clostridium: perfringens, C. novyi, and C. septicum can cause gangrene in humans. C. perfringens is also a source of foodborne illness, occurring on raw meat and poultry. Other forms of acute clostridial infection commonly occur in livestock and waterfowl.

Sergey Nikolayevich Winogradsky: In 1893–95 he also discovered Clostridium pasteurianum, an anaerobic bacterium (i.e., able to grow in the absence of oxygen) that is able to utilize free nitrogen from the atmosphere in metabolic processes.

clostridial infection: Enterotoxins produced by Clostridium perfringens cause several gastrointestinal diseases in sheep, including lamb dysentery, struck, and pulpy kidney. Exotoxins produced by C. perfringens also cause disease in humans, including gas gangrene, enteritis necroticans, and food poisoning. Botulism, a type of poisoning arising from improperly

clostridium: novyi, and C. septicum can cause gangrene in humans. C. perfringens is also a source of foodborne illness, occurring on raw meat and poultry. Other forms of acute clostridial infection commonly occur in livestock and waterfowl.

clostridium: The toxin of C. tetani causes tetanus when introduced into damaged or dead tissue. C. perfringens, C. novyi, and C. septicum can cause gangrene in humans. C. perfringens is also a source of foodborne illness, occurring on raw meat

perception: Gestalt principles: The principle of closure often operates in the service of Prägnanz; for example, a circular figure with small gaps in it will be seen as a complete or closed circle. Similarly, if a portion of the image of a figure falls on the blind spot of the retina,…

cloture, in parliamentary procedure, a method for ending debate and securing an immediate vote on a measure that is before a deliberative body, even when some members wish to continue the debate. Provision for invoking cloture was made in the British House of Commons in 1882, with the requirement

formal logic: The lower predicate calculus: …is said to be a closed wff of LPC. If a wff of LPC is considered as a proposition form, instances of it are obtained by replacing all free variables in it by predicates or by names of individuals, as appropriate. A bound variable, on the other hand, indicates not…

packaging: Package closures must provide adequate sealing, and they must be sanitary and mechanically safe. Labeling for packages must be easy to print and to affix to the container material.

cosmology: Bound and unbound universes and the closure density: …criterion for the critical, or closure, density (in mass equivalent of matter and radiation) that separates closed or bound universes from open or unbound ones. If Hubble’s constant at the present epoch is denoted as H0, then the closure density (corresponding to an Einstein–de Sitter model) equals 3H02/8πG, where G…

coagulation: This process, called clot retraction, is the final step in coagulation. It yields a resilient, insoluble clot that can withstand the friction of blood flow.

Chlotar I was a Merovingian king of Soissons from 511 and of the whole Frankish kingdom from 558, who played an important part in the extension of Frankish hegemony. The youngest of Clovis I’s sons, Chlotar shared in the partition of his father’s kingdom in 511, receiving the old heartlands of the

Chlotar II was the Merovingian king of Neustria and sole ruler of the Franks from 613. An infant when his father, Chilperic I, was assassinated in 584, he was assured the succession by the power of his mother, Fredegund, and by the protection of his uncle, Guntram, king of Burgundy. Fighting off an

Chlotar III was a Merovingian king of Neustria and Burgundy, who succeeded his father, Clovis II, in 657. After the retirement of his mother, Balthild, to a monastery in 664 or 665, he came—and remained—under the domination of the Neustrian mayor of the palace,

Chlotar IV was allegedly the Merovingian king of Austrasia, placed on the throne by the mayor of the palace, Charles Martel, in 718/719 in order to check the pretensions of the Neustrian Chilperic II. His exact genealogy is

cocklebur, weedy annual plant of the genus Xanthium of the family Asteraceae, distributed throughout much of Europe and parts of North America. Some authorities consider that the genus contains about 15 species, others say from 2 to 4. All species have round, short clusters of male flowers, above

Clotel, novel by William Wells Brown, first published in England in 1853. Brown revised it three times for publication in the United States—serially and in book form—each time changing the plot, the title, and the names of characters. The book was first published in the United States in 1864 as

Clotel, novel by William Wells Brown, first published in England in 1853. Brown revised it three times for publication in the United States—serially and in book form—each time changing the plot, the title, and the names of characters. The book was first published in the United States in 1864 as

