knot: The clove hitch, also called a builder’s knot or a ratline hitch, is made by passing the rope’s end around an object and then crossing it over the rope’s standing part to form a loop, then passing the end around the object again to form a…

carnation, (Dianthus caryophyllus), herbaceous plant of the pink, or carnation, family (Caryophyllaceae), native to the Mediterranean area. It is widely cultivated for its fringe-petaled flowers, which often have a spicy fragrance, and is used extensively in the floral industry. See also pink

clove, (Syzygium aromaticum), tropical evergreen tree of the family Myrtaceae and its small reddish brown flower buds used as a spice. Cloves were important in the earliest spice trade and are believed to be indigenous to the Moluccas, or Spice Islands, of Indonesia. Strong of aroma and hot and

artiodactyl, any member of the mammalian order Artiodactyla, or even-toed ungulates, which includes pigs, peccaries, hippopotamuses, camels, chevrotains, deer, giraffes, pronghorn, antelopes, sheep, goats, and cattle. It is one of the larger mammal orders, containing about 200 species, a total that

toadflax: From North Africa come the cloven-lip toadflax (L. bipartita) and purple-net toadflax (L. reticulata), both of which have purple and orange bicoloured flowers.

clover, (genus Trifolium), genus of about 300 annual and perennial species in the pea family (Fabaceae). Clovers occur in most temperate and subtropical regions of the world, except Southeast Asia and Australia; cultivated species have become naturalized in temperate regions worldwide. The plants

Marian Adams was an American social arbiter who was widely acknowledged for her wit, as an accomplished photographer in the early 1880s, and as the wife of historian Henry Adams. Marian Hooper—called Clover by family and friends—was the youngest child of Boston Brahmins. Her mother, Ellen Sturgis

found footage: …seen in the 2008 blockbuster Cloverfield, it often involves the use of “shaky cam,” in which the camera moves continually and unpredictably to convey realistic movement and disorient the audience.

Elizabeth Debicki: Other parts from the 2010s and Tenet: …Sackville-West; and a scientist in The Cloverfield Paradox (all 2018). She lent her voice to a bunny in Peter Rabbit (2018), a feature film based on Beatrix Potter’s iconic characters, as well as its sequel (2021), and she starred in the heist thriller Widows (2018) alongside Viola Davis, Michelle Rodriguez,…

Giulio Clovio was an Italian miniature painter and priest. Clovio is said to have studied at Rome under Giulio Romano and at Verona under Girolamo de’ Libri. His book of 26 pictures representing the procession of Corpus Domini, in Rome, was the work of nine years, and the covers were executed by

Clovis, city, seat (1909) of Curry county, eastern New Mexico, U.S., in the High Plains (4,260 feet [1,298 metres] above sea level) near the Texas state line. It was founded in 1906 as a division point for the Santa Fe Railway. Centre of an irrigated farm and ranch area, it has extensive

Clovis complex, ancient culture that was widely distributed throughout North America. It is named for the first important archaeological site found, in 1929, near Clovis, N.M. Clovis sites were long believed to have dated to about 9500 to 9000 bc, although early 21st-century analyses suggest the

Georges Bizet: …Rome, awarded for his cantata Clovis et Clotilde in 1857. This prize carried with it a five-year state pension, two years of which musicians were bound to spend at the French Academy in Rome.

Clovis I was the king of the Franks and ruler of much of Gaul from 481 to 511, a key period during the transformation of the Roman Empire into Europe. His dynasty, the Merovingians, survived more than 200 years, until the rise of the Carolingians in the 8th century. While he was not the first

Clovis II was a Merovingian Frankish king of Neustria and Burgundy from 639, the son of Dagobert I. He was dominated successively by Aega and by Erchinoald, Neustrian mayors of the palace. In about 648 he married Balthild, who played a dominant role in his administration

Clovis III was the Merovingian king of the Franks from 690/691, the son of Theuderic III. During his reign, actual power was held by his mother Chrodichild and, especially, by the Carolingian Pippin II of Herstal, mayor of the palace of

Clovis complex: The typical Clovis point is leaf-shaped, with parallel or slightly convex sides and a concave base. The edges of the basal portions are ground somewhat, probably to prevent the edge from severing the hafting cord. Clovis points range in length from 1.5 to 5 inches (4 to…

