Clean Water Act (CWA), U.S. legislation enacted in 1972 to restore and maintain clean and healthy waters. The CWA was a response to increasing public concern for the environment and for the condition of the nation’s waters. It served as a major revision of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of

A Clean, Well-Lighted Place, much-anthologized short story by Ernest Hemingway, first published in Scribner’s Magazine in March 1933 and later that year in the collection Winner Take Nothing. Late one night two waiters in a café wait for their last customer, an old man who has recently attempted

Alexander the Great: Campaign eastward to Central Asia: …secret message was sent to Cleander, Parmenio’s second in command, who obediently assassinated him. This ruthless action excited widespread horror but strengthened Alexander’s position relative to his critics and those whom he regarded as his father’s men. All Parmenio’s adherents were now eliminated and men close to Alexander promoted. The…

community ecology: Mutualism and cheaters: This subversion has occurred between cleaner fish and their hosts. Cleaner fish are highly specialized fish that pick parasites off the skin of other fish. Host fish arrive at specific sites where they present themselves to the cleaner fish that groom them. Other fish have evolved to resemble the cleaner…

art conservation and restoration: Metal sculpture: …maintenance procedures, such as regular cleaning and the application of protective coatings. Regular maintenance has proved to be highly cost-effective and successful in the preservation of outdoor sculpture over the long term. Regular cleaning and coating (with waxes or synthetic polymers or both, which sometimes contain corrosion inhibitors) have kept…

cleaning behaviour, self-grooming, as the action of a bird in preening its feathers, or mutual grooming as part of species behaviour, as among monkeys and other mammalian groups. Mutual grooming, which is often derived from display behaviour, cements social bonds between individuals of a group or

English literature: The revival of alliterative poetry: …homiletic poems called Patience and Purity (or Cleanness), and an elegiac dream vision known as Pearl, all miraculously preserved in a single manuscript dated about 1400. The poet of Sir Gawayne far exceeded the other alliterative writers in his mastery of form and style, and, though he wrote ultimately as…

purification rite, any of the ceremonial acts or customs employed in an attempt to reestablish lost purity or to create a higher degree of purity in relation to the sacred (the transcendental realm) or the social and cultural realm. They are found in all known cultures and religions, both ancient

Cleanthes was a Stoic philosopher who became head of the Stoic school (263–232 bc) after the death of Zeno of Citium. Among his pupils were his successor, Chrysippus, and Antigonus II, king of Macedonia. Although Cleanthes produced little that is original, he brought a religious fervour to the

Alaska: Services, labor, and taxation: …missile early warning system at Clear Air Force Station (southwest of Fairbanks), the expansion of the military bases at Anchorage and Fairbanks, and the construction of missile sites at Fort Greely (southeast of Fairbanks).

rationalism: Epistemological rationalism in modern philosophies: The clearness and distinctness upon which he insisted was not that of perception but of conception, the clearness with which the intellect grasps an abstract idea, such as the number three or its being greater than two.

Gitlow v. New York: …the Court rejected the “clear and present danger” test established in Schenck v. U.S. (1919) and instead used the “bad (or dangerous) tendency” test. The New York state law was constitutional because the state “cannot reasonably be required to defer the adoption of measures for its own peace and…

Harrison Ford: Clancy novels—Patriot Games (1992) and Clear and Present Danger (1994). In The Fugitive (1993), a film based on the 1960s television show, he portrayed the wrongly convicted Dr. Richard Kimble.

Tom Clancy: >Clear and Present Danger (1989; film 1994), The Sum of All Fears (1991; film 2002), Rainbow Six (1998), The Bear and the Dragon (2000), The Teeth of the Tiger (2003), Dead or Alive (2010), and

benefit performance: The clear benefit, coveted by all performers, provided the actor with the full proceeds of his performance, the management agreeing to pay all additional charges. With a half-clear benefit, the actor divided the gross income with the manager. The benefit proper stipulated that the actor pay…

rock: Rock in the early 21st century: …Nation, the live-music division of Clear Channel.

