Clever Hans, a performing horse in Berlin in the late 19th and early 20th centuries celebrated for demonstrating remarkable intelligence. The feats performed by the horse were eventually explained as simple behavioral responses to subtle cues provided (perhaps unintentionally) by his handler. Since

Kleve, city, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), western Germany. It lies northwest of Düsseldorf, less than 5 miles (8 km) south of the Dutch border. It is connected with the Rhine River by a canal. The seat of the counts of Cleves from the 11th century, it was chartered in 1242. The county

history of Europe: The crisis in Germany: …William, the childless duke of Cleves-Jülich, in March 1609. His duchies, occupying a strategic position in the Lower Rhineland, had both Protestant and Catholic subjects, but both of the main claimants to the inheritance were Protestants; under the cuius regio principle, their succession would lead to the expulsion of the…

pin fastener: The clevis pin is a fastening device with a flange at one end and is kept in place by a cotter pin inserted through a hole in the other end.

Clew Bay, sheltered bay on the west (Atlantic) coast of County Mayo, Ireland, approximately 10 miles (16 km) from east to west and 7 miles (11 km) from north to south. The bay is bounded on both north and south by mountains—Croagh Patrick (2,510 feet [795 metres]) on the south and the Nephin Beg

Elsie Clews Parsons was an American sociologist and anthropologist whose studies of the Pueblo and other Native American peoples of the southwestern United States remain standard references. Elsie Clews attended private schools and graduated from Barnard College (1896). She then studied history and

sakaki, low-spreading, flowering evergreen tree (Cleyera ochnacea), of the family Pentaphylacaceae, used in Shintō to demarcate or decorate sacred spaces. The tree, which grows in warm areas of Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and mainland China, may reach a height of about 10 metres (30 feet) and in spring

anarchism: Poetry and prose: …finest poets of anarchism was Voltairine de Cleyre, whom Emma Goldman considered the “most gifted and brilliant anarchist woman America ever produced.” Although the anarchist themes of de Cleyre’s work were typical of her generation—tributes to revolutionary martyrs, hymns to anarchist anniversaries, and songs of workers rising against tyranny—her powerful…

Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio is a French author known for his intricate, seductive fiction and distinctive works of nonfiction that mediate between the past and the present, juxtaposing the modern world with a primordial landscape of ambiguity and mystery. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature

MS-DOS: …MS-DOS was limited to a command line interface, in contrast to the user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI) of the early Macintosh computer from Apple Inc. Although MS-DOS ceased to be marketed as a stand-alone operating system, the relatively simple, stable platform is still used in some embedded computer systems.

Clianthus, genus of two species of flowering shrubs in the pea family (Fabaceae). Parrot’s bill, or red kowhai (Clianthus puniceus), and kakabeak (C. maximus) are native to New Zealand and Australia, respectively. Both plants are grown as ornamentals but are considered endangered species in the

Clianthus: …bill, or red kowhai (Clianthus puniceus), and kakabeak (C. maximus) are native to New Zealand and Australia, respectively. Both plants are grown as ornamentals but are considered endangered species in the wild.

Van Cliburn was an American pianist who achieved worldwide celebrity after winning the International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow in 1958, the inaugural year for the event. Cliburn began taking music lessons at the age of three from his mother, a concert pianist. He made his debut in 1947 with

Van Cliburn was an American pianist who achieved worldwide celebrity after winning the International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow in 1958, the inaugural year for the event. Cliburn began taking music lessons at the age of three from his mother, a concert pianist. He made his debut in 1947 with

cliché-verre, print made by placing photographic paper beneath a glass plate on which a design has been scratched through a coating of an opaque substance and then exposing it to light. The fluid lines possible with cliché-verre prints are reminiscent of etched lines. The technique was popular in

Clichy, northern industrial suburb of Paris, France, Hauts-de-Seine département, Paris région. It is served by a subway line from the Porte de Clichy, by an arterial highway surrounding Paris, and by suburban train service. The Beaujon Hospital, one of the largest and most modern in the Paris

