Georges Méliès: …as diverse as Cléopâtre (1899; Cleopatra’s Tomb), Le Christ marchant sur les eaux (1899; Christ Walking on Water), Le Voyage dans la lune (1902; A Trip to the Moon), Le Voyage à travers l’impossible (1904; The Voyage Across the Impossible), and Hamlet (1908). He also filmed studio reconstructions of news…

Léon Bakst: …costumes for Michel Fokine’s ballet Cléopâtre (1909; originally named Une Nuit d’Égypte). It was the acknowledged highlight of the evening. This production—with its innovations in dress and emphasis on the Oriental, the violent, and the sensual—provided the template for future Ballets Russes extravaganzas, and Bakst therewith became the company’s main…

Étienne Jodelle: His first play, Cléopâtre captive, a tragedy in verse, was presented before the court at Paris in 1553. The cast included his friends Rémy Belleau and Jean de La Péruse. Jodelle wrote two other plays, Eugène (1552), a comedy, and Didon se sacrifiant, another verse tragedy, based on…

Cleophon was an Athenian statesman, one of the dominant figures in Athenian politics until the end of the Peloponnesian War, who came to power in 410. He led the people to reject Spartan peace offers after the Athenian victory at Cyzicus (410) and again after Arginusae (406), as his political

calendar: Complex cycles: …the octaëteris, usually attributed to Cleostratus of Tenedos (c. 500 bce) and Eudoxus of Cnidus (390–c. 340 bce). The cycle covered eight years, as its name implies, and so the octaëteris amounted to 8 × 365, or 2,920 days. This was very close to the total of 99 lunations (99…

Camilo Pessanha: Later collected in Clépsidra (1920), it became a breviary for the Modernist poets. Pessanha’s imagery and musicality influenced poet Fernando Pessoa, with whom he exchanged some correspondence.

clepsydra, ancient device for measuring time by the gradual flow of water. One form, used by the North American Indians and some African peoples, consisted of a small boat or floating vessel that shipped water through a hole until it sank. In another form, the vessel was filled with water that was

Marcel Aymé: Clérambard (1950) begins with St. Francis of Assisi appearing to a country squire. The initial absurdity is developed with rigorous logic in the manner of the Theatre of the Absurd. The mood in La Tête des autres (1952; “The Head of Others”), an indictment of…

Louis-Nicholas Clérambault was a French composer and organist whose secular chamber cantatas, his most important works, are esteemed for their grace and feeling. Clérambault was organist at several Paris churches and at Saint-Cyr and held the post of music superintendent to Mme de Maintenon. His

Clères Zoological Park, specialty zoo that has one of the world’s finest bird collections. The park was founded in 1919 by Jean Delacour, a widely known aviculturist and ornithologist, on his 26-hectare (65-acre) estate in Clères, Fr. Its bird collection comprises 1,800 specimens representing some

clerestory, in architecture, any fenestrated (windowed) wall of a room that is carried higher than the surrounding roofs to light the interior space. In a large building, where interior walls are far from the structure’s exterior walls, this method of lighting otherwise enclosed, windowless spaces

Charles de Croix, count von Clerfayt was an Austrian field marshal who was one of the more successful of the Allied generals campaigning against Revolutionary France in the early 1790s. Clerfayt entered the Austrian army in 1753, distinguished himself during the Seven Years’ War (1756–63), and also

clergy, a body of ordained ministers in a Christian church. In the Roman Catholic Church and in the Church of England, the term includes the orders of bishop, priest, and deacon. Until 1972, in the Roman Catholic Church, clergy also included several lower orders. The Greek word kleros, signifying

Clergy Reserves, lands formerly set aside for the Church of England in Canada, a cause of controversy in 19th-century Canadian politics. Established by the Constitutional Act of 1791 “for the support and maintenance of a Protestant clergy,” the Clergy Reserves amounted to one-seventh of all land

Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand, prince de Bénévent: Education and clerical career: …interval between meetings of the Assembly of the Clergy, which were held regularly every five years. Talleyrand was appointed agent general in 1780. There were, in fact, two agents general, but his colleague’s reputation had been undermined, and Talleyrand was in practice the sole representative of the French church between…

benefit of clergy, formerly a useful device for avoiding the death penalty in English and American criminal law. In England, in the late 12th century, the church succeeded in compelling Henry II and the royal courts to grant every clericus, or “clerk” (i.e., a member of the clergy below a priest),

