Han Yu: Han advocated the adoption of guwen, the free, simple prose of these early philosophers, a style unencumbered by the mannerisms and elaborate verselike regularity of the pianwen (“parallel prose”) style that was prevalent in Han’s time. His own essays (e.g., “On the Way,” “On Man,” and “On Spirits”) are among…

realism: Classical realism in international relations: Realists frequently claim to draw on an ancient tradition of political thought. Among classic authors often cited by realists are Thucydides, Niccolò Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Max Weber. Realism as a self-conscious movement in the study

art rock, eclectic branch of rock music that emerged in the late 1960s and flourished in the early to mid-1970s. The term is sometimes used synonymously with progressive rock, but the latter is best used to describe “intellectual” album-oriented rock by such British bands as Genesis, King Crimson,

Indo-Aryan languages: Classical Sanskrit: Classical Sanskrit represents a development of one or more such early Old Indo-Aryan dialects. At this state, the archaisms noted above have been eliminated. For all this simplification, Classical Sanskrit is considerably more complex than Middle Indo-Aryan. In addition to the vowels a,…

classical scholarship, the study, in all its aspects, of ancient Greece and Rome. In continental Europe the field is known as “classical philology,” but the use, in some circles, of “philology” to denote the study of language and literature—the result of abbreviating the 19th-century “comparative

classicism, aesthetic attitude and art style based on or reiterating themes, techniques, and subjects of art from ancient Greece and Rome (spanning approximately from the formation of Greek city-states in the 8th century bce to the decline of the Roman Empire in the 5th century ce). The term is

hog cholera, serious and often fatal viral disease of swine. Characterized by high fever and exhaustion, the disease is transmitted from infected pigs via numerous carrier agents, including vehicles in which pigs are conveyed from place to place, dealers who journey from farm to farm, and farm

philosophy of art: The interpretation of art: …composer Sergey Prokofiev intended his Classical Symphony to be a playful homage to the classical symphonic form developed by Haydn, and, regardless of whether the suggestion that it be construed this way came from Prokofiev or from someone else, if it is rewarding to listen to it in this way,…

tap dance: Vaudeville: …swing tap, also known as classical tap (combining the upper body movement found in 20th-century ballet and jazz with percussive, syncopated footwork, a style used extensively in the movies); class (precision dancing performed by impeccably dressed dancers); military (the use of military marching and drum rhythms); and rhythm, close floor,…

thermodynamics: This article covers classical thermodynamics, which does not involve the consideration of individual atoms or molecules. Such concerns are the focus of the branch of thermodynamics known as statistical thermodynamics, or statistical mechanics, which expresses macroscopic thermodynamic properties in terms of the behaviour of individual particles and their…

tragedy, branch of drama that treats in a serious and dignified style the sorrowful or terrible events encountered or caused by a heroic individual. By extension the term may be applied to other literary works, such as the novel. Although the word tragedy is often used loosely to describe any sort

cholera: The cholera bacterium and toxin: …are subdivided into two biotypes: classical and El Tor. These two biotypes each contain two serotypes, called Inaba and Ogawa (some classifications recognize a third serotype, Hikojima), which are differentiated based on their biochemical properties, namely their expression of type-specific antigens. Inaba and Ogawa serotypes both express a common cholera…

yellow fever: The course of the disease: …the yellow fever virus: (1) urban, or classical, yellow fever, in which transmission is from person to person via the “domestic” (i.e., urban-dwelling) Aedes aegypti mosquito; (2) jungle, or sylvatic, yellow fever, in which transmission is from a mammalian host (usually a monkey) to humans via any one of a…

United Kingdom: The conquest: …the procurator of the province, Julius Classicianus, with the revenues in mind and perhaps also because, as a Gaul by birth, he possessed a truer vision of provincial partnership with Rome, brought about his recall.

classicism, aesthetic attitude and art style based on or reiterating themes, techniques, and subjects of art from ancient Greece and Rome (spanning approximately from the formation of Greek city-states in the 8th century bce to the decline of the Roman Empire in the 5th century ce). The term is

education: The French Reformation: …and in this context the classics also had a new flavour: ancient literature—no longer limited to Latin, Greek, and Hebrew but expanded to include Arabic and Chaldaic—could bring to light valuable knowledge that had been accumulated by the Classical world.