Clear Grits, political movement and party that arose in Canada West (now Ontario) in opposition to the moderate Reform administration of Robert Baldwin, premier of the Province of Canada (now Ontario and Quebec) from 1848 to 1851. The movement originated in 1849 within the Reform Party of Canada;

Larry David: Other work: …appeared in the HBO film Clear History (2013), a comedy about a marketing executive who sells his stake in a start-up that later becomes a multibillion-dollar company. In 2015 David made his Broadway debut in Fish in the Dark, which he also wrote. The comedy centered on the death of…

sugar: Concentration and crystallization: …juice, now called clear or thin juice, is pumped to multiple-effect evaporators similar to those used in raw cane sugar manufacture. In the evaporators the juice is concentrated to thick juice (60–65 percent dissolved solids), which is mixed with remelted lower grades of sugar to form standard liquor. From this…

Clear Light of Day, novel that is regarded as the best work written by English-language Indian author Anita Desai. The book, published in 1980, evokes the world in which Desai grew up. Clear Light of Day, a finely detailed novel, is set in a crumbling mansion in Old Delhi. It describes the tense

Reynolds Price: His memoirs include Clear Pictures (1989), about growing up in North Carolina, and A Whole New Life (1994), which recounts his illness.

Captain Beefheart: …he won critical acclaim with Clear Spot (1972), Shiny Beast (Bat Chain Puller) (1978), Ice Cream for Crow (1982), and other albums, Beefheart never won a wide popular following; however, his music greatly influenced such groups as the Clash and Devo. In the early 1980s Beefheart, again using the name…

Bobbie Ann Mason: Clear Springs: A Family Story (1999) is a memoir.

Amazon River: Physiography of the river course: Negro, and Tocantins-Araguaia) or clearwater (Trombetas, Xingu, and Tapajós). The blackwater tributaries have higher levels of humic acids (which cause their dark colour) and originate in nutrient-poor, often sandy uplands, so they carry little or no silt or dissolved solids. Clearwater tributaries have a higher mineral content and lower…

clear-air turbulence (CAT), erratic air currents that occur in cloudless air between altitudes of 6,000 and 15,000 metres (20,000 and 49,000 feet) and constitute a hazard to aircraft. This turbulence can be caused by small-scale (i.e., hundreds of metres and less) wind velocity gradients around the

renal carcinoma, malignant tumour affecting the epithelial (covering and lining) cells of the kidney. Most renal carcinomas appear in persons past 40 years of age, with peak incidence around the sixth or seventh decade. They tend to arise in persons with vascular disorders of the kidneys; because

clear-cutting, the practice of cutting down most or all of the trees in a forest or a section of forest at the same time, usually in a uniform way. Clear-cutting is done to clear land for agriculture or ranching or simply to provide timber and other wood products. In some cases, clear-cutting may

short-horned grasshopper: Major genera and species: The clear-winged grasshopper (Camnula pellucida) is a major crop pest in North America.

gasoline engine: Combustion chamber: …at VTDC is called the clearance. The distance traveled by the piston between its VTDC and VBDC locations is the stroke. The ratio of VTDC to VBDC normalized to the VTDC value—i.e., (VBDC/VTDC):1—is the compression ratio of a reciprocating engine. Compression ratio is the most important factor affecting the theoretical…

Battle of Cunaxa: Greek mercenaries under Clearchus, nearly 13,000 strong and the best trained and equipped troops in Cyrus’ army, routed the Persian left with few casualties, while Cyrus himself charged Artaxerxes’ centre with 600 cavalry. Cyrus succeeded in wounding his brother but was killed. When the Greeks returned, they found…

Aristotelianism: Early development: …Stoic theory of providence; and Clearchus of Soli combined Plato’s views on the human soul with Aristotle’s.

Clearfield, county, central Pennsylvania, U.S., consisting of a hilly region on the Allegheny Plateau bounded to the east by the West Branch Susquehanna River and Moshannon Creek. Other waterways are Clearfield, Chest, Sandy Lick, and Bennett Branch Sinnemahoning creeks, Treasure Lake, and

Clearfield, city, Davis county, northern Utah, U.S., at an altitude of 4,487 feet (1,368 metres). Founded in 1877 as a farming centre, it is mainly a residential community and suburb of Ogden and Salt Lake City, with some industrialization. The Clearfield Naval Supply Depot just outside the city