George Orwell: Against imperialism: …protagonist of Orwell’s next novel, A Clergyman’s Daughter (1935), is an unhappy spinster who achieves a brief and accidental liberation in her experiences among some agricultural laborers. Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1936) is about a literarily inclined bookseller’s assistant who despises the empty commercialism and materialism of middle-class life but…

lishu, in Chinese calligraphy, a style that may have originated in the brush writing of the later Zhou and Qin dynasties (c. 300–200 bc); it represents a more informal tradition than the zhuanshu (“seal script”), which was more suitable for inscriptions cast in the ritual bronzes. While examples of

education: New curricula and philosophies: …them their future occupation as clerics; they learned Latin, learned to sing the various offices, and studied Holy Writ. The more gifted ones extended their studies further and applied for admission to the liberal arts (the trivium, made up of grammar, rhetoric, and logic; and the quadrivium, including geometry, arithmetic,…

France: Later Capetians: The latter, in the bull Clericis laicos (1296), forbade the payment of taxes by clergymen to lay rulers without papal consent. Boniface had some support in the south, but Philip outmaneuvered the pope by prohibiting the export of bullion from France. The following year the pope abandoned his position and…

St. Cajetan of Thiene: …Congregation of Clerics Regular (Theatines) to further the ideals of the Oratory of Divine Love among diocesan priests and to promote clerical reform through asceticism and apostolic work. After Emperor Charles V sacked Rome, Carafa and Cajetan escaped to Venice in 1527. Following his dispatch as Theatine superior to…

Jean Leclerc was an encyclopaedist and biblical scholar who espoused advanced principles of exegesis (interpretation) and theological method. Educated at Geneva and also in France at Grenoble and Saumur (all noted for a radical approach to biblical and patristic documents), Leclerc broke with

checkered beetle, any of the approximately 3,000 species of the insect family Cleridae (order Coleoptera). Checkered beetles occur throughout the world, mainly in the tropics; the common name derives from their markings and coloration (orange, red, yellow, green, and blue). They range between 3 and

clerihew, a light verse quatrain in lines usually of varying length, rhyming aabb, and usually dealing with a person named in the initial rhyme. This type of comic biographical verse form was invented by Edmund Clerihew Bentley, who introduced it in Biography for Beginners (1905) and continued it

Robert Adam: European influences: …young French architect and draftsman Charles-Louis Clérisseau, who agreed to accompany him as instructor and draftsman on the tour. Clérisseau had been a student at the French Academy in Rome, but he left in 1754 after a dispute with its director. As a result of his friendship with Clérisseau, Adam…

Moustiers faience: Characteristic Clérissy faience, which is blue and white, falls into two periods: in the early period (1680–1710), decoration was inspired by the engravings of Antonio Tempesta (d. 1630); in the later period (1710–40), by the engravings of Jean Bérain the Elder (1638–1711), whose designs greatly influenced…

Moustiers faience: …to a local potter named Antoine Clérissy, who established the most important factory in Moustiers and founded a dynasty of faïenciers active until the late 18th century. Characteristic Clérissy faience, which is blue and white, falls into two periods: in the early period (1680–1710), decoration was inspired by the engravings…

pottery: Faience, or tin-glazed ware: …the Basses-Alpes was founded by Pierre Clérissy in 1679. During the early period frequent use was made of the engravings of Antonio Tempesta (1555–1630) as well as biblical scenes. Later came a series of dishes decorated with designs after Jean I Bérain (1637–1711), whose work greatly influenced French decorative art…

Society of Friends: Polity: There is an official, the clerk, but the responsibility of the clerk is not to preside in a parliamentary manner but rather to feel for a “sense of the meeting,” which draws together the thinking of the meeting to the point of action.

gasoline engine: Two-stroke cycle: In the original two-stroke cycle (as developed in 1878), the compression and power stroke of the four-stroke cycle are carried out without the inlet and exhaust strokes, thus requiring only one revolution of the crankshaft to complete the cycle. The fresh fuel mixture…

The Clerk’s Tale, one of the 24 stories in The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, published 1387–1400. Chaucer borrowed the story of Patient Griselda from Petrarch’s Latin translation of Giovanni Boccaccio’s Decameron. A marquis marries beautiful low-born Griselde (Griselda) after she agrees to

Sir Dugald Clerk was a British engineer who invented the two-stroke Clerk cycle internal-combustion engine, widely used on light motorcycles and other small machines. Clerk studied science at Andersonian College, Glasgow, and Yorkshire College, Leeds. He built a gas (hydrocarbon vapour) engine in