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Classiculales Saprotrophic; many are aquatic or aeroaquatic hyphomycetes; simple septal pores; some with long fusiform basidiospores; example genera include Classicula and Jaculispora. Class Mixiomycetes Parasitic or saprotrophic; simple septate; contains 1 order. Order Mixiales

fungus: Annotated classification: Class Classiculomycetes Parasitic; uredinalian septal pores with tremelloid haustorial cells; contains 1 order. Order Classiculales Saprotrophic; many are aquatic or aeroaquatic hyphomycetes; simple septal pores; some with long fusiform basidiospores; example genera include Classicula and Jaculispora.

archaeology: Classification and analysis: The first concern is the accurate and exact description of all the artifacts concerned. Classification and description are essential to all archaeological work, and, as in botany and zoology, the first requirement is a good and objective taxonomy. Second, there is a…

classification, in biology, the establishment of a hierarchical system of categories on the basis of presumed natural relationships among organisms. The science of biological classification is commonly called taxonomy

data mining: Predictive modeling: An example is classification, which takes a set of data already divided into predefined groups and searches for patterns in the data that differentiate those groups. These discovered patterns then can be used to classify other data where the right group designation for the target attribute is unknown…

Melvil Dewey: In 1876 he published A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library, in which he outlined what became known as the Dewey Decimal Classification. This system was gradually adopted by libraries throughout the English-speaking world. In 1877 Dewey moved to Boston,…

classification of religions: Ethnographic-linguistic: Ward, for example, in The Classification of Religions (1909) accepted the premise of the connection between race and religion but appealed to a much more detailed scheme of ethnological relationship. He says that “religion gets its character from the people or race who develop or adopt it” and further…

ship: Ship classification: The leading classification society, operating in almost every country in the world, is Lloyd’s Register of Shipping, which began its work long before any national legislation existed for the performance of its purposes. The history of Lloyd’s Register of Shipping can be traced back to 1760. The…

classification theory, principles governing the organization of objects into groups according to their similarities and differences or their relation to a set of criteria. Classification theory has applications in all branches of knowledge, especially the biological and social sciences. Its

marshaling yard, fan-shaped network of tracks and switches where railroad cars are sorted and made up into trains for their respective destinations. An incoming freight train, or a collection of cars from local shippers, is pushed up an incline called the hump. Once over the hump, a car or a “cut”

library classification, system of arrangement adopted by a library to enable patrons to find its materials quickly and easily. While cataloging provides information on the physical and topical nature of the book (or other item), classification, through assignment of a call number (consisting of

history of publishing: Advertising: …display ads as well as classified advertisements. Even after classified advertising became available on the Internet, local papers retained a significant share of classified ads, especially in the categories of job recruitment and real estate. In smaller and rural communities, regional and local papers have remained essential for small businesses…

library: Catalog systems: The third is the classed, or classified, catalog, which is more popular in Britain and continental Europe and in some developing countries whose librarians trained there. In the classed catalog, as its name suggests, all the entries are filed in the sequence of a classification scheme—that is, in a…

classified document, any document or other record, whether in paper, electronic, or other form, that contains information regarded as sensitive by a national government and which, for that reason, is legally accessible only to persons with an appropriate government-issued security clearance. Access

Tai languages: Differences in phonology: (A classifier is a term that indicates the group to which a noun belongs [for example, ‘animate object’] or designates countable objects or measurable quantities, such as ‘yards [of cloth]’ and ‘head [of cattle]’.) Such words as the forms for ‘to be’ and the classifier for…

classism, a form of personal bias or prejudice or a pattern of institutional discrimination based on social class and typically directed against persons or groups of a lower socioeconomic status. In keeping with its different senses, the term can be used to characterize the attitudes and behavior

classism, a form of personal bias or prejudice or a pattern of institutional discrimination based on social class and typically directed against persons or groups of a lower socioeconomic status. In keeping with its different senses, the term can be used to characterize the attitudes and behavior

classless society, in Marxism, the ultimate condition of social organization, expected to occur when true communism is achieved. According to Karl Marx (1818–83), the primary function of the state is to repress the lower classes of society in the interests of the ruling class. However, after the