Robert Redford: … (1998), Spy Game (2001), and The Clearing (2004) earned mixed reviews. Better received, however, was All Is Lost (2013), in which he played a sailor whose yacht is struck by a shipping container; the tense survival drama featured little dialogue, and Redford was the only actor in the movie. He…

clearinghouse, institution established by firms engaged in similar activities to enable them to offset transactions with one another in order to limit payment settlements to net balances. Clearinghouses play an important role in settling transactions related to banks, railroads, stock and commodity

clerestory, in architecture, any fenestrated (windowed) wall of a room that is carried higher than the surrounding roofs to light the interior space. In a large building, where interior walls are far from the structure’s exterior walls, this method of lighting otherwise enclosed, windowless spaces

Clearwater, city, seat (1912) of Pinellas county, west-central Florida, U.S. It lies on Clearwater Harbor (part of the Intracoastal Waterway), just west of Tampa via the Courtney Campbell Causeway across Old Tampa Bay. Together with St. Petersburg, about 15 miles (25 km) to the southeast, these

Mackenzie River: History of Mackenzie River: …of Churchill River with the Clearwater River, itself one of the east-bank tributaries of the Athabasca River. In 1789 Alexander Mackenzie made his historic journey northward from the trading post of Fort Chipewyan on Lake Athabasca, exploring, with a crew of 12 in three canoes, the full length of the…

Amazon River: Physiography of the river course: Negro, and Tocantins-Araguaia) or clearwater (Trombetas, Xingu, and Tapajós). The blackwater tributaries have higher levels of humic acids (which cause their dark colour) and originate in nutrient-poor, often sandy uplands, so they carry little or no silt or dissolved solids. Clearwater tributaries have a higher mineral content and lower…

clearwing moth, (family Sesiidae), any of approximately 1,000 species of moths (order Lepidoptera) that are long-legged with a slender, dark body with bright red or yellow markings. The wings frequently lack scales and are transparent. Unlike those of other moths, the front and back wings are

Beverly Cleary was an American children’s writer whose award-winning books are lively, humorous portrayals of problems and events faced in real life by school-aged girls and boys. Beverly Bunn lived on a farm near Yamhill, Oregon, before moving to Portland—the setting of many of her books—when she

art conservation and restoration: Paintings on canvas: …a condition variously called “cleavage,” “flaking,” “blistering,” or “scaling.” The traditional method to address these problems is to reinforce the back of the canvas by attaching a new canvas to the old in a process called “lining,” also referred to as “relining.” A number of techniques and adhesives have…

nucleic acid: Cleavage: Following synthesis by transcription, most RNA molecules are processed before reaching their final form. Many rRNA molecules are cleaved from much larger transcripts and may also be methylated or enzymatically modified. In addition, tRNAs are usually formed as longer precursor molecules that are cleaved…

ether: Cleavage: Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.

cleavage, tendency of a crystalline substance to split into fragments bounded by plane surfaces. Although cleavage surfaces are seldom as flat as crystal faces, the angles between them are highly characteristic and valuable in identifying a crystalline material. Cleavage occurs on planes where the

cleavage, in embryology, the first few cellular divisions of a zygote (fertilized egg). Initially, the zygote splits along a longitudinal plane. The second division is also longitudinal, but at 90 degrees to the plane of the first. The third division is perpendicular to the first two and is

ether: Cleavage: Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very reactive. Most ethers can be cleaved, however, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.

Cleveland: History: Moses Cleaveland, from the Connecticut Land Company, arrived with surveyors at the mouth of the Cuyahoga in July 1796 to map the area. He founded and laid out the town of Cleaveland. (In 1832 an a in Cleaveland was dropped to shorten a newspaper’s masthead.)

feldspar: Identification of specific feldspars: …referred to by the name cleavelandite.

cleaver, heavy, axlike knife used for about the past one million years to cut through animal bone and meat; in modern times the cleaver, generally made of iron or carbon steel, remains a requisite tool of the butcher and a common kitchen implement. The versatility of the cleaver is probably best

Eldridge Cleaver was an American Black militant whose autobiographical volume Soul on Ice (1968) is a classic statement of Black alienation in the United States. Cleaver was an inmate of correctional institutions in California almost constantly from his junior high school days until 1966 for crimes