Emmett Kelly: Kelly wrote an autobiography, Clown (1954), and in 1956 he retired from regular circus work, though he continued to work sporadically thereafter until the year of his death. He was a mascot in spring training for the Brooklyn Dodgers (now Los Angeles Dodgers) in 1957. He also made several…

clown, familiar comic character of pantomime and circus, known by distinctive makeup and costume, ludicrous antics, and buffoonery, whose purpose is to induce hearty laughter. The clown, unlike the traditional fool or court jester, usually performs a set routine characterized by broad, graphic

common clown fish, (Amphiprion ocellaris), species of anemone fish best known for its striking orange and white coloration and its mutualism with certain species of sea anemones. The common clown fish is found on coral reefs in the tropical Pacific and Indian oceans from northwestern Australia,

barb: Clown barb (B. everetti), large, to 13 cm (5 inches); pinkish with red fins and several large, dark spots on each side.

circus: Circus schools: …was the Ringling organization’s “Clown College,” located in Venice, Florida, which was established in 1968 and closed in 1997. Other American institutions that feature the circus include Florida State University’s Flying High Circus (begun in 1947) at Tallahassee, whose performers are drawn exclusively from the student body; Circus Smirkus…

cnidarian: Associations: …anemone fish (such as the clown fish). These fishes live within the protective field of anemone tentacles, where they take refuge when a predator threatens. Immunity of the fishes to the stings of the nematocytes results from the thin layer of mucus that covers their bodies. It is unclear whether…

loach: Among these are the clown loach (Botia macracanthus), an orange fish about 13–30 centimetres (5–12 inches) long and marked with three vertical black bands, and the kuhli loach (Pangio kuhlii), a pinkish, eel-like species about 8 centimetres long, marked with many vertical black bands. Other loaches include the stone…

sacred clown, ritual or ceremonial figure, in various preliterate and ancient cultures throughout the world, who represents a reversal of the normal order, an opening to the chaos that preceded creation, especially during New Year festivals. The reversal of normality that is the distinguishing mark

Robert Z. Leonard: Later films: The Clown (1953) cast Red Skelton as a former vaudeville star whose career is destroyed by alcohol, but his loving son encourages him to stage a comeback; the drama was a clever recycling of The Champ, a 1931 tearjerker directed by King Vidor. Skelton returned…

The Clown, novel by Heinrich Böll, published in 1963 as Ansichten eines Clowns. Set in West Germany during the period of recovery following World War II, the novel examines the hypocrisy of contemporary German society in repressing memory of the historical past in order to concentrate on material

tranquilizer: Another drug, clozapine, whose exact mode of action remains unclear relieves schizophrenic symptoms in some patients who are not helped by phenothiazines. Clozapine lacks the side effects of the phenothiazines but tends to induce an infectious disease known as agranulocytosis. The rauwolfia alkaloids, such as reserpine, are…

Labour Party: Policy and structure: These organizations include the constituency Labour parties (CLPs), which are responsible for recruiting and organizing members in each of the country’s parliamentary constituencies; affiliated trade unions, which traditionally have had an important role in party affairs; the Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP), comprising Labour members of Parliament; and a variety…

pipeline: Capsule pipelines: …of HCP being developed is coal-log pipeline (CLP), which transports compressed coal logs. The system eliminates the use of capsules to enclose coal and the need for having a separate pipeline to return empty capsules. Compared with a coal-slurry pipeline of the same diameter, CLP can transport more coal using…

critical race theory: Background and early history: Its immediate precursor was the critical legal studies (CLS) movement, which dedicated itself to examining how the law and legal institutions serve the interests of the wealthy and powerful at the expense of the poor and marginalized. (CLS, an offshoot of Marxist-oriented critical theory, may also be viewed as a…

Clonmel, municipal borough and seat of County South Tipperary, Ireland. It lies on the River Suir. A noted sporting centre, it has fine scenery, with the Comeragh Mountains to the south and the Slievenamon peak to the northeast. Clonmel received its charter in the reign of Edward I (1239–1307). The

Clonmacnoise, early Christian centre on the left bank of the River Shannon, County Offaly, central Ireland. It lies about 70 miles (110 km) west of Dublin. Clonmacnoise was the earliest and foremost Irish monastic city after the foundation of an abbey there by St. Ciaran about 545. It had become an