social network: Early pioneers: …based on Web technology were Classmates.com and SixDegrees.com. Classmates.com, founded in 1995, used an aggressive pop-up advertising campaign to draw Web surfers to its site. It based its social network on the existing connection between members of high school and college graduating classes, armed service branches, and workplaces. SixDegrees.com was…

sedimentary rock: Textural components: Carbonate clasts include fragments weathered from carbonate source rocks outside the depositional basin (lithoclasts) as well as fragments of carbonate sediment eroded from within the basin almost immediately after it was deposited (intraclasts). Silt- to sand-size particles of microcrystalline calcite or aragonite that lack the internal…

geology: Sedimentary petrology: Clastic petrology is concerned with classification, particularly with respect to the mineral composition of fragments or particles, as well as the shapes of particles (angular versus rounded), and the degree of homogeneity of particle sizes. Other main concerns of clastic petrology are the mode of…

sedimentary rock: …and sedimentary rock: (1) terrigenous clastic sedimentary rocks and (2) allochemical and orthochemical sedimentary rocks.

terrigenous sediment, deep-sea sediment transported to the oceans by rivers and wind from land sources. Terrigeneous sediments that reach the continental shelf are often stored in submarine canyons on the continental slope. Turbidity currents carry these sediments down into the deep sea. These

sedimentary rock: …and sedimentary rock: (1) terrigenous clastic sedimentary rocks and (2) allochemical and orthochemical sedimentary rocks.

igneous rock: Clastic structures: These are various features that express the accumulation of fragments or the rupturing and dislocation of solid material. In volcanic environments they generally result from explosive activity or the incorporation of solid fragments by moving lava; as such, they characterize the pyroclastic rocks.…

Insubres: …their defeat at Clastidium (modern Casteggio) by Roman forces in 222 bc, they continued to be troublesome and aided the Carthaginian general Hannibal in the Second Punic War (218–201 bc). The Insubres were finally subdued in 196 bc and gradually lost their identity in the rise of municipal communities. They…

Latin American Central of Workers, (CLAT), regional Christian Democrat trade union federation linked to the World Confederation of Labour (WCL). Its affiliated member groups represent some 10,000,000 workers in more than 35 Latin-American and Caribbean countries and territories. Its headquarters

bromine: Physical and chemical properties: …bromine water a hydrate (a clathrate) can be isolated that contains 172 water molecules and 20 cavities capable of accommodating the bromine molecules. Bromine dissolves in aqueous alkali hydroxide solutions, giving bromides, hypobromites, or bromates, depending on the temperature. Bromine is readily extracted from water by organic solvents such as…

bromine: Physical and chemical properties: …bromine water a hydrate (a clathrate) can be isolated that contains 172 water molecules and 20 cavities capable of accommodating the bromine molecules. Bromine dissolves in aqueous alkali hydroxide solutions, giving bromides, hypobromites, or bromates, depending on the temperature. Bromine is readily extracted from water by organic solvents such as…

separation and purification: Exclusion and clathration: In clathration, separation also is based on fitting molecules into sites of specific dimensions. Upon crystallizing from solution, certain compounds form cages (on the molecular scale) of definite size. If other substances are present in the liquid solution and they are small enough, then they will…

stinkhorn: >Clathrus.

Lewis and Clark Expedition: Pacific Ocean and return: …Astoria, Oregon, the corps built Fort Clatsop and endured a wet, miserable winter by journal writing, drying meat, making salt, and traveling to see a beached whale. They hoped to encounter vessels along the Pacific that could transport them home, but, finding none, they did an about-face, planning to return…

Johann Clauberg was a philosopher and theologian who became the foremost German proponent of the thought of the French philosopher René Descartes. After study at Bremen and in the Netherlands at Groningen and after travel in France and England, Clauberg encountered Cartesian philosophy in lectures

Claude Lorrain was a French artist best known for, and one of the greatest masters of, ideal landscape painting, an art form that seeks to present a view of nature more beautiful and harmonious than nature itself. The quality of that beauty is governed by Classical concepts, and the landscape often

Claude Of France was the queen consort of King Francis I of France (reigned 1515–47), the daughter of the French king Louis XII and Anne of Brittany. In 1504 Claude’s mother, eager to keep Brittany out of French hands, caused the Treaty of Blois to be concluded, which assured the hand of Claude to