Cymbeline: …must marry his horrid stepson Cloten. When Cymbeline learns that Imogen is secretly married to Posthumus, he banishes Posthumus, who heads for Rome. In a conversation with a villainous Italian, Iachimo, Posthumus finds himself drawn unwisely into betting Iachimo that Imogen’s fidelity to her marriage is unassailable. Journeying to England,…

textile: Production of fabric: Fabric construction involves the conversion of yarns, and sometimes fibres, into a fabric having characteristics determined by the materials and methods employed. Most fabrics are presently produced by some method of interlacing, such as weaving or knitting. Weaving, currently the major method of fabric production,…

Field of Cloth of Gold, in European history, the meeting place, between Guînes and Ardres near Calais in France, where Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France and their entourages gathered between June 7 and 24, 1520. The castles at both villages were in decay, and therefore splendid

tapestry: Early Middle Ages in western Europe: The Cloth of Saint Gereon is thematically ornamental, but an early series of three tapestries woven in the Rhineland for the Halberstadt Cathedral were narrative. Dating from the late 12th and early 13th centuries, these wool and linen hangings are highly stylized and schematic in their…

dress, clothing and accessories for the human body. The variety of dress is immense. The style that a particular individual selects is often linked to that person’s sex, age, socioeconomic status, culture, geographic area, and historical era. This article considers the chronological development of

home appliance: Appliances for cleaning.: …automatic electric or gas clothes dryers (sometimes incorporated in a combination machine with an automatic washer) that were programmable by push button to supply either heat alone or hot or cold circulating air for a predetermined period or until the laundry inside was dry. Electric mangles and other ironing machines…

Tennessee Williams: …during the Great Depression; and Clothes for a Summer Hotel (1980), centring on Zelda Fitzgerald, wife of novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald, and on the people they knew.

Helmut Käutner: …as Kleider machen Leute (1940; “Clothes Make the Man”), the tale of a humble tailor mistaken for a Russian prince, and Auf Wiedersehen, Franziska! (1941; “Goodbye, Franziska!”), which concerns the marital troubles between a reporter and his neglected wife. When the authorities forced Käutner to add an illogical upbeat ending…

Lepidoptera: Annotated classification: …feeding on debris and fungi; clothes moths (Tineola, Tinea, Trichophaga) often serious household pests; related family: Acrolophidae (burrowing sod webworms). Family Psychidae (bagworms) Almost 1,000 species worldwide; larvae live and pupate in often elaborate cases; adult males with broad, thin scaled wings; females wingless,

Shaker: …circular saw, and the common clothespin. They were the first to package and market seeds and were once the largest producers of medicinal herbs in the United States.

dress, clothing and accessories for the human body. The variety of dress is immense. The style that a particular individual selects is often linked to that person’s sex, age, socioeconomic status, culture, geographic area, and historical era. This article considers the chronological development of

clothing and footwear industry, factories and mills producing outerwear, underwear, headwear, footwear, belts, purses, luggage, gloves, scarfs, ties, and household soft goods such as drapes, linens, and slipcovers. The same raw materials and equipment are used to fashion these different end

clothing and footwear industry, factories and mills producing outerwear, underwear, headwear, footwear, belts, purses, luggage, gloves, scarfs, ties, and household soft goods such as drapes, linens, and slipcovers. The same raw materials and equipment are used to fashion these different end

Fate: Their names were Clotho (Spinner), Lachesis (Allotter), and Atropos (Inflexible). Clotho spun the “thread” of human fate, Lachesis dispensed it, and Atropos cut the thread (thus determining the individual’s moment of death). The Romans identified the Parcae, originally personifications of childbirth, with the three Greek Fates. The Roman…

Clotilda, schooner built near the city of Mobile, Alabama, in 1855. The last known trafficking of enslaved people from West Africa to the United States took place on the ship in 1860. The ship’s owner and captain, William Foster, came from a line of ship carpenters and mariners in Nova Scotia. He

Amalaric: He married Clotilda, daughter of Clovis, but his disputes with her, he being an Arian and she a Catholic, brought on a Frankish invasion, in which he lost his life.

