbyshire, England, at the junction of the Rivers Rother and Hipper. The borough comprises the town of Chesterfield and surrounding areas, including the town of Staveley.

Chesterfield, town and borough (district), administrative and historic county of Derbyshire, England, at the junction of the Rivers Rother and Hipper. The borough comprises the town of Chesterfield and surrounding areas, including the town of Staveley. Archaeological excavations have confirmed the

Chesterfield, northeastern South Carolina, U.S. It is bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the east by the Great Pee Dee River, and to the west by the Lynches River; it is also drained by Black Creek. It lies for the most part in the Fall Line sandhills and is heavily forested in pines,

Chesterfield Islands, group of coral islands in the French overseas country of New Caledonia, southwestern Pacific Ocean. The group comprises 11 well-wooded islets, none of which exceeds 1.5 miles (2.5 km) in length. The main islands are Long, Bampton, Reynard, Loop, and Avon islands, and the Three

Philip Stanhope, 4th earl of Chesterfield was a British statesman, diplomat, and wit, chiefly remembered as the author of Letters to His Son and Letters to His Godson—guides to manners, the art of pleasing, and the art of worldly success. After a short period of study at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, he

Philip Stanhope, 4th earl of Chesterfield was a British statesman, diplomat, and wit, chiefly remembered as the author of Letters to His Son and Letters to His Godson—guides to manners, the art of pleasing, and the art of worldly success. After a short period of study at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, he

Chesterian Series, uppermost major stratigraphic division of North American rocks of the Mississippian Period (the Mississippian began about 345,000,000 years ago and lasted about 20,000,000 years). Excellent exposures of Chesterian rocks occur in the Mississippi Valley region, where they consist

G.K. Chesterton was an English critic and author of verse, essays, novels, and short stories, known also for his exuberant personality and rotund figure. (Read Chesterton’s 1929 Britannica essay on Dickens.) Chesterton was educated at St. Paul’s School and later studied art at the Slade School and

G.K. Chesterton was an English critic and author of verse, essays, novels, and short stories, known also for his exuberant personality and rotund figure. (Read Chesterton’s 1929 Britannica essay on Dickens.) Chesterton was educated at St. Paul’s School and later studied art at the Slade School and

chestnut, (genus Castanea), genus of seven species of deciduous treesin the beech family (Fagaceae), native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The burlike fruits contain edible nuts and several species are cultivated as ornamental and timber trees. Some members of the genus are known