Clonmacnoise, early Christian centre on the left bank of the River Shannon, County Offaly, central Ireland. It lies about 70 miles (110 km) west of Dublin. Clonmacnoise was the earliest and foremost Irish monastic city after the foundation of an abbey there by St. Ciaran about 545. It had become an

club, a heavy stick, sometimes with a stone or metal head, used as a hand or throwing weapon and usually shaped or selected with an outer end wider and heavier than its handle. Among traditional societies, special designs often characterize particular tribes. Police continue to employ narrow clubs

Boca Juniors, Argentine professional football (soccer) club based in the Buenos Aires neighbourhood of Boca. Boca Juniors has proved to be one of Argentina’s most successful teams, especially in international club competitions. The club was founded in 1905 by a group of Italian immigrants in

cheese making: Making pasteurized process cheese: In a slight variation, cold pack or club cheese is made by grinding and mixing one or more varieties of cheese without heat. This cheese food may contain added flavourings or other ingredients.

Club of the Feuillants, conservative political club of the French Revolution, which met in the former monastery of the Feuillants (Reformed Cistercians) near the Tuileries, in Paris. It was founded after Louis XVI’s flight to Varennes (June 20, 1791), when a number of deputies, led by Antoine

circus: Associations and museums: …and the United States), the Club du Cirque (France), the Society of Friends of the Circus (Germany and Austria), the Circus Historical Society, the Circus Model Builders Association, the Windjammers, the Ringling Museum of the Circus, and the International Clown Hall of Fame (all United States). At Baraboo, Wisconsin, the…

mushroom: Other mushrooms: …Ramaria), are shrublike, clublike, or coral-like in growth habit. One club fungus, the cauliflower fungus (Sparassis crispa), has flattened clustered branches that lie close together, giving the appearance of the vegetable cauliflower.

club moss, (family Lycopodiaceae), any of some 400 species of seedless vascular plants constituting the only family of the lycophyte order Lycopodiales. The taxonomy of the family has been contentious, and the number of genera vary depending on the source. The plants are native mainly to tropical

club movement, American women’s social movement founded in the mid-19th century to provide women an independent avenue for education and active community service. Before the mid-1800s most women’s associations, with some notable exceptions, were either auxiliaries of men’s groups or

G.K. Chesterton: …knit collection of short stories, The Club of Queer Trades (1905), and the popular allegorical novel The Man Who Was Thursday (1908). But the most successful association of fiction with social judgment is in Chesterton’s series on the priest-sleuth Father Brown: The Innocence of Father Brown (1911), followed by The…

Eugene Levy: SCTV and mockumentaries: Other comedies followed, including Ramis’s Club Paradise (1986), with Robin Williams; Armed and Dangerous (1986), in which he starred with Candy; and the box-office hit Father of the Bride (1991), featuring Steve Martin and Diane Keaton. Levy also appeared in Father of the Bride Part II (1995).

sandwich: …the most successful being the club sandwich of sliced chicken or turkey, bacon, lettuce, and tomato, and the Reuben sandwich of corned beef, Swiss cheese, sauerkraut, and Russian dressing served grilled on black bread. Hot sandwiches, notably the ubiquitous hamburger on a bun with a side order of

carbonation: beverages include soft drinks, sparkling water (seltzer water), and carbonated wine, which has many characteristics of fermented sparkling wine but is less expensive to produce. Carbonated beverages and waters were developed from European attempts in the 17th century to imitate the popular and naturally effervescent waters of famous springs,…

Finland: The 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries: …revolt in Europe, the so-called Club War, in 1596–97. The hopes of the Finnish peasants were crushed, and, even when Charles IX, whom the peasants had supported, became king (1604–11), the social conditions did not improve. In the course of the administrative reforms of Gustav II Adolf (1611–32), Finland became…

wheat: …as spaghetti and macaroni; and club wheat (T. compactum), a softer type, used for cake, crackers, cookies, pastries, and flours. Additionally, some wheat is used by industry for the production of starch, paste, malt, dextrose, gluten, alcohol, and other products.