Saint Clotilda ; feast day June 3) was the queen consort of Clovis I, king of the Franks, in whose momentous conversion to Christianity she played a notable part. Clotilda was the granddaughter of Gundioc, king of Burgundy, who was related to the Visigothic kings and shared their Arian Christian

Saint Clotilda ; feast day June 3) was the queen consort of Clovis I, king of the Franks, in whose momentous conversion to Christianity she played a notable part. Clotilda was the granddaughter of Gundioc, king of Burgundy, who was related to the Visigothic kings and shared their Arian Christian

Chauvet–Pont d’Arc: Discovery of the site: …Ministry of Culture, French archaeologist Jean Clottes visited the cave and applied his scientific expertise to assess the nature and quality of the discovery. The following February he took tiny samples of charcoal from the ground, from torch marks on the walls, and from a few drawings in order to…

Manny Pacquiao: …Texas, by defeating Ghanaian boxer Joshua Clottey in 12 rounds. He increased his weight-class titles record to eight when, on November 13, 2010, he soundly defeated WBC super welterweight champion Antonio Margarito, who outweighed Pacquiao by 17 pounds at the time of the fight.

coagulation, in physiology, the process by which a blood clot is formed. The formation of a clot is often referred to as secondary hemostasis, because it forms the second stage in the process of arresting the loss of blood from a ruptured vessel. The first stage, primary hemostasis, is

vitamin K: IX, and X. A form of vitamin K known as phylloquinone (vitamin K1) is synthesized by plants. A second form of vitamin K known as menaquinone (vitamin K2) is synthesized by bacteria, including bacteria in the intestines of mammals. These bacteria produce the majority of…

vitamin K: including prothrombin and factors VII, IX, and X. A form of vitamin K known as phylloquinone (vitamin K1) is synthesized by plants. A second form of vitamin K known as menaquinone (vitamin K2) is synthesized by bacteria, including bacteria in the intestines of mammals. These bacteria produce the majority…

human genetic disease: Sex-linked inheritance: …mutation in the gene encoding clotting factor VIII. Because of this mutation, affected males cannot produce functional factor VIII, so that their blood fails to clot properly, leading to significant and potentially life-threatening loss of blood after even minor injuries. Bleeding into joints commonly occurs as well and may be…

vitamin K: and factors VII, IX, and X. A form of vitamin K known as phylloquinone (vitamin K1) is synthesized by plants. A second form of vitamin K known as menaquinone (vitamin K2) is synthesized by bacteria, including bacteria in the intestines of mammals. These bacteria produce the majority of vitamin K…

cloture, in parliamentary procedure, a method for ending debate and securing an immediate vote on a measure that is before a deliberative body, even when some members wish to continue the debate. Provision for invoking cloture was made in the British House of Commons in 1882, with the requirement

cloud, any visible mass of water droplets, ice crystals, or a mixture of both that is suspended in the air, usually at a considerable height (see video). Fog is a shallow layer of cloud at or near ground level. Clouds are formed when relatively moist air rises. As a mass of air ascends, the lower

Lenore Tawney: …example of her work is Cloud. It was created for the Federal Building in Santa Rosa, Calif., where its 16-foot (5-metre) blue linen strands seem to drop like threads of rain over the immense lobby. In 1965 Tawney began to make assemblages, and she also produced highly refined multimedia collages.

acoustics: Acoustic problems: Large reflectors called clouds, suspended over the performers, can be of such a size as to reflect certain frequency regions while allowing others to pass, thus affecting the mixture of the sound.

Caryl Churchill: Cloud 9 (1979), a farce about sexual politics, was successful in the United States as well as in Britain, winning an Obie Award in 1982 for playwriting. The next year she won another Obie with Top Girls (1982), which deals with women losing their humanity…

Cloud Atlas, novel by David Mitchell, published in 2004. Cloud Atlas is a polyphonic compendium of interlacing but nonlinear parables. Divided into six different accounts spanning several centuries, Mitchell ranges from the journal of a 19th-century American notary to the post-apocalyptic memoir of