Clichy, northern industrial suburb of Paris, France, Hauts-de-Seine département, Paris région. It is served by a subway line from the Porte de Clichy, by an arterial highway surrounding Paris, and by suburban train service. The Beaujon Hospital, one of the largest and most modern in the Paris

click, Click notationin phonetics, a suction sound made in the mouth. Click sounds occur in a number of African languages and are often used as interjections in other languages—e.g., the sound of disapproval represented in English by tsk, tsk. That sound is an example of a dental click; to make it,

click beetle, (family Elateridae), family of approximately 7,000 species of beetles named for the clicking noise made when seized by a predator. Taxonomy See also list of insects. Most click beetles range between 2.5 and 18 mm (less than 0.75 inch) in length and are brown or black in color with

Carolyn R. Bertozzi: For her groundbreaking contributions to click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry, Bertozzi was awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize for Chemistry, which she shared with American chemist K. Barry Sharpless and Danish chemist Morten P. Meldal.

click languages, a group of languages found only in Africa in which clicks function as normal consonants. The sole report outside Africa of a language using clicks involves the special case of Damin, a ritual vocabulary of the Lardil of northern Queensland, Australia. While clicks are an extensive

Clidastes, (genus Clidastes), extinct ancient marine lizards belonging to a family of reptiles called mosasaurs. Clidastes fossils are found in marine rocks from the Late Cretaceous Period (99.6 million to 65.5 million years ago) in North America. Excellent specimens have been found in the chalk

client-server architecture: …computer network in which many clients (remote processors) request and receive service from a centralized server (host computer). Client computers provide an interface to allow a computer user to request services of the server and to display the results the server returns. Servers wait for requests to arrive from clients…

John Grisham: The Pelican Brief and The Client: Another novel, The Client (1993; film 1994), sacrificed roller-coaster suspense for humor and slapstick energy. Critics almost universally agreed that the plot, dealing with an 11-year-old boy who uncovers a mob-related murder plot, read as though it had been tailor-made for the screen. Indeed, the film rights…

John Grisham: The Pelican Brief and The Client: Indeed, the film rights to the novel sold for $2.5 million, while the novel itself sold 2.6 million copies within 15 weeks.

nondirective psychotherapy, an approach to the treatment of mental disorders that aims primarily toward fostering personality growth by helping individuals gain insight into and acceptance of their feelings, values, and behaviour. The function of the therapist is to extend consistent, warm,

client-server architecture, architecture of a computer network in which many clients (remote processors) request and receive service from a centralized server (host computer). Client computers provide an interface to allow a computer user to request services of the server and to display the results

clientship, in ancient Rome, the relationship between a man of wealth and influence (patron) and a free client; the client acknowledged his dependence on the patron and received protection in return. This sort of relationship was recognized in law as early as the 5th century bc; by the 1st century

clientelism, relationship between individuals with unequal economic and social status (“the boss” and his “clients”) that entails the reciprocal exchange of goods and services based on a personal link that is generally perceived in terms of moral obligation. Defined in this way, clientelism is a

clientship, in ancient Rome, the relationship between a man of wealth and influence (patron) and a free client; the client acknowledged his dependence on the patron and received protection in return. This sort of relationship was recognized in law as early as the 5th century bc; by the 1st century

Connemara: Clifden, the only town, was the terminus of a light railway from 1895 to 1935 and was once a small port. Roundstone is a small village and seaside resort.

cliff, steep slope of earth materials, usually a rock face, that is nearly vertical and may be overhanging. Structural cliffs may form as the result of fault displacement or the resistance of a cap rock to uniform downcutting. Erosional cliffs form along shorelines or valley walls where the most

cliff brake: …brake is sometimes used for rock ferns or rock brakes, about four to seven species constituting the genus Cryptogramma, native to Europe, Asia, and the Americas. They differ from Pellaea species by having fronds that die back each winter and by their fertile leaflets, which are usually narrower than the…

cliff brake, (genus Pellaea), any of about 40 species of ferns of the genus Pellaea (family Pteridaceae). Cliff brake ferns grow on or among rocks, mostly limestone, throughout the world. Several species, including button fern (Pellaea rotundifolia) and sickle fern (P. falcata), are grown as indoor

cliff dwelling, housing of the prehistoric Ancestral Puebloans (Anasazi) people of the southwestern United States, built along the sides of or under the overhangs of cliffs, primarily in the Four Corners area, where the present states of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah meet. These masonry