Clerkenwell, neighbourhood in the inner borough of Islington, London. It is composed of the parishes of St. James and St. John. The area developed around the Nunnery of St. Mary (replaced by St. James, Clerkenwell Green, in 1792) and the Priory of St. John of Jerusalem, both founded in the 12th

Roman Catholicism: Mendicant friars and clerks regular: …religious life, that of the clerks regular, developed in the 16th century. These communities were formally and frankly directed to active ministry. According to Ignatius of Loyola, founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)—the best-known example of clerks regular—the Society imitated the manner of living of devout secular priests (i.e.,…

Saint Antonio Maria Zaccaria: …founder of the congregation of Clerks Regular of St. Paul, or Barnabites, a religious order devoted to the study of the Pauline Letters.

Saint John Leonardi: …founder of the Roman Catholic Ordo Clericorum Regularium Matris Dei (Clerks Regular of the Mother of God), whose members were commonly called Leonardini; the order was distinguished for learning and was originally devoted to combatting Protestantism and to promoting the Counter-Reformation.

Clermont, the first steamboat in public service (1807), designed by American engineer Robert Fulton and built in New York City by Charles Brown with the financial backing of Robert Livingston. Although named North River Steamboat of Clermont, it became known as the Clermont. The steamboat was 133

Molière: Early life and beginnings in theater: …a good education at the Collège de Clermont (the school that, as the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, was to train so many brilliant Frenchmen, including Voltaire). Although his father clearly intended him to take over his royal appointment, the young man renounced it in 1643, apparently determined to break with tradition and…

Council of Clermont, an assembly for church reform called by Pope Urban IIon November 18, 1095, which became the occasion for initiating the First Crusade. The Council was attended largely by bishops of southern France as well as a few representatives from northern France and elsewhere. As a result

house of Bourbon: Origins: …Bourbons through his sixth son, Robert, comte de Clermont. When the “direct line” died out in 1328, the house of Valois, genealogically senior to the Bourbons, prevented the latter from accession to the French crown until 1589. The Valois, however, established the so-called Salic Law of Succession, under which the…

Clermont-Ferrand, town, Puy-de-Dôme département, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes région, south-central France, west of Lyon, created in 1731 by the union of Clermont and Montferrand. It stands on the small Tretaine River. Surrounded by hills to the north, west, and south, the town opens to the east onto the

Charles Clermont-Ganneau was a French archaeologist who contributed to biblical studies and also exposed a number of archaeological frauds. Clermont-Ganneau pursued his archaeological investigations while holding various diplomatic posts. A notable event in biblical research was his identification

glory-bower, the genus Clerodendrum (Clerodendron), consisting of about 400 herbs, vines, shrubs, and trees of the tropics, many of which are grown as garden plants. It belongs to the verbena family (Verbenaceae), order Lamiales. Common glory-bower (C. speciosissimum), from Asia, is a shrub up to

glory-bower: Scarlet glory-bower (C. splendens), also an African vine, has clusters of red-orange flowers among heart-shaped leaves. Common in tropical gardens is C. speciosum, a hybrid between the two species above, with red-violet flowers and calyxes (united sepals) like those of C. thomsonae.

glory-bower, the genus Clerodendrum (Clerodendron), consisting of about 400 herbs, vines, shrubs, and trees of the tropics, many of which are grown as garden plants. It belongs to the verbena family (Verbenaceae), order Lamiales. Common glory-bower (C. speciosissimum), from Asia, is a shrub up to

glory-bower: Common glory-bower (C. speciosissimum), from Asia, is a shrub up to about 120 cm (4 feet) tall that produces clusters of flame-orange flowers above heart-shaped bronzy leaves about 30 cm (1 foot) long.

glory-bower: Common in tropical gardens is C. speciosum, a hybrid between the two species above, with red-violet flowers and calyxes (united sepals) like those of C. thomsonae.

glory-bower: Bleeding heart glory-bower (C. thomsonae), a woody vine from Africa, has sprays of blooms, resembling bleeding heart, amid glossy, dark-green, oval leaves. Scarlet glory-bower (C. splendens), also an African vine, has clusters of red-orange flowers among heart-shaped leaves. Common in tropical gardens is C. speciosum,…