Edward Gibbon: Life: …he was elected to the Club, the brilliant circle that the painter Sir Joshua Reynolds had formed round the writer and lexicographer Dr. Samuel Johnson. Although Johnson’s biographer, James Boswell, openly detested Gibbon, and it may be inferred that Johnson disliked him, Gibbon took an active part in the Club…

watch: Mechanical watches: …its modern form with the club-tooth escape wheel at the beginning of the 19th century but was not universally adopted until the early 20th century. In good-quality watches the club-tooth escape wheel is made of hardened steel, with the acting surfaces ground and polished. An improved form of the lever…

respiratory disease: Signs and symptoms: …of the toes) called “clubbing.” Clubbing may be a feature of bronchiectasis (chronic inflammation and dilation of the major airways), diffuse fibrosis of the lung from any cause, and lung cancer. In the case of lung cancer, this unusual sign may disappear after surgical removal of the tumour. In…

clubfoot, congenital twisting of the foot. In the most common type, called talipes equinovarus, the heel bends upward and the front part of the foot is turned inward and bent toward the heel. The frequency of the disorder is equal in males and females. A mild form, possibly caused by poor position

sac spider, (family Clubionidae), any member of a relatively common, widespread family of spiders (order Araneida) that range in body length from 3 to 15 mm (about 0.12 to 0.6 inch) and build silken tubes under stones, in leaves, or in grass. Chiracanthium inclusum, found throughout the United

clubroot, disease of plants of the mustard family (Brassicaceae) caused by the funguslike soil pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. Affected plants are stunted and yellowed; they wilt during hot sunny days and partially recover at night. In the early stages roots are greatly distorted by a mass of

Jane Austen: Austen’s accomplishments and legacy: …on Pride and Prejudice, and Clueless (1995) was inspired by Emma.

Barbara Brackman: Her Clues in the Calico (1989) was one of the first studies to use a historical approach for dating quilts and other vintage textiles based on their colour and design.

Cluj, județ (county), northwestern Romania, occupying an area of 2,577 square mi (6,674 square km). The Western Carpathians rise above settlement areas in the valleys. The county is drained by the Borșa, Someșul Mic, Someșu Rece, Someșu and Cald tributaries of the Somes River. Cluj-Napoca is the

Cluj-Napoca, city, capital of Cluj județ (county), northwestern Romania. The historic capital of Transylvania, it is approximately 200 mi (320 km) northwest of Bucharest in the Someșul Mic River valley. The city stands on the site of an ancient Dacian settlement, Napoca, which the Romans made a

Clumber spaniel: …breed takes its name from Clumber Park in Nottingham, England, then the seat of the dukes of Newcastle. Developed by the British, the Clumber spaniel became a favourite of royalty, including Prince Albert, Edward VII, and George V. A low-slung, long-bodied, heavy-boned, powerful dog with large feet, a deep chest,…

Clumber spaniel, breed of sporting dog, the heaviest of the spaniel family, said to have originated in France before the French Revolution. The breed takes its name from Clumber Park in Nottingham, England, then the seat of the dukes of Newcastle. Developed by the British, the Clumber spaniel

colony: A colony differs from an aggregation, which is a group whose members have no interaction. Small, functionally specialized, attached organisms called polyps in cnidarians and zooids in bryozoans form colonies and may be modified for capturing prey, feeding, or reproduction. Colonies of social insects (e.g., ants, bees) usually include castes…

criminal law: Attempt: Supreme Court in Clune et al. v. U.S. (1895) affirmed a sentence of two years’ imprisonment for conviction of conspiracy to obstruct the passage of the mails, although the maximum sentence for the crime of obstructing the mails itself would have been a fine only, not to exceed…

Clunies-Ross Family, first settlers, of the Cocos, or Keeling, Islands in the eastern Indian Ocean. John Clunies-Ross, a Scotsman, settled (1827) with his family in the Cocos and set about developing the islands’ natural coconut groves. Although the islands became a British possession in 1857, the

Christmas Island: …at Flying Fish Cove by George Clunies-Ross of Cocos (Keeling) Islands. A 99-year lease, granted in 1891 to Clunies-Ross and Murray, to mine phosphate and cut timber was transferred six years later to the Christmas Island Phosphate Company, Ltd., which was largely owned by the former lessees. In 1900 Christmas…

Cocos Islands: History: In 1827 John Clunies-Ross settled there with his family, improved the natural coconut groves, and brought in additional numbers of Malays to assist in harvesting the coconuts for copra. The English naturalist Charles Darwin made observations of the coral reefs there in 1836.

bicycle: Basic types: Mountain bikes have wide low-pressure tires with knobs for traction, flat handlebars, wide-range derailleur gearing with up to 27 speeds, and powerful brakes. Their flat handlebars allow an upright riding position. Many mountain bikes have front suspension similar to motorcycles. Full-suspension mountain bikes have unconventional…

Cluny, town, east-central France, Saône-et-Loire département, Burgundy (Bourgogne) région, northwest of Mâcon. It owed its early importance to its celebrated Benedictine abbey, founded in 910 by Duke William the Pious of Aquitaine. The newly founded order introduced reform in a period of general

Western architecture: Burgundy: …greatness of Burgundian federative monasticism: Cluny and Cîteaux. Cluny ultimately had about 1,400 dependencies under centralized rule, of which about 200 were important establishments. The Cistercians had a ramified system that ultimately included 742 monasteries and about 900 nunneries.