Woodsiaceae, the cliff fern family, containing 15 genera and about 700 species, in the division Pteridophyta. Members of Woodsiaceae are distributed nearly worldwide, but species are most diverse in temperate regions and in mountainous tropical areas. Most species are terrestrial in forested

Madagascar: Relief: …cliff, which is called the Great Cliff or the Cliff of Angavo, is often impassable and is itself bordered by the Betsimisaraka Escarpment, a second and lower cliff to the east, which overhangs the coastal plain. Behind the scarp face are the remains of ancient lakes, including one called Alaotra.…

swallow: …flask-shaped mud nests, include the cliff swallow (P. pyrrhonota), the bird of San Juan Capistrano Mission, in California; as with other swallows, it has strong homing instincts.

Zhang Yimou: …zhong (2020; One Second) and Cliff Walkers (2021).

Jimmy Cliff is a Jamaican singer and songwriter who was instrumental in introducing reggae to an international audience, largely through his performance in the landmark film The Harder They Come (1972). Just into his teens, Cliff began recording soon after moving from the countryside to Kingston,

Henry Blake Fuller: …a decidedly different direction with The Cliff-Dwellers (1893), a realistic novel, called the first important American city novel, about people in a Chicago skyscraper. With the Procession (1895) was another realistic novel, about a wealthy Chicago merchant family and the efforts of some of its members to keep up with…

serial, a novel or other work appearing (as in a magazine) in parts at intervals. Novels written in the 19th century were commonly published as serials. Many works by Charles Dickens, George Eliot, William Makepeace Thackeray, Anthony Trollope, and others first appeared serially in such magazines

cliff brake, (genus Pellaea), any of about 40 species of ferns of the genus Pellaea (family Pteridaceae). Cliff brake ferns grow on or among rocks, mostly limestone, throughout the world. Several species, including button fern (Pellaea rotundifolia) and sickle fern (P. falcata), are grown as indoor

Sylvester Stallone: …thrillers as Demolition Man (1993), Cliffhanger (1993), which he also cowrote, The Specialist (1994), Assassins (1995), Judge Dredd (1995), and Get Carter (2000). Although most of those films had only limited success at the box office in the United States, Stallone’s ability to attract audiences overseas proved enormous. In 2010…

Martin Short: Career: …has appeared include Innerspace (1987), Clifford (1994), and Mars Attacks! (1996), and he has voiced roles in animated films such as The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Space! (2017) and The Addams Family (2019). From 2001 to 2003 Short plumped up with prosthetics to take on the…

Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford was an English statesman, lord treasurer in Charles II’s Cabal ministry. Clifford matriculated at Exeter College, Oxford, in 1647 and entered the Middle Temple in 1648. In Parliament in 1660–61 he became a steady supporter of Henry Bennett (who became Lord

history of photography: Landscape and architectural documentation: …worked in England and Wales; Charles Clifford, who worked in Spain; Robert Macpherson, who photographed Rome; and George Washington Wilson, who photographed Scotland. French photographer Adolphe Braun recorded the landscape around his native Alsace, as well as the mountainous terrain of the French Savoy, as did the brothers Louis-Auguste and…

Creedence Clearwater Revival: ), and Doug Clifford (b. April 24, 1945, Palo Alto, Calif.).