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Superfamily Cleroidea Tarsi of legs always 5-segmented; forecoxae projecting or transverse; abdomen with 5 or 6 visible segments. 6 families listed below; others often included. Family Chaetosomatidae 3 genera in New Zealand. Family Cleridae (checkered beetles)

history of Mesopotamia: The Seleucid period: …given plots of land (cleroii) from royal domains that they could pass on to their descendants; if they had no descendants, the land would revert to the king. Theoretically all land belonged to the ruler, but actually local interests prevailed. As time passed, however, the influx of Greek colonists…

augury: …(cartomancy), dice or lots (cleromancy), dots and other marks on paper (geomancy), fire and smoke (pyromancy), the shoulder blades of animals (scapulimancy), entrails of sacrificed animals (haruspicy), or their livers, which were considered to be the seat of life (hepatoscopy).

René Descartes: Final years and heritage of René Descartes: …came into the possession of Claude Clerselier, a pious Catholic, who began the process of turning Descartes into a saint by cutting, adding to, and selectively publishing his letters. This cosmetic work culminated in 1691 in the massive biography by Father Adrien Baillet, who was at work on a 17-volume…

cleruchy, in ancient Greece, body of Athenian citizens in a dependent country holding grants of land awarded by Athens. The settlement in Salamis, which Athens captured from Megara in the 6th century bc, may have been the earliest cleruchy. Athens made wide use of the institution to cripple

history of Mesopotamia: The Seleucid period: …given plots of land (cleroii) from royal domains that they could pass on to their descendants; if they had no descendants, the land would revert to the king. Theoretically all land belonged to the ruler, but actually local interests prevailed. As time passed, however, the influx of Greek colonists…

Clethra, genus of 65 species of flowering trees and shrubs, of the family Clethraceae, occurring in North and South America, in Asia, and on the Mediterranean island of Madeira. Often called white alders, they are commonly cultivated for their handsome spikes of white fragrant flowers. The leaves

Clethra: acuminata, commonly called cinnamon clethra, occurs in mountainous and hilly regions of southeastern North America and grows about 4.5 metres (15 feet) tall. It is valued for its attractive cinnamon-brown bark as well as for its flowers. C. tomentosa is found in the same region as C. alnifolia.

Clethra: alnifolia, commonly known as sweet-pepper bush, or summer sweet, occurs on the eastern Coastal Plain and grows about 1 to 3 metres (3 to 10 feet) tall. Its foliage turns yellow or orange in the fall. C. acuminata, commonly called cinnamon clethra, occurs in mountainous and hilly regions of…

Clethraceae: A single species, the lily of the valley tree (C. arborea), grows on the Atlantic island of Madeira and is sometimes grown as an ornamental. All are woody deciduous to evergreen plants with spiral, often toothed leaves that tend to be clustered at the ends of branches. The flowers…

Clethraceae, flowering plant family with two genera in the order Ericales. The genus Clethra has some 65 species occurring from East Asia to the southeastern United States and from Mexico southward along the Andes. A single species, the lily of the valley tree (C. arborea), grows on the Atlantic

Clethraceae, flowering plant family with two genera in the order Ericales. The genus Clethra has some 65 species occurring from East Asia to the southeastern United States and from Mexico southward along the Andes. A single species, the lily of the valley tree (C. arborea), grows on the Atlantic

hantavirus: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: …which is carried by the bank vole (Myodes glareolus). Nephropathia epidemica has occurred in Scandinavia, western Russia, and other parts of Europe. Mild hemorrhagic illness can also result from infection with the Seoul virus, which is carried by the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus). Seoul virus infections typically occur in Asia,…

St. Anacletus ; feast day April 26) was the third pope (76–88 or 79–91), following St. Peter the Apostle and St. Linus. According to St. Epiphanius and the priest Tyrannius Rufinus, he directed the Roman church with St. Linus during Peter’s lifetime. He died, probably a martyr, during the reign of

Kleve, city, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), western Germany. It lies northwest of Düsseldorf, less than 5 miles (8 km) south of the Dutch border. It is connected with the Rhine River by a canal. The seat of the counts of Cleves from the 11th century, it was chartered in 1242. The county

Per Teodor Cleve was a Swedish chemist who discovered the elements holmium and thulium. Cleve became assistant professor of chemistry at the University of Uppsala in 1868 and in addition taught at the Technological Institute in Stockholm from 1870 to 1874. He then was appointed professor of general

Cleveland, city, seat (1836) of Bradley county, southeastern Tennessee, U.S., about 30 miles (50 km) northeast of Chattanooga. Established in 1836 following the agreement for the evacuation of the area by the Cherokee, the community was named for Colonel Benjamin Cleveland, a hero of the American