Eldridge Cleaver was an American Black militant whose autobiographical volume Soul on Ice (1968) is a classic statement of Black alienation in the United States. Cleaver was an inmate of correctional institutions in California almost constantly from his junior high school days until 1966 for crimes

bedstraw, (genus Galium), plant genus of about 400 species of low-growing annual or perennial herbs in the madder family (Rubiaceae). They can be found in damp woods and swamps and along stream banks and shores throughout the world. Bedstraw plants are characterized by finely toothed, often

diamond cutting: Cleaving: If the planner’s decision is to cleave the stone, it then goes to the cleaver. Large diamonds are often preshaped by cleaving into pieces suitable for sawing. When the stone is very large and valuable, the cleaving is a most critical process, because a…

acoustics: Modern advances: …membranes, and the German mathematician Rudolf Friedrich Alfred Clebsch completed Poisson’s earlier studies. A German experimental physicist, August Kundt, developed a number of important techniques for investigating properties of sound waves. These included the Kundt’s tube, discussed below.

Cleburne, city, seat (1867) of Johnson county, north-central Texas, U.S. Lying about 25 miles (40 km) south of Fort Worth, it is situated between the Grand Prairie and Blackland Prairie regions. Named for General Patrick Ronayne Cleburne of the Confederate army, it developed as a

graphic design: Rococo graphic design: English engraver Robert Clee’s engraved trading card demonstrates the curvilinear decoration and fine detail achieved in both text and image by designers during the Rococo.

Joos van Cleve was a Netherlandish painter known for his portraits of royalty and his religious paintings. He is now often identified with the “Master of the Death of the Virgin.” In 1511 Joos van Cleve entered the Antwerp guild as a master painter, and in 1520 he was appointed dean of the guild.

John Cleese is a British comic actor best known for his television work on Monty Python’s Flying Circus and Fawlty Towers. Cleese began writing and performing in comedy revues at Clifton College in Bristol, England, and was a member of the renowned Footlights Club while a law student at the

John Cleese is a British comic actor best known for his television work on Monty Python’s Flying Circus and Fawlty Towers. Cleese began writing and performing in comedy revues at Clifton College in Bristol, England, and was a member of the renowned Footlights Club while a law student at the

Cleethorpes, town and urban area (from 2011 built-up area), unitary authority of North East Lincolnshire, historic county of Lincolnshire, eastern England. It lies on the south shore of the River Humber estuary where it meets the North Sea, just east of the port of Grimsby. Cleethorpes is a popular

Cotswolds: …1,083 feet (330 metres) in Cleeve Cloud above Cheltenham. The oolitic limestones provide fine building stone, which is much in evidence in the district. In the Middle Ages the Cotswolds were open sheep runs. The wealth obtained from the sale of wool and later from the domestic cloth industry is…

clef, in musical notation, symbol placed at the beginning of the staff, determining the pitch of a particular line and thus setting a reference for, or giving a “key” to, all notes of the staff. Three clef symbols are used today: the treble, bass, and C clefs, stylized forms of the letters G, F,

James Reese Europe: …1910 he helped organize the Clef Club, a union of African American musicians. The 125-member Clef Club orchestra that he conducted at Carnegie Hall featured an extraordinary instrumentation, including 47 mandolins and bandores and 27 harp guitars.

cleft lip, relatively common congenital deformity in which the central to medial upper lip fails to fuse properly during the second month of prenatal life, resulting in a fissure in the lip beneath the nostril. Once colloquially known as harelip, cleft lip may be unilateral or bilateral. It may

cleft palate, congenital deformity in which the palatal shelves (in the roof of the mouth) fail to close during the second month of prenatal life. Cleft palate can exist in varying degrees of severity, ranging from a fissure of only the soft palate to a complete separation of the entire palate,

speech disorder: Cleft palate speech: This type of organic dysglossia has also been named rhinoglossia (Greek rhin, rhis: “nose”) because it is an organic cause of excessively nasal speech. Clefts of the lip, upper jaw, and hard and soft palate occur in various types and combinations. Cleft…

linguistics: Later contributions: …is now commonly called a cleft sentence (“It’s Jóhn who saw Mary”).