Puerto Rico: Early settlement: …years later the British soldier George Clifford, 3rd earl of Cumberland, captured the city but was soon forced to abandon it after his troops fell victim to disease (probably dysentery). In 1625 the Dutchman Bowdoin Hendrik captured and burned the town but failed to subdue El Morro, where the governor…

John Clifford was an evangelical Baptist minister and social reformer active in the British labour movement. He was the first president of the Baptist World Alliance. Clifford began work in a lace factory at the age of 10. In 1855 he was sent to the General Baptist Academy in Leicester, and in 1858

Nathan Clifford was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court (1858–81). Admitted to the bar in 1827, Clifford was elected to the Maine legislature in 1830 and became an eloquent exponent of Jacksonian principles. He served four terms, the last two as speaker. In 1834 he was appointed

Sir Hugh Charles Clifford was a British colonial official and governor, especially associated with Malaya, and a novelist and essayist. A descendant of Clifford of the Cabal under Charles II, and a grandson of the 7th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh, Hugh Clifford was expected to follow his father, a

Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford was an English statesman, lord treasurer in Charles II’s Cabal ministry. Clifford matriculated at Exeter College, Oxford, in 1647 and entered the Middle Temple in 1648. In Parliament in 1660–61 he became a steady supporter of Henry Bennett (who became Lord

Donald Trump: …star Stephanie Clifford, known as Stormy Daniels, who claimed to have had an affair with Trump in 2006. He had also been indicted on dozens of other federal and state charges in cases relating to his efforts to overturn his defeat in the presidential election of 2020 and his removal…

Orlando Magic: In 2018–19 new head coach Steve Clifford guided the Magic to a surprising division title and a first-round postseason loss. The team repeated that playoff result in 2019–20, but an injury-riddled 2020–21 season saw the team trade away many of its major contributors and finish with the third worst record…

Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford was an English statesman, lord treasurer in Charles II’s Cabal ministry. Clifford matriculated at Exeter College, Oxford, in 1647 and entered the Middle Temple in 1648. In Parliament in 1660–61 he became a steady supporter of Henry Bennett (who became Lord

William Kingdon Clifford was a British philosopher and mathematician who, influenced by the non-Euclidean geometries of Bernhard Riemann and Nikolay Lobachevsky, wrote “On the Space-Theory of Matter” (1876). He presented the idea that matter and energy are simply different types of curvature of

William Kingdon Clifford: ” He showed that spaces of constant curvature could have several different topological structures.

Montgomery Clift was an American motion-picture actor noted for the emotional depth and sense of vulnerability he brought to his roles. Along with Marlon Brando and James Dean, he helped delineate a new paradigm for American cinematic heroes. Clift’s childhood was unconventional. His family moved

Montgomery Clift was an American motion-picture actor noted for the emotional depth and sense of vulnerability he brought to his roles. Along with Marlon Brando and James Dean, he helped delineate a new paradigm for American cinematic heroes. Clift’s childhood was unconventional. His family moved

Bristol: The contemporary city: …in the residential suburb of Clifton in 1862. The University of Bristol, founded as University College in 1876, was established in 1909.

Clifton, city, Passaic county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S. It lies along the Passaic River, between Paterson and Passaic cities. Settled in 1685, it was part of the Acquackanock Tract bought in 1679 by the Dutch from the Delaware Indians. It was a part of Passaic until 1917, when it was

Clifton, town, seat (1909) of Greenlee county, southeastern Arizona, U.S. It lies near the New Mexico border. Copper was discovered in 1865 at nearby Morenci (unincorporated) and was first mined there in 1872. In 1937 the Phelps Dodge Corporation began excavating an open-pit mine, now one of the

George Carey is a theologian noted for his evangelical beliefs. He was the archbishop of Canterbury from 1991 to 2002, and resigned as a priest in 2024. Carey left school at age 15 and served as a radio operator in the Royal Air Force from 1954 to 1956. By 20 he had undergone a religious

George Carey is a theologian noted for his evangelical beliefs. He was the archbishop of Canterbury from 1991 to 2002, and resigned as a priest in 2024. Carey left school at age 15 and served as a radio operator in the Royal Air Force from 1954 to 1956. By 20 he had undergone a religious

Lucille Clifton was an American poet whose works examine family life, racism, and gender. Born of a family that was descended from slaves, she attended Howard University from 1953 to 1955 and graduated from Fredonia State Teachers College (now State University of New York College at Fredonia) in

buckwheat tree, (Cliftonia monophylla), evergreen shrub or small tree of the family Cyrillaceae, native to southern North America. It grows to about 15 m (50 feet) tall and has oblong or lance-shaped leaves about 4–5 cm (1.5–2 inches) long. Its fragrant white or pinkish flowers, about 1 cm across,

graphite: …in meteoritic iron are called cliftonite.

