logistics: Special features of naval logistics: …maritime nations established networks of coaling stations, which became part of the fabric of empire in the late 19th century. The shift to oil a few years before World War I involved a major dislocation in naval logistics and changed the stakes of imperial competition.

coalition, in politics and international relations, a group of actors that coordinate their behaviour in a limited and temporary fashion to achieve a common goal. As a form of goal-oriented political cooperation, a coalition can be contrasted with an alliance and a network. An alliance suggests a

Quebec: The Quiet Revolution to the present: …confirmed the rise of the Coalition Avenir Québec. The new centre-right party (which had absorbed the former Action Démocratique du Québec) won 19 of the 125 seats in the Assembly. Only18 months later, in March 2014, Marois—seeking to obtain a majority—called a new provincial election for April. The Liberal Party…

diplomacy: Conference diplomacy: …often preceded or followed by coalition diplomacy. This necessary joint working out of common policies or responses to proposals by cabinet ministers may be fairly informal. Coalitions require cumbersome two-step diplomacy at each stage, arriving at a joint policy and then negotiating with the other party.

Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES), U.S. nonprofit organization founded in 1989 to advocate for ethical and environmentally sustainable business practices. CERES was founded with the belief that businesses should take a proactive stance on environmental issues, because

coalition government, in a parliamentary government, body of advisors that is formed when different political parties choose to cooperate in the administration and regulation of a country or community. Coalition governments usually are a temporary alliance, being formed when no single political

Coalition of Labor Union Women (CLUW), organization of women trade unionists representing more than 60 American and international labour unions. The CLUW was founded at a conference in Chicago in June 1973 by a number of women labour union leaders, notably Olga Mada of the United Auto Workers and

Iraq: Post-9/11 tension and the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq: …an entity known as the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), which was headed by a senior American diplomat, assumed the governance of Iraq. An Iraqi governing council appointed by the CPA had limited powers. The primary goal of the CPA was to maintain security and rebuild Iraq’s badly damaged and deteriorated…

Coalport porcelain, ware from the porcelain factory in Shropshire, England, founded by John Rose in 1795. “Coalbrookdale Porcelain” was used sometimes as a trade description and a mark because the factory was located at Coalbrookdale. Coalport’s glazed bone china was in great demand and improved

Coalsack, a dark nebula in the Crux constellation (Southern Cross). Easily visible against a starry background, it is perhaps the most conspicuous dark nebula. Starlight coming to Earth through it is reduced by 1 to 1.5 magnitudes. The Coalsack is about 500 light-years from Earth and 50 light-years

Citation: 1948: Triple Crown: However, his Calumet stablemate Coaltown moved out fast to a commanding six-length lead in the backstretch. Arcaro was able to push Citation and bring him even with Coaltown going into the stretch. The two ran head-to-head in a momentary struggle, after which Citation darted with a closing kick to…

North West Leicestershire: The two principal towns, Coalville (the district’s administrative centre) and Ashby-de-la-Zouch, are in the upland area bordering Charnwood Forest, a former royal hunting ground to the east. Charnwood Forest consists of a series of barren ridges rising above 900 feet (275 metres) and exposing outcrops of late Precambrian tuffs,…

Coamo, town, south-central Puerto Rico. It lies in the southern foothills of the Cordillera Central, on the Coamo River southwest of San Juan. It was founded as a religious community in 1579, made a town in 1616, and given the title villa by Spanish royal decree in 1778. During the Spanish-American

fluidics: …is now known as the Coandă effect, a major contribution to fluidic technology. He observed that as a free jet emerges from a jet nozzle the stream will tend to follow a nearby curved or inclined surface. It also “attaches” itself to and flows along this surface if the curvature…

Cuanza River, river in central Angola, rising about 50 miles (80 km) southeast of Chitembo on the Bié Plateau at an elevation of 5,000 feet (1,500 metres). It flows northward for about 320 miles (510 km) and then curves westward to enter the Atlantic Ocean 30 miles (50 km) south of Luanda after a

insect: Types of larvae: …glued to the body; and coarctate, which is essentially exarate but remaining covered by the cast skins (exuviae) of the next to the last larval instar (name given to the form of an insect between molts).

coal mining: Levels of cleaning: …is sized into two products: coarse coal (larger than 12.5 millimetres) and fine coal (less than 12.5 millimetres); the coarse coal is cleaned to remove impurities; the fine coal is added to the cleaned coarse coal or marketed as a separate product.

fishing: Methods: Bait fishing, also called still fishing or bottom fishing, is certainly the oldest and most universally used method. In British freshwater fishing it is used to catch what are called coarse (or rough) fish. These include bream, barb, tench, dace, and other nongame species. A…