Halle Berry: In the elaborately structured epic Cloud Atlas (2012), she performed multiple roles, including those of a 1970s journalist and a male Asian doctor from 2144. Berry later starred in the thrillers The Call (2013) and Kidnap (2017), portraying an emergency call-centre operator attempting to thwart a serial killer and a…

rug and carpet: Individual motifs: …are the cloud knot and cloud band, or ribbon—both in use by the Han period at least and with a continuous history thereafter. The cloud knot, a feature of the Persian court carpets of the time of Shāh ʿAbbās, was continued to the end of the 18th century. The cloud…

cloud whitening, untested geoengineering technique designed to increase the reflectance of Earth’s cloud cover to reduce the amount of incoming solar radiation striking Earth’s surface. This technique would rely upon towering spraying devices placed on land and mounted on oceangoing vessels. These

cloud chamber, radiation detector, originally developed between 1896 and 1912 by the Scottish physicist C.T.R. Wilson, that has as the detecting medium a supersaturated vapour that condenses to tiny liquid droplets around ions produced by the passage of energetic charged particles, such as alpha

cloud computing, method of running application software and storing related data in central computer systems and providing customers or other users access to them through the Internet. The origin of the expression cloud computing is obscure, but it appears to derive from the practice of using

atmosphere: Condensation: The concentration of cloud condensation nuclei in the lower troposphere at a supersaturation of 1 percent ranges from about 100 per cubic centimetre (approximately 1,600 per cubic inch) in size in oceanic air to 500 per cubic centimetre (8,000 per cubic inch) in the atmosphere over a continent.…

cloud forest, vegetation of tropical mountainous regions in which rainfall is often heavy and condensation is persistent because of the cooling of moisture-laden air currents deflected upward by the mountains. Cloud forests typically are found at altitudes between 1,000 and 2,500 metres (3,000 and

Peter Matthiessen: …of wildlife in North America; The Cloud Forest: A Chronicle of the South American Wilderness (1961); and Under the Mountain Wall: A Chronicle of Two Seasons in the Stone Age (1962), about his experiences as a member of a scientific expedition to New Guinea. Blue Meridian: The Search for the…

atmosphere: Cloud formation within the troposphere: The region above the planetary boundary layer is commonly known as the free atmosphere. Winds at this volume are not directly retarded by surface friction. Clouds occur most frequently in this portion of the troposphere, though fog and clouds that…

Anish Kapoor: In 2004 Kapoor unveiled Cloud Gate in Chicago’s Millennium Park; the 110-ton elliptical archway of highly polished stainless steel—nicknamed “The Bean”—was his first permanent site-specific installation in the United States. For just over a month in 2006, Kapoor’s Sky Mirror, a concave stainless-steel mirror 35 feet (11 metres) in…

Lewis Grassic Gibbon: …published under the collective title A Scots Quair (1946) made him a significant figure in the 20th-century Scottish Renaissance.

rug and carpet: Individual motifs: …traceable to China are the cloud knot and cloud band, or ribbon—both in use by the Han period at least and with a continuous history thereafter. The cloud knot, a feature of the Persian court carpets of the time of Shāh ʿAbbās, was continued to the end of the 18th…

George Harrison: …Mind Set on You”, on Cloud Nine (1987). In 1971 Harrison staged two concerts to raise money to fight starvation in Bangladesh, which later became the prototype for star-studded fund-raising events. In 1979 he ventured into film production as a founder of Handmade Films. Among the company’s efforts were the…

Christianity: Western Catholic Christianity: …Perfection; the anonymous author of The Cloud of Unknowing; and his contemporary, the visionary recluse Julian of Norwich, whose Revelations of Divine Love is unsurpassed in English mystical literature. Julian’s meditations on the inner meaning of her revelations of the crucified Christ express the mystical solidarity of all humanity in…

Bighorn Mountains: …and the highest point is Cloud Peak (13,165 feet [4,013 metres]) in Wyoming. In addition to the unique geologic formations, the scenic beauty of the mountain slopes is enhanced by the pine, fir, and spruce of the Bighorn National Forest. Hunting, camping, and fishing are popular in the area. The…