Chrétien de Troyes: …husband by disobeying his commands; Cligès, that of the victim of a marriage made under constraint who feigns death and wakens to a new and happy life with her lover; Lancelot, an exaggerated but perhaps parodic treatment of the lover who is servile to the god of love and to…

Jennifer Capriati: …defeat, she rallied to overcome Kim Clijsters in a three-set thriller (1–6, 6–4, 12–10) to take the title. Her bid for a Grand Slam (winning all four major events in one year), however, ended with a semifinal loss at Wimbledon. Capriati successfully defended her Australian Open title in 2002 with…

tree moss, any of the plants of the genus Climacium (order Bryales), which resemble small evergreen trees and are found in damp, shady places throughout the Northern Hemisphere. The most common species are the European tree moss (C. dendroides), which is also found in North America, and the

tree moss: …in North America, and the American tree moss (C. americanum). Both are about 5 to 10 centimetres (2 to 4 inches) high, with the branches clustered at the top of the shoot. The reddish-brown capsules (spore cases), borne on the female plant, have lids with long beaks and mature in…

tree moss: …most common species are the European tree moss (C. dendroides), which is also found in North America, and the American tree moss (C. americanum). Both are about 5 to 10 centimetres (2 to 4 inches) high, with the branches clustered at the top of the shoot. The reddish-brown capsules (spore…

tree moss: …less common North American species, C. kindbergii, can be found growing in very wet, swampy places. It is very dark green, almost black, in colour, and its tendency to form dense tufts or cushions obscures the treelike appearance of the small individual plants.

Climacograptus, genus of graptolites, extinct colonial animals related to the primitive chordates, found as fossils in marine rocks of the Middle and Late Ordovician Period (about 472 million to 444 million years ago). Climacograptus is characterized by a single, serrated branch suspended from a

passeriform: Annotated classification: Family Climacteridae (Australian treecreepers) Small, creeperlike climbing birds, 12.5 to 17.5 cm (5 to 7 inches); of uncertain ancestry and affinities. Legs short; toes long, claws long, curved, strong, especially that of hallux; tail rounded, soft; bill long, somewhat downcurved. Grayish brown to black above, streaked below,…

climate, conditions of the atmosphere at a particular location over a long period of time; it is the long-term summation of the atmospheric elements (and their variations) that, over short time periods, constitute weather. These elements are solar radiation, temperature, humidity, precipitation

astrolabe: …one or more plates (called climates) that were engraved with coordinate lines for different latitudes and were placed between the mater and the rete.

William Diller Matthew: Most important among them was “Climate and Evolution” (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 24, 1915). In this work, Matthew argued for a relative permanency of the great ocean basins and continental masses and against the existence of former land bridges across what are now abyssal depths.…

Greta Thunberg: …collection of her speeches, and The Climate Book: The Facts and the Solutions (2023). The documentary I Am Greta appeared in 2020.

climate change, periodic modification of Earth’s climate brought about as a result of changes in the atmosphere as well as interactions between the atmosphere and various other geologic, chemical, biological, and geographic factors within the Earth system. The atmosphere is a dynamic fluid that is

ARCHIVED TOPIC: This topic was archived on June 23, 2023 and will no longer be updated. Average surface temperatures on earth have risen more than 2°F over the past 100 years. During this time period, atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) have notably

global warming policy: The UN Framework Convention and the Kyoto Protocol: …by two major treaties: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) of 1992 and the associated 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC (named for the city in Japan where it was concluded).