Claude Lorrain was a French artist best known for, and one of the greatest masters of, ideal landscape painting, an art form that seeks to present a view of nature more beautiful and harmonious than nature itself. The quality of that beauty is governed by Classical concepts, and the landscape often

Claude Lorrain glass, black convex glass used by artists to reflect the landscape in miniature and, in doing so, to merge details and reduce the strength of colour so that the artist is presented with a broad picture of the scene and a certain tonal unity. The 17th-century French landscape painter

Claude Of France was the queen consort of King Francis I of France (reigned 1515–47), the daughter of the French king Louis XII and Anne of Brittany. In 1504 Claude’s mother, eager to keep Brittany out of French hands, caused the Treaty of Blois to be concluded, which assured the hand of Claude to

Émile Zola: Life: …La Confession de Claude (Claude’s Confession), a sordid, semiautobiographical tale that drew the attention of the public and the police and incurred the disapproval of Zola’s employer. Having sufficiently established his reputation as a writer to support himself and his mother, albeit meagerly, as a freelance journalist, Zola left…

Albert Claude was a Belgian-American cytologist who developed the principal methods of separating and analyzing components of the living cell. For this work, on which modern cell biology is partly based, Claude, his student George Palade, and Christian de Duve shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology

Georges Claude was an engineer, chemist, and inventor of the neon light, which found widespread use in signs and was the forerunner of the fluorescent light. In 1897 Claude discovered that acetylene gas could be transported safely by dissolving it in acetone. His method was generally adopted and

Camille Claudel was a French sculptor of whose work little remains and who for many years was best known as the mistress and muse of Auguste Rodin. She was also the sister of Paul Claudel, whose journals and memoirs provide much of the scant information available on his sister’s life. Between the

Camille Claudel was a French sculptor of whose work little remains and who for many years was best known as the mistress and muse of Auguste Rodin. She was also the sister of Paul Claudel, whose journals and memoirs provide much of the scant information available on his sister’s life. Between the

Paul Claudel was a poet, playwright, essayist, a towering force in French literature of the first half of the 20th century, whose works derive their lyrical inspiration, their unity and scope, and their prophetic tone from his faith in God. Claudel, the brother of the sculptor Camille Claudel, was

embalming: Development of modern embalming: …German scientists Frederik Ruysch and Gabriel Clauderus are believed to have used similar arterial-injection techniques to prevent cadavers from decomposing. The Scottish anatomist William Hunter (1718–83), however, is credited with being the first to report fully on arterial and cavity embalming as a way to preserve bodies for burial. His…

history of photography: Development of the daguerreotype: …in Britain were produced by Antoine Claudet, who opened a studio on the roof of the Royal Adelaide Gallery in June 1841. He was responsible for numerous improvements in photography, including the discovery that red light did not affect sensitive plates and could therefore be used safely in the darkroom.…

Roy Orbison: …songs for others, notably “Claudette” for the Everly Brothers.

Gaius Flaminius: …only senator to support the Lex Claudia of Quintus Claudius (218), which forbade senators to engage in commerce.

Claudian was the last important poet of the classical tradition. Coming to Italy and abandoning Greek, he showed his mastery of Latin in a poem celebrating the consulship (395) of Probinus and Olybrius. An epigram on his superior, the Greek Hadrianus, Deprecatio ad Hadrianum, jeopardized his civil

Julio-Claudian dynasty, (ad 14–68), the four successors of Augustus, the first Roman emperor: Tiberius (reigned 14–37), Caligula (37–41), Claudius I (41–54), and Nero (54–68). It was not a direct bloodline. Augustus had been the great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar (of the Julia gens),

Gaius Flaminius: …only senator to support the Lex Claudia of Quintus Claudius (218), which forbade senators to engage in commerce.

Claudian: …in two books, known as Claudianus major, together with epistles, epigrams, and idylls. The longer poems are panegyrics on the consulships of Honorius, Mallius Theodorus, and Stilicho. A third book celebrates Stilicho’s entry into Rome. There are also invectives against ministers of Arcadius, two poems addressed to Serena, wife of…

Claudian: Claudianus minor contains the mythological epic Raptus Proserpinae (“The Rape of Proserpine”), on which Claudian’s medieval fame largely depended. The second book of the epic has an elegiac epistle addressed to Florentinus, the city prefect, and reflects Claudian’s interest in the Eleusinian mysteries.