Cluny guipure, French bobbin lace first made in the mid-19th century. It is called Cluny because it was inspired by examples of 16th- and 17th-century scalloped lace with geometric patterns displayed in the Cluny Museum, Paris. Cluny guipure was made from about 1862 in Lorraine. It was also made in

Burgundian Romanesque style: …great abbey church at Cluny (the third abbey church built on that site), which was constructed from 1088 to about 1130 and was the largest church built during the European Middle Ages. It represented a huge elaboration of the early Christian basilica plan and served as a close model for…

Musée de Cluny, in Paris, museum of arts and crafts from the Middle Ages, including the Hôtel de Cluny, which houses the collection, and the adjoining Thermes de Cluny ancient thermal baths. The Hôtel de Cluny was built in the Gothic style in 1485 as the town residence of the abbots of Cluny. It

migration: Oceanodromous fish: Herring (Clupea harengus), extensively studied because of their economic importance, are the best known of the oceanodromous type and can be classified into several populations, or local races, which do not mix freely. In addition, each has a particular migratory behaviour. In the North Sea, distinct…

Atlantic herring, (Clupea harengus), species of herring in the family Clupeidae (order Clupeiformes) and one of the most commercially important fish in the world. Atlantic herring travel in large schools, migrating between feeding, spawning, and overwintering areas (see also schooling behavior).

Atlantic herring, (Clupea harengus), species of herring in the family Clupeidae (order Clupeiformes) and one of the most commercially important fish in the world. Atlantic herring travel in large schools, migrating between feeding, spawning, and overwintering areas (see also schooling behavior).

herring: … (Clupea harengus harengus) or the Pacific herring (C. harengus pallasii); although once considered separate species, they are now believed to be only subspecifically distinct. Herrings are small-headed, streamlined, beautifully coloured fish with silvery iridescent sides and deep blue, metallic-hued backs. Adults range from 20 to 38 centimetres (8 to 15…

pilchard, a species of sardine (q.v.) found in Europe. It is the local name in Great Britain and

bristling, (Sprattus sprattus), edible fish of the herring family Clupeidae (order Clupeiformes). Bristlings are silver-coloured marine fishes that form enormous schools in western European waters. They contribute to the worldwide fishing industry. They are smaller than Atlantic herrings (Clupea

clupeiform: Annotated classification: Family Clupeidae (herrings, sardines, pilchards, shads, menhadens, and allies) Teeth usually absent in mouth or very weakly developed; minute in jaw. Keel scales well developed, except in round herrings (subfamily Dussumieriinae), in which they are absent and the ventral part of body is

clupeiform, (order Clupeiformes), any member of the superorder Clupeomorpha, a group of bony fishes with one living order, the Clupeiformes, that contains some of the world’s most numerous and economically important fishes. The order includes more than 400 species, about 20 of which provide more

clupeiform, (order Clupeiformes), any member of the superorder Clupeomorpha, a group of bony fishes with one living order, the Clupeiformes, that contains some of the world’s most numerous and economically important fishes. The order includes more than 400 species, about 20 of which provide more

clupeiform: Annotated classification: Suborder Clupeoidei Characteristic caudal skeleton: the second hypural bone lacks any connection with the urostyle (tail support) and is separated from it by a distinct gap. Lateral line pores completely lacking on trunk. Keeled scutes (projecting scales) usually present along the ventral midline of the abdomen.…

fish: Annotated classification: Superorder Clupeomorpha Special type of ear–swim bladder connection present, consisting of a diverticulum of the swim bladder, forming bulla (cavity) within the ear capsule; head lateral line canals on operculum. A diverse group of mostly oceanic, silvery, compressed fishes, many of great commercial importance. Order Clupeiformes…

bony tongue: …African Clupisudis (also known as Heterotis), the South American arawana (Osteoglossum bicirrhosum), and two species of the East Indian genus Scleropages.