Earth sciences: Cloud physics: Studies of cloud physics have shown that the nuclei around which water condenses vary widely in their degree of concentration and areal distribution, ranging from six per cubic centimetre over the oceans to more than 4 million per cubic centimetre in the polluted…

cloud rat, any of six species of slow-moving, nocturnal, tree-dwelling rodents found only in Philippine forests. Giant cloud rats belong to the genus Phloeomys (two species), whereas bushy-tailed cloud rats are classified in the genus Crateromys (four species). Also called slender-tailed cloud

rug and carpet: Individual motifs: …are the cloud knot and cloud band, or ribbon—both in use by the Han period at least and with a continuous history thereafter. The cloud knot, a feature of the Persian court carpets of the time of Shāh ʿAbbās, was continued to the end of the 18th century. The cloud…

cloud seeding, deliberate introduction into clouds of various substances that act as condensation nuclei or ice nuclei in an attempt to induce precipitation. Although the practice has many advocates, including national, state, and provincial government officials, some meteorologists and atmospheric

cloud whitening, untested geoengineering technique designed to increase the reflectance of Earth’s cloud cover to reduce the amount of incoming solar radiation striking Earth’s surface. This technique would rely upon towering spraying devices placed on land and mounted on oceangoing vessels. These

geologic history of Earth: Formation of the secondary atmosphere: …formulated by the American paleontologist Preston Cloud has been widely accepted as an answer to this question. The earliest primitive organisms produced free oxygen as a by-product, and in the absence of oxygen-mediating enzymes it was harmful to their living cells and had to be removed. Fortunately for the development…

Bernard Hopkins: …won a unanimous decision over Tavoris Cloud to become the IBF light heavyweight champion at age 48. In 2014 Hopkins won the WBA light heavyweight title by a split decision over Beibut Shumenov, becoming the oldest boxer to unify major titles. Later that year, however, Hopkins lost both belts when…

internal rhyme: …of Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “The Cloud”:

pottery: China: The leiwen, however, which resembles the Greek key fret (an ornament consisting of small, straight bars intersecting one another in right angles) and is sometimes used on the later ceramic wares, appears on bronzes as early as the Shang and Zhou dynasties, where it is called…

cloud-scraper, any of certain birds of the genus Cisticola. See

cloudberry, (Rubus chamaemorus), creeping herbaceous plant, native to the Arctic and subarctic regions of the north temperate zone, and its edible raspberry-like fruit. Inuit and Sami peoples collect the sweet juicy fruits in autumn to freeze for winter food. In markets of northern Scandinavia,

cloudburst, a sudden, very heavy rainfall, usually local in nature and of brief duration. Most so-called cloudbursts occur in connection with thunderstorms. In these storms there are violent uprushes of air, which at times prevent the condensing raindrops from falling to the ground. A large amount

Thomas McGuane: … (2006), Crow Fair (2015), and Cloudbursts (2018). In addition, he penned screenplays, several of which were adaptations of his novels. His essay collections—An Outside Chance (1980; rev. ed., 1990), Some Horses (1999), and The Longest Silence: A Life in Fishing (1999)—reflect mostly on leisure and the outdoors, especially his passion…

clouded leopard, strikingly marked cat, very similar in colouring and coat pattern to the smaller, unrelated marbled cat (Felis marmorata). There are two species of clouded leopard, which are genetically distinct from one another. Neofelis nebulosa, found on the mainland of southeastern Asia,

clouded leopard, strikingly marked cat, very similar in colouring and coat pattern to the smaller, unrelated marbled cat (Felis marmorata). There are two species of clouded leopard, which are genetically distinct from one another. Neofelis nebulosa, found on the mainland of southeastern Asia,

Anish Kapoor: In 2004 Kapoor unveiled Cloud Gate in Chicago’s Millennium Park; the 110-ton elliptical archway of highly polished stainless steel—nicknamed “The Bean”—was his first permanent site-specific installation in the United States. For just over a month in 2006, Kapoor’s Sky Mirror, a concave stainless-steel mirror 35 feet (11 metres) in…

Pere Ubu: …as The Tenement Year (1988), Cloudland (1989), and Worlds in Collision (1991).

sulfur butterfly: …of sulfur butterfly is the cloudless sulfur (Phoebis sennae); its wingspan ranges from about 5.7 to 8.0 cm (2.2 to 3.1 inches). Males are often solid bright yellow, whereas females are yellow with black wing margins. The cloudless sulfur is found in the Americas and is especially common in the…

cloud rat, any of six species of slow-moving, nocturnal, tree-dwelling rodents found only in Philippine forests. Giant cloud rats belong to the genus Phloeomys (two species), whereas bushy-tailed cloud rats are classified in the genus Crateromys (four species). Also called slender-tailed cloud