Karl Schwarzschild: …in the use of a coarse grating (for example, a glass plate with closely spaced parallel lines etched into it) in the course of measurement of the separation of double stars; the technique has found widespread use in determining stellar magnitude and colour. He also developed certain basic methods for…

pocket mouse: Natural history: The 15 species of coarse-haired pocket mice (genus Chaetodipus) are larger on average, weighing 15 to 47 grams and having a body length of 8 to 13 cm and hairy, tufted tails as long as or much longer than the body (up to 15 cm). Coarse-haired pocket mice are…

Ronald Coase: …later became known as the Coase theorem, arguing that when information and transaction costs are low, the market will produce an efficient solution to the problem of nuisances without regard to where the law places the liability for the nuisance. His work was a call to legal scholars to consider…

Ronald Coase was a British-born American economist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1991. The field known as new institutional economics, which attempts to explain political, legal, and social institutions in economic terms and to understand the role of institutions in fostering and

Ronald Coase was a British-born American economist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1991. The field known as new institutional economics, which attempts to explain political, legal, and social institutions in economic terms and to understand the role of institutions in fostering and

coast, broad area of land that borders the sea. A brief treatment of coasts follows. For full treatment, see coastal landforms. The coastlines of the world’s continents measure about 312,000 km (193,000 miles). They have undergone shifts in position over geologic time because of substantial changes

coastal artillery, weapons for discharging missiles, placed along the shore for defense against naval attack. In the 15th century the Turks used coastal artillery when they positioned guns to defend the Dardanelles. By the 19th century all leading military powers had defensive artillery

coniferous forest: …American coniferous forest is the moist temperate coniferous forest, or coast forest, which is found along the west coast of North America eastward to the Rocky Mountains. This subtype is sometimes called temperate rain forest (see temperate forest), although this term is properly applied only to broad-leaved evergreen forests of…

coast guard, a force, usually naval, that enforces a country’s maritime laws and assists vessels wrecked or in distress on or near its coasts. Such forces originated during the early 19th century as a restraint on smuggling. A coast guard may also be responsible for the maintenance of lighthouses,

Coast Guard Women’s Reserve, U.S. military service group, founded in 1942 for the purpose of making more men available to serve at sea by assigning women to onshore duties during World War II. During World War I the U.S. Coast Guard enlisted a small number of women to serve as volunteers, primarily

Coast Mountains, segment of the Pacific mountain system of western North America. The range extends southeastward through western British Columbia, Can., for about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from just north of the border with Yukon, Can., along the border of the panhandle of Alaska, U.S., to the Fraser

Arthur C. Clarke: …the first of which was The Coast of Coral (1956). That same year, he expanded an earlier novel, Against the Fall of Night (1953), as The City and the Stars. One billion years in the future in one of Earth’s final cities, Diaspar, a young man, Alvin, rebels against the…

A.R. Ammons: His later works—notably A Coast of Trees (1981), which won a National Book Critics Circle Award, and Sumerian Vistas (1988)—exhibit a mature command of imagery and ideas, balancing the scientific approach to the universe with a subjective, even romantic one. Garbage (1993), a book-length poem, earned Ammons his…

Tom Stoppard: The trilogy The Coast of Utopia (Voyage, Shipwreck, and Salvage), first performed in 2002, explores the lives and debates of a circle of 19th-century Russian émigré intellectuals; it received a Tony Award for best play. Heroes (2005), translated from a play by Gérald Sibleyras, is set in…

Alaskan mountains: Physiography of the southern ranges: …massive granitic rocks of the Coast Range Batholith, successively intruded in various stages during the orogeny of the late Mesozoic to early Cenozoic (about 100 to 50 million years ago). To the northeast and southeast of Juneau, respectively, are the Juneau and Stikine ice fields that feed numerous valley glaciers,…

Coast Ranges, segment of the Pacific mountain system of western North America, consisting of a series of ranges in the United States running parallel to the Pacific coast for more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from west-central Washington in the north to the Transverse Ranges of California in the

coast redwood, (Sequoia sempervirens), coniferous evergreen timber tree of the cypress family (Cupressaceae), the tallest of all living trees. They are endemic to the fog belt of the coastal range from southwestern Oregon to central California, U.S., at elevations up to 1,000 metres (3,300 feet)

Coast Salish, Salish-speaking North American Indians of the Northwest Coast, living around what are now the Strait of Georgia, Puget Sound, southern Vancouver Island, much of the Olympic Peninsula, and most of western Washington state. One Salishan group, the Tillamook, lived south of the Columbia

conservation: Logging and collecting: Another example is the coast sandalwood (Santalum ellipticum), a tree endemic to the Hawaiian Islands that was almost completely eliminated from its habitats for its wood and fragrant oil. Rosewood (various species) is used in fine furniture and is the most trafficked wild item.

Yuki: …Valley to the west; the Coast Yuki, who