Doris Lessing: …1960s, while the parable-like novel The Cleft (2007) considers the origins of human society. Her collection of essays Time Bites (2004) displays her wide-ranging interests, from women’s issues and politics to Sufism. Alfred and Emily (2008) is a mix of fiction and memoir centred on her parents.

Johnny Clegg was a South African musician, popularly called the “White Zulu.” His innovative, ethnically integrated musical collaborations in the late 20th century constituted a powerful statement against apartheid, the enforced separation of Black and white peoples and traditions in South Africa.

Nick Clegg is a British politician and corporate executive who served as leader of the Liberal Democrats (2007–15), deputy prime minister of the United Kingdom (2010–15), and vice president of global affairs and communications at Facebook (2018–22). Since February 2022, he has served as president

Nick Clegg is a British politician and corporate executive who served as leader of the Liberal Democrats (2007–15), deputy prime minister of the United Kingdom (2010–15), and vice president of global affairs and communications at Facebook (2018–22). Since February 2022, he has served as president

Mildred Cleghorn was a dollmaker, teacher, and tribal leader of the Fort Sill Chiricahua Apache (1976–95) who fought for Native American rights. At the time of Cleghorn’s birth, the Apache people had been prisoners of the U.S. government since the surrender of Geronimo in 1886, but, when she was

Mildred Cleghorn was a dollmaker, teacher, and tribal leader of the Fort Sill Chiricahua Apache (1976–95) who fought for Native American rights. At the time of Cleghorn’s birth, the Apache people had been prisoners of the U.S. government since the surrender of Geronimo in 1886, but, when she was

Mildred Cleghorn was a dollmaker, teacher, and tribal leader of the Fort Sill Chiricahua Apache (1976–95) who fought for Native American rights. At the time of Cleghorn’s birth, the Apache people had been prisoners of the U.S. government since the surrender of Geronimo in 1886, but, when she was

cleidocranial dysostosis, rare congenital, hereditary disorder characterized by collarbones that are absent or reduced in size, skull abnormalities, and abnormal dentition. The shoulders may sometimes touch in front of the chest, and certain facial bones are underdeveloped or missing. Cranial

cleidocranial dysostosis, rare congenital, hereditary disorder characterized by collarbones that are absent or reduced in size, skull abnormalities, and abnormal dentition. The shoulders may sometimes touch in front of the chest, and certain facial bones are underdeveloped or missing. Cranial

Church Universal and Triumphant: …hands of a new president, Gilbert Cleirbaut. Shortly thereafter, Prophet announced that she had Alzheimer’s disease and retired from leadership in 1999.

Cleisthenes of Athens was a statesman regarded as the founder of Athenian democracy, serving as chief archon (highest magistrate) of Athens (525–524). Cleisthenes successfully allied himself with the popular Assembly against the nobles (508) and imposed democratic reform. Perhaps his most important

Cleisthenes Of Sicyon was a tyrant of the ancient Greek city of Sicyon. He belonged to the non-Dorian family of Orthagoras, who had established the tyranny in Sicyon with the support of the Ionian section of the inhabitants. Cleisthenes emphasized the destruction of Dorian predominance by giving

torch cactus: …silver, or woolly, torch (Cleistocactus strausii) is endemic to the mountains of Argentina and Bolivia. Its numerous erect columns appear whitish in colour because of their numerous dense spines. The plants bear narrow red flowers along the length of the stems.

old man cactus: …old lady (Eriosyce senilis); and old man of the mountain (Cleistocactus trollii).

ascocarp: …ascocarp (in forms called apothecium, cleistothecium [cleistocarp], or perithecium) contain saclike structures (asci) that usually bear four to eight ascospores. Apothecia are stalked and either disklike, saucer-shaped, or cup-shaped with exposed asci. The largest known apothecium, produced by Geopyxis cacabus, has a stalk 1 metre (40 inches) high and a…

plant reproductive system: Angiosperms: …conspicuous flowers later develop; called cleistogamous flowers, they do not open but are self-pollinated, thus ensuring augmentation of the population during a period less favourable for the usual blossoms.