climate classification, the formalization of systems that recognize, clarify, and simplify climatic similarities and differences between geographic areas in order to enhance the scientific understanding of climates. Such classification schemes rely on efforts that sort and group vast amounts of

conservation: Global warming: …suitable conditions, or the species’ climate envelope, may shrink to nothing as conditions change—i.e., there may be no suitable conditions for a species in the future.

global warming: Theoretical climate models: Theoretical models of Earth’s climate system can be used to investigate the response of climate to external radiative forcing as well as its own internal variability. Two or more models that focus on different physical processes may be coupled or linked together through…

Rudolf Oskar Robert Williams Geiger: …Klima der bodennahen Luftschicht (1927; The Climate near the Ground), a comprehensive survey of microclimatological observations and of the effects of microclimate on plants, animals, and humans. This book remains a valuable basic reference source in the study of climate.

global warming: Feedback mechanisms and climate sensitivity: There are a number of feedback processes important to Earth’s climate system and, in particular, its response to external radiative forcing. The most fundamental of these feedback mechanisms involves the loss of longwave radiation to space from the surface. Since this radiative loss…

climate stripes, any graphical representation of historical temperature data that appears as a series of colored vertical stripes. Ordered chronologically, the series can be used to represent changes in an area’s average temperature over time. Each stripe in a graphic depicts the average

climate change, periodic modification of Earth’s climate brought about as a result of changes in the atmosphere as well as interactions between the atmosphere and various other geologic, chemical, biological, and geographic factors within the Earth system. The atmosphere is a dynamic fluid that is

climate: Circulation, currents, and ocean-atmosphere interaction: The circulation of the ocean is a key factor in air temperature distribution. Ocean currents that have a northward or southward component, such as the warm Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic or the cold Peru (Humboldt) Current off South America, effectively exchange…

climatic adaptation, in physical anthropology, the genetic adaptation of human beings to different environmental conditions. Physical adaptations in human beings are seen in response to extreme cold, humid heat, desert conditions, and high altitudes. Cold adaptation is of three types: adaptation to

lymphogranuloma venereum, infection of lymph vessels and lymph nodes by the microorganism Chlamydia trachomatis. Like chlamydia, which is also a disease caused by C. trachomatis, lymphogranuloma venereum is usually sexually transmitted. The disease produces swollen lymph nodes, ulcerations,

climate change, periodic modification of Earth’s climate brought about as a result of changes in the atmosphere as well as interactions between the atmosphere and various other geologic, chemical, biological, and geographic factors within the Earth system. The atmosphere is a dynamic fluid that is

climate: Climate, humans, and human affairs: …and environmentalist Crispin Tickell titled Climatic Change and World Affairs. Tickell sounded a warning:

climate change, periodic modification of Earth’s climate brought about as a result of changes in the atmosphere as well as interactions between the atmosphere and various other geologic, chemical, biological, and geographic factors within the Earth system. The atmosphere is a dynamic fluid that is

continental landform: Morphogenetic area: …ago understood how distinctive the geomorphic mechanisms of humid and arid lands were. It was, however, the new evidence of wide geographic mobility for such environments that forced the recognition of the morphogenetic, or geomorphic, system. Such a system is defined as a group of agencies and processes interacting under…

climatic map, chart that shows the geographic distribution of the monthly or annual average values of climatic variables—i.e., temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, percentage of possible sunshine, insolation, cloud cover, wind speed and direction, and atmospheric pressure over regions

continental landform: Climatic morphogenesis: Notions that climate plays a major dynamic role in landform evolution were in evidence during the first decade of the 20th century but did not emerge in formalized theory until the mid-1900s. At that time German geographer Julius Büdel and several…

global warming: Climatic variation since the last glaciation: …sometimes referred to as the Mid-Holocene Climatic Optimum. The relative warmth of average near-surface air temperatures at this time, however, is somewhat unclear. Changes in the pattern of insolation favoured warmer summers at higher latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, but these changes also produced cooler winters in the Northern Hemisphere…