Claudian was the last important poet of the classical tradition. Coming to Italy and abandoning Greek, he showed his mastery of Latin in a poem celebrating the consulship (395) of Probinus and Olybrius. An epigram on his superior, the Greek Hadrianus, Deprecatio ad Hadrianum, jeopardized his civil

Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus: …rivals of the Scipios, the Claudii Pulchri, through Tiberius’s wife, Claudia, daughter of Appius Claudius Pulcher, the contemporary head of the house and princeps senatus, who had the honour of speaking first in all discussions in the Senate.

Claudine, fictional character, the heroine of a series of novels by Colette, originally published in French as the work of her then husband, Henri Gauthier-Villars (“Willy”). The works include Claudine at School (1900), Claudine in Paris (1901), The Indulgent Husband (1902), and The Innocent Wife

Claudine: The works include Claudine at School (1900), Claudine in Paris (1901), The Indulgent Husband (1902), and The Innocent Wife (1903). Locked by Willy in a room so that she would write without distractions, the young Colette drew on her own experiences as a girl from the provinces and…

Claudine: …include Claudine at School (1900), Claudine in Paris (1901), The Indulgent Husband (1902), and The Innocent Wife (1903). Locked by Willy in a room so that she would write without distractions, the young Colette drew on her own experiences as a girl from the provinces and as a young married…

Claudine: The works include Claudine at School (1900), Claudine in Paris (1901), The Indulgent Husband (1902), and The Innocent Wife (1903). Locked by Willy in a room so that she would write without distractions, the young Colette drew on her own experiences as a girl from the provinces and…

Claudine: …include Claudine at School (1900), Claudine in Paris (1901), The Indulgent Husband (1902), and The Innocent Wife (1903). Locked by Willy in a room so that she would write without distractions, the young Colette drew on her own experiences as a girl from the provinces and as a young married…

Much Ado About Nothing: …a contrast between the conventional Claudio and Hero, who have the usual expectations of each other, and Beatrice and Benedick, who are highly skeptical of romance and courtship and, seemingly, each other. Claudio is deceived by the jealous Don John into believing that Hero is prepared to abandon him for…

Measure for Measure: …passes the death sentence on Claudio, a nobleman convicted for impregnating his betrothed, Juliet. Claudio’s sister Isabella, a novice in a nunnery, pleads his case to Angelo. This new deputy ruler, a man of stern and rigorous self-control, finds to his consternation and amazement that he lusts after Isabella; her…

Claudius, the usurping king of Denmark, uncle-stepfather of Hamlet, and second husband to Gertrude in Shakespeare’s

Aḥmad Grāñ: …with the new Ethiopian ruler, Galawdewos (Claudius), were soon able to rearm themselves and rally a large number of Ethiopians. Aḥmad Grāñ, who had sent most of his Turkish troops back, was killed in the crucial battle that followed, and Galawdewos was able to regain his kingdom in 1543, though…

Claudius was a Roman emperor (41–54 ce), who extended Roman rule in North Africa and made Britain a province. The son of Nero Claudius Drusus, a popular and successful Roman general, and the younger Antonia, he was the nephew of the emperor Tiberius and a grandson of Livia Drusilla, the wife of the

Appius Claudius Caecus was an outstanding statesman, legal expert, and author of early Rome who was one of the first notable personalities in Roman history. A member of the patrician class, Appius embarked on a program of political reform during his censorship, beginning in 312 bce. Elements of

Claudius II Gothicus was a Roman emperor in 268–270, whose major achievement was the decisive defeat of the Gothic invaders (hence the name Gothicus) of the Balkans in 269. Claudius was an army officer under the emperor Gallienus from 260 to 268—a period of devastation of much of the Roman Empire

Julian was a Roman emperor from ad 361 to 363, nephew of Constantine the Great, and a noted scholar and military leader who was proclaimed emperor by his troops. A persistent enemy of Christianity, he publicly announced his conversion to paganism in 361, thus acquiring the epithet “the Apostate.”