Harold Clurman was an influential and respected American theatrical director and drama critic. Clurman attended Columbia University in New York City, then the University of Paris, where he received a degree in letters in 1923. He made his stage debut the following year as an extra at the Greenwich

Alps: Mining and manufacturing: Near Cluse, in the pre-Alps of Haute-Savoie not far from Geneva, a region of watchmaking, screw cutting, component manufacturing, and related industries emerged in the first quarter of the 19th century and evolved into one of the most concentrated industrial locations of its type in the…

Switzerland: Relief and drainage: Entrenched transverse valleys known as cluses have been eroded across the Jura ridges, providing relatively easy routes for transportation. The climate of the Jura, which has abundant precipitation, is the most continental of Switzerland; cross-country skiing is popular during the long winters. Switzerland’s watchmaking industry had its beginning in these…

Clusiaceae: The genus Clusia has some 300–400 species native to tropical America. Many members begin as epiphytes in the tree canopy and eventually send roots over the host tree to the ground. Scotch attorney, or cupey (C. rosea), which is native to the Caribbean area, grows to about…

Clusiaceae: Scotch attorney, or cupey (C. rosea), which is native to the Caribbean area, grows to about 10 metres (30 feet) and is often planted as a beach shrub in areas exposed to salt spray. It has leaves 10 cm (4 inches) long, flatly open flowers…

Clusiaceae, the garcinia family (order Malpighiales), comprising about 14 genera and some 800 species of tropical trees and shrubs. Several are important for their fruits, resins, or timbers, and a number of species are cultivated as ornamentals. Members of the Clusiaceae family usually have

Clusium, ancient Etruscan town on the site of modern Chiusi, in Tuscany regione, north-central Italy. Clusium was founded in the 8th century bc on the site of an older Umbrian town known as Camars. In the early 6th century bc it entered into an alliance with Arretium (Arezzo) and other Etruscan

Carolus Clusius was a botanist who contributed to the establishment of modern botany. He was best known by the Latin version of his name, Carolus Clusius. He developed new cultivated plants, such as the tulip, potato, and chestnut, from other parts of the world. From 1573 to 1587 he was the

star cluster, either of two general types of stellar assemblages held together by the mutual gravitational attraction of its members, which are physically related through common origin. The two types are open (formerly called galactic) clusters and globular clusters. Open clusters contain from a

cluster of galaxies, Gravitationally bound grouping of galaxies, numbering from the hundreds to the tens of thousands. Large clusters of galaxies often exhibit extensive X-ray emission from intergalactic gas heated to tens of millions of degrees. Also, interactions of galaxies with each other and

cluster, Atoms and molecules are the smallest forms of matter typically encountered under normal conditions and are in that sense the basic building blocks of the material world. There are phenomena, such as lightning and electric discharges of other kinds, that allow free electrons to be observed,

galaxy: Groups: The groups class is composed of small compact groups of 10 to 50 galaxies of mixed types, spanning roughly five million light-years. An example of such an entity is the Local Group, which includes the Milky Way Galaxy, the Magellanic Clouds, the Andromeda Galaxy,…

cluster analysis, in statistics, set of tools and algorithms that is used to classify different objects into groups in such a way that the similarity between two objects is maximal if they belong to the same group and minimal otherwise. In biology, cluster analysis is an essential tool for taxonomy

arms control: Recent efforts: …that banned the use of cluster bombs, which release dozens of smaller bombs (“bomblets”) over a wide area. The Cluster Munition Coalition, a network of nongovernmental organizations including the ICBL and Amnesty International, had spearheaded efforts to prohibit the devices on the grounds that unexploded bomblets present a lethal risk…

column: A cluster or compound column is a group of columns connected with each other to form a single unit. A rostral column is a pillar decorated with the prow of a ship, or rostrum, to serve as a naval monument.

chemical bonding: Metal cluster compounds: A metal cluster compound is one in which metal atoms are linked directly to one another (Figure 20). A simple example is the ion Hg22+, in which two mercury (Hg) ions are linked together. A slightly more elaborate version is the ion [Re2Cl8]2−,…

blow fly: The adult cluster fly (Pollenia rudis) of Europe and North America is sluggish and dark in colour. The larvae of this species are parasites of earthworms. In autumn, huge buzzing clusters of the adults gather in attics or other sheltered places to hibernate; they return outdoors in…