Joni Mitchell: Clouds, Blue, Big Yellow Taxi, and Woodstock: …gained a larger following, from Clouds (which in 1969 won a Grammy Award for best folk performance) to the mischievous euphoria of Ladies of the Canyon (1970) to Blue (1971), which was her first million-selling album. By the early 1970s Mitchell had branched out from her acoustic base to experiment…

Clouds, comedy by Aristophanes, produced in 423 bce. The play attacks “modern” education and morals as imparted and taught by the radical intellectuals known as the Sophists. The main victim of the play is the leading Athenian thinker and teacher Socrates, who is purposely (and unfairly) given many

Juliette Binoche: …notices for her performance in Clouds of Sils Maria (2014), in which she portrayed an actress who is asked to appear in a restaging of the play that made her famous, this time as the elder of the two women around whose romantic entanglement the drama centres. She later played…

Russell Banks: In 1998 Banks published Cloudsplitter, the fictional response of John Brown’s unhappy son to the actions of his father and the racism that precipitated them.

McDonnell Douglas Corporation: In 1920 he designed the Cloudster, the first aerodynamically streamlined plane, and founded his company to fill an order for three of the planes for the U.S. Navy.

Australian literature: Literature from 1970 to 2000: …particularly notable for their volumes Cloudstreet (1991) and The Glade Within the Grove (1996), respectively.

François Clouet was a French painter who immortalized in his portraits the society of the court of the royal house of Valois. The son of Jean Clouet, he was known also under his father’s byname, Janet, a circumstance that created a persistent confusion between the works of these two painters.

Jean Clouet was a Renaissance painter of portraits celebrated for the depth and delicacy of his characterization. Although he lived in France most of his life, records show that he was not French by origin and was never naturalized. He was one of the chief painters to Francis I as early as 1516 and

Anne Jemima Clough was an English educator and feminist who was the first principal of Newnham College, Cambridge. She was the sister of poet Arthur Hugh Clough. Clough, whose father was a cotton merchant, spent many of her early years in Charleston, S.C. She returned with her family to England in

Arthur Hugh Clough was a poet whose work reflects the perplexity and religious doubt of mid-19th century England. He was a friend of Matthew Arnold and the subject of Arnold’s commemorative elegy “Thyrsis.” While at Oxford, Clough had intended to become a clergyman, but his increasing religious

Jacques Clouseau, fictional French police detective inspector, most memorably portrayed by the English comic actor Peter Sellers, in a popular series of slapstick comedies beginning with The Pink Panther (1963). Inspector Clouseau is a bumbling, accident-prone Parisian detective who lurches from

clout shooting, in archery, long-distance shooting at a circular target laid out on the ground, a form of competition practiced for centuries. The target was formerly a patch of cloth (clout). As practiced by the Royal Company of Archers (the British sovereign’s bodyguard in Scotland, formally

Colorado Avalanche: …in 1977 behind high-scoring forwards Réal Cloutier and Marc Tardif. The Nordiques joined the NHL along with three other WHA franchises when the two leagues merged before the 1979–80 season.

Les Diaboliques: Director Henri-Georges Clouzot ably handles the story’s suspenseful plot and increasing sense of dread, strengthened by atmospheric black-and-white cinematography. Les Diaboliques is commonly compared to the films of Alfred Hitchcock, who reportedly tried to acquire movie rights to Boileau and Narcejac’s book. A sexualized 1996 remake,…

Les Diaboliques: …of both his wife (Véra Clouzot) and his mistress (Simone Signoret), both teachers at the school, drives them to conspire in his murder, which they disguise as an accidental drowning. When his body goes missing, however, and a ragtag detective (Charles Vanel) is assigned to the case, the women…

clove, (Syzygium aromaticum), tropical evergreen tree of the family Myrtaceae and its small reddish brown flower buds used as a spice. Cloves were important in the earliest spice trade and are believed to be indigenous to the Moluccas, or Spice Islands, of Indonesia. Strong of aroma and hot and

ribes: Major species: speciosum); golden, or clove, currant (R. aureum), bearing spicy-fragrant yellow flowers; and R. viburnifolium, a sprawling evergreen.