Magnoliales: Timber: Cleistopholis patens (otu) yields a soft, light wood from western Africa that finds some of the same uses as balsa wood—e.g., in buoys, life rafts, and floats. The fibrous inner bark is of some value for cordage and coarse netting. In South America, balsalike wood is obtained…

ascocarp: …ascocarp (in forms called apothecium, cleistothecium [cleistocarp], or perithecium) contain saclike structures (asci) that usually bear four to eight ascospores. Apothecia are stalked and either disklike, saucer-shaped, or cup-shaped with exposed asci. The largest known apothecium, produced by Geopyxis cacabus, has a stalk 1 metre (40 inches) high and a…

skeleton: Pectoral girdle: …a vertically placed structure, the cleithrum, which supports the scapula. The cleithrum may be joined by a supracleithrum, which in turn is surmounted by a posttemporal element (i.e., at the rear of the skull). The most ventral of the added dermal bones are the clavicles, which unite below the gill…

Kleitias was an Athenian vase painter and potter, one of the most outstanding masters of the Archaic period, the artist of the decorations on the François Vase. This vase, a volute krater painted in the black-figure style, is among the greatest treasures of Greek art. Dating from c. 570 bce, it was

Cleitomachus was a Greek philosopher, originally from Carthage, who was head of the New Academy of Athens from 127/126 bc. He characterized the wise man as one who suspends judgment about the objectivity of man’s knowledge. He was the pupil and literary exponent of Carneades and asserted, against

Alexander the Great: Campaign eastward to Central Asia: …friend, Hephaestion, the other by Cleitus, an older man. From Phrada, Alexander pressed on during the winter of 330–329 up the valley of the Helmand River, through Arachosia, and over the mountains past the site of modern Kābul into the country of the Paropamisadae, where he founded Alexandria by the…

James Cleland was an English author whose 1607 book, The Institution of a Young Nobleman, advocated an all-round rather than strictly classical education. Little is known of Cleland’s life except that he was a Scotsman living in England. The book was published at Oxford, but he was apparently

John Cleland was an English novelist, known as the author of the notorious Fanny Hill; or, Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure. After serving as a consul at Smyrna and later as an agent of the British East India Company in Bombay, Cleland became a penniless wanderer who drifted from place to place and

French literature: The heroic ideal: Clelia), both by Madeleine de Scudéry, are set in Persia and Rome, respectively. Such novels reflect the society of the time. They also show again what influenced the readers and playgoers of the Classical age: the minute analysis of the passions, when divorced from the…

mussurana, tropical American rear-fanged snake of the family Colubridae. The mussurana preys on both rodents, which it kills with its venom, and on other snakes, which it kills by constriction. It is largely immune to the venom of members of the genus Bothrops (fer-de-lance and allies), its chief

French literature: The heroic ideal: Clelia), both by Madeleine de Scudéry, are set in Persia and Rome, respectively. Such novels reflect the society of the time. They also show again what influenced the readers and playgoers of the Classical age: the minute analysis of the passions, when divorced from the…

Clematis, genus of perennial, chiefly climbing shrubs of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) with about 370 species distributed over most of the world, especially in Asia and North America. Many species are cultivated in North America for their attractive flowers. The flowers may be solitary or in

angiosperm: The calyx: …petals are missing—for example, the virgin’s bower (Clematis; Ranunculaceae) and the Bougainvillea. Petaloid sepals in this case differ from tepals because the first group of stamens are on the same radii as the sepals, indicating the absence of the petals, which would normally be positioned on alternating radii in the…

population ecology: Metapopulations: …distribution of the perennial herb Clematis fremontii variety Riehlii in Missouri shows the metapopulation structure for this plant over an area of 1,129 square km (436 square miles). There is, therefore, a hierarchy of population structure from local populations to metapopulations to broader geographic groups of populations and eventually up…

time: Ephemeris Time: astronomer Gerald M. Clemence in 1948 derived the equations needed to define a dynamical scale numerically and to convert measurements of the Moon’s position into time values. The fundamental definition was based on the Earth’s orbital motion as given by Newcomb’s tables of the Sun of…

Georges Clemenceau: Early life: …but it was his father, Benjamin, a Voltairean, positivist, and admirer of the Revolution of 1789, who shaped him and remained his model. Through his father he met men who were plotting to overthrow the emperor Napoleon III and came to know the historian Jules Michelet, who was being hunted…