Rutilius Claudius Namatianus was a Roman poet who was the author of an elegiac poem, De reditu suo, describing a journey from Rome to his native Gaul in the autumn of ad 417. The poem is chiefly interesting for the light it throws on the ideology of the pagan landowning aristocracy of the rapidly

Appius Claudius Pulcher was a Roman politician, father-in-law of the agrarian reformer Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. Claudius served on the Gracchan land commission from 133 until his death. He was consul in 143 and censor in 136. His prestige as princeps senatus (“senior senator”) enabled him to

Appius Claudius Pulcher was a Roman politician, a leading member of the senatorial party opposed to the powerful general Julius Caesar. From 72 to 70 Claudius served in Anatolia under his brother-in-law, Lucius Licinius Lucullus, in the war against Mithradates VI, king of Pontus. He was praetor in

Publius Claudius Pulcher was the son of Appius Claudius Caecus and commander of the fleet that suffered the only serious Roman naval defeat of the First Punic War (264–241 bc). The setback occurred in 249, when Claudius was consul. He attacked the Carthaginian fleet in the harbour of Drepanum

Appius Claudius Sabinus Inregillensis was the traditional founder of the Claudii, one of the most distinguished gentes (“clans”) of ancient Rome. About 504 bc he migrated from Regillum (or Regilli) in Sabine territory to Rome, where he received patrician rank. His followers were granted Roman

Robert Graves: …ancient Mediterranean civilizations and including Claudius the God (1934), which extends Claudius’s narrative to his own reign as emperor; Count Belisarius (1938), a sympathetic study of the great and martyred general of the Byzantine Empire; and The Golden Fleece (1944; U.S. title Hercules, My Shipmate). Graves’s researches for The Golden…

human ear: Organ of Corti: …called the cells of Hensen, Claudius, and Boettcher, after the 19th-century anatomists who first described them. Their function has not been established, but they are assumed to help in maintaining the composition of the endolymph by ion transport and absorptive activity.

Matthias Claudius was a German poet, most notable for Der Mond ist aufgegangen (“The Moon Has Risen”) and editor of the journal Der Wandsbecker Bothe. After studying at Jena, Claudius held a series of editorial and minor official positions in Copenhagen and Darmstadt until in 1788 he acquired a

sulfur: Commercial production: …to elemental sulfur by the Claus process, which involves the partial burning of hydrogen sulfide to sulfur dioxide, with subsequent reaction between the two to yield sulfur. Another important source is the sulfur dioxide emitted into the atmosphere by coal-fired steam power plants. In the early 1970s techniques to collect…

Karl Karlovich Klaus was a Russian chemist (of German origin) credited with the discovery of ruthenium in 1844. Klaus was educated at Dorpat, where he became a pharmacist; later he taught chemistry and pharmacy at the universities of Dorpat and Kazan. Klaus was noted for his researches on the

Hugo Claus was a Belgian poet, novelist, playwright, screenwriter, director, and painter renowned for his prolific energy and the versatility of his politically and socially challenging work. Many consider him to be Belgium’s greatest writer. Claus was the son of a painter. He attended Roman

Santa Claus, legendary figure who is the traditional patron of Christmas in the United States and other countries, bringing gifts to children. His popular image is based on traditions associated with Saint Nicholas, a 4th-century Christian saint who is typically depicted in red bishop’s robes. The

Bertrand, Count Clauzel was a marshal of France and governor of Algeria (1835–37). After service in the eastern Pyrenees, northwestern France, and Italy, he rose to general of division in 1802 and distinguished himself during the Peninsular War (1809–12). Having crushed the Bordeaux royalists

John F. Clauser is an American physicist who was awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize for Physics for his experiments with quantum entanglement. He shared the prize with French physicist Alain Aspect and Austrian physicist Anton Zeilinger. What happens to one particle in an entangled pair determines what

Carl von Clausewitz was a Prussian general and military thinker, whose work Vom Kriege (1832; On War) has become one of the most respected classics on military strategy. Clausewitz enlisted in the Prussian army in 1792, and in 1793–95 he took part (and was commissioned) in the campaigns of the

Carl von Clausewitz was a Prussian general and military thinker, whose work Vom Kriege (1832; On War) has become one of the most respected classics on military strategy. Clausewitz enlisted in the Prussian army in 1792, and in 1793–95 he took part (and was commissioned) in the campaigns of the