Cleveland, region and former administrative county, northeastern England, along the River Tees and the North Sea. The region comprises parts of the historic counties of Durham and Yorkshire to the north and south of the Tees, respectively. It is divided administratively into the following unitary

Cleveland, city, seat (1810) of Cuyahoga county, northeastern Ohio, U.S. It is a major St. Lawrence Seaway port on the southern shore of Lake Erie, at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River. Greater Cleveland sprawls along the lake for about 100 miles (160 km) and runs more than 40 miles (65 km) inland,

Dallas Stars: …another struggling NHL franchise, the Cleveland Barons, in 1978. As part of the unique arrangement, the two teams were merged and continued on as the North Stars.

Cleveland Bay, breed of horse notable for its strength, endurance, and beauty and for its prepotency—i.e., its ability to impart these characteristics to both purebred and crossbred progeny. Such qualities made the Cleveland Bay one of the most favoured coach horses of the 19th and early 20th

Cleveland Guardians, American professional baseball team based in Cleveland that plays in the American League (AL). Since it began playing as a major league team in Cleveland in 1901, it has won six AL pennants and two World Series titles, the first in 1920 and the second in 1948. It changed its

Cleveland Guardians, American professional baseball team based in Cleveland that plays in the American League (AL). Since it began playing as a major league team in Cleveland in 1901, it has won six AL pennants and two World Series titles, the first in 1920 and the second in 1948. It changed its

Cleveland Guardians, American professional baseball team based in Cleveland that plays in the American League (AL). Since it began playing as a major league team in Cleveland in 1901, it has won six AL pennants and two World Series titles, the first in 1920 and the second in 1948. It changed its

Cleveland Browns, American professional gridiron football team based in Cleveland that plays in the American Football Conference (AFC) of the NFL. The Browns have won four NFL championships (1950, 1954–55, 1964) and four All-America Football Conference (AAFC) championships (1946–49). The Browns

Cleveland: The contemporary city: …which opened in 1996; and Cleveland Browns Stadium (1999), home of the Browns, the city’s professional football team. The southern downtown area includes the Gateway Complex, comprising two sports venues that opened in 1994: Jacobs Field, which is built in the style of early 20th-century ballparks, for the Cleveland Guardians…

Cleveland Cavaliers, American professional basketball team based in Cleveland that plays in the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association and has won one NBA title (2016). The Cavaliers began play as an NBA expansion team in 1970 under the ownership of the ambitious entrepreneur

Frank Gehry: Stardom and later works: His building for the Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (2010) in Las Vegas is seemingly a pile of collapsed stainless-steel facades. In 2012 he completed his first skyscraper, 8 Spruce Street, a 76-story residential tower in New York City. By the mid-2010s Gehry had cemented his…

John Carroll University, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in University Heights, Ohio, U.S., just east of Cleveland. It is affiliated with the Jesuit order of the Roman Catholic church. The university comprises the College of Arts and Sciences, the Boler School of Business, and

free-net: …in 1986 he released the Cleveland Free-Net, the first true free-net system. The Cleveland Free-Net attracted 7,000 registered users during its first year and allowed people to post messages online and form discussion threads that could be read and responded to by anyone on the network.

Cleveland Guardians, American professional baseball team based in Cleveland that plays in the American League (AL). Since it began playing as a major league team in Cleveland in 1901, it has won six AL pennants and two World Series titles, the first in 1920 and the second in 1948. It changed its

Cleveland Heights, city, residential suburb 6 miles (10 km) east of downtown Cleveland, Cuyahoga county, northeastern Ohio, U.S. Located at the extreme western edge of the Appalachian Plateau, the area was home to Erie and Seneca tribes before being settled in the 1820s by pioneer farmers. At the

Cleveland Guardians, American professional baseball team based in Cleveland that plays in the American League (AL). Since it began playing as a major league team in Cleveland in 1901, it has won six AL pennants and two World Series titles, the first in 1920 and the second in 1948. It changed its

Cleveland Museum of Art, in Cleveland, Ohio, U.S., major American museum that houses one of the country’s finest art collections. It was incorporated in 1913 and opened in 1916. The museum’s more than 34,000 art objects represent virtually all major cultures and periods. It holds items from ancient

Cleveland Guardians, American professional baseball team based in Cleveland that plays in the American League (AL). Since it began playing as a major league team in Cleveland in 1901, it has won six AL pennants and two World Series titles, the first in 1920 and the second in 1948. It changed its

Escondido: …km) northeast of Escondido in Cleveland National Forest. Recreational areas include Dixon Lake and nearby Lake Wohlford. Inc. 1888. Pop. (2010) 143,911; (2020) 151,038.

Cleveland Orchestra (CO), American symphony orchestra based in Cleveland, Ohio. It was founded by Adella Prentiss Hughes in 1918 and was one of the last major American orchestras to be created. Nikolai Sokoloff (1918–33), the first music director, was succeeded by Artur Rodzinski (1933–43), Erich

Jerry Lucas: …instead signed with the ABL’s Cleveland Pipers after the team offered him an incentive-laden contract that contained a series of stock options and promises of future graduate school funding. The Pipers then tried to use the leverage provided by the acquisition of the popular Lucas to force their way into…

Bruce Catton: …the Cleveland News, and the Cleveland Plain Dealer (1920–26), Catton continued his lifelong study of the Civil War period. He subsequently worked for the Newspaper Enterprise Service (1926–41) and for the U.S. War Production Board. In 1954 he became the founding editor of American Heritage magazine, for which he wrote…

Edward Willis Scripps: … (Ohio) Penny Press (afterward the Cleveland Press), and by 1887 he also controlled papers in St. Louis, Missouri; Detroit; and Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1894, with his half brother George H. Scripps and Milton Alexander McRae, he formed the Scripps-McRae League of Newspapers, and in 1909 he established another chain, the…

Cleveland: The contemporary city: …and federal office buildings, the Cleveland Public Library (with one of the largest holdings of any city library in the country), and the Cleveland Convention Center are downtown, near the lakefront. Lakeside attractions include the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum (1995), designed by architect I.M. Pei and…

Cleveland State University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. It consists of the James J. Nance College of Business Administration, Fenn College of Engineering, Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs, and the colleges of arts and sciences,

Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland was a favourite mistress of the English king Charles II; she bore several of his illegitimate children. According to the diarist Samuel Pepys, she was a woman of exceptional beauty, but others commented on her crude mannerisms. She was the daughter of William

Emeline Horton Cleveland was an American physician and college professor, widely respected among her male colleagues and a strong force for professional opportunity and education for women in medicine. Emeline Horton grew up in Madison county, New York. She worked as a teacher until she could

Frances Cleveland was an American first lady (1886–89; 1893–97), the wife of Grover Cleveland, 22nd and 24th president of the United States, and the youngest first lady in American history. Frances Folsom was the only daughter of Emma Harmon Folsom and Oscar Folsom, a lawyer. She lived comfortably

Grover Cleveland was the 22nd and 24th president of the United States (1885–89 and 1893–97) and the first president ever to serve two discontinuous terms. Cleveland distinguished himself as one of the few truly honest and principled politicians of the Gilded Age. His view of the president’s

Horace William Shaler Cleveland was an American landscape architect who, with his better known contemporary Frederick Law Olmsted, developed landscape architecture into a recognized profession in the United States. Educated as a civil engineer, Cleveland farmed for a while and then became a

John Cleveland was an English poet, the most popular of his time, and then and in later times the most commonly abused Metaphysical poet. Educated at Cambridge, Cleveland became a fellow there before joining the Royalist army at Oxford in 1643. In 1645–46 he was judge advocate with the garrison at

Glacier National Park: At 10,466 feet (3,190 metres), Mount Cleveland is the highest point in the park.

Grover Cleveland was the 22nd and 24th president of the United States (1885–89 and 1893–97) and the first president ever to serve two discontinuous terms. Cleveland distinguished himself as one of the few truly honest and principled politicians of the Gilded Age. His view of the president’s

Thomas Wentworth, earl of Cleveland was a prominent Royalist during the English Civil Wars. The eldest son of Henry Wentworth (whom he succeeded as 4th Baron Wentworth and Lord le Despenser in infancy), he was created earl of Cleveland in 1626 by Charles I. Adhering to the king’s cause in the

Alison Lurie: …Tales of the Stars (1979), Clever Gretchen and Other Forgotten Folktales (1980), and Fabulous Beasts (1981), as well as works about children’s literature. Her nonfiction works include Don’t Tell the Grown-Ups: Subversive Children’s Literature (1990). In addition, she coedited Classics of Children’s Literature (1976) and was editor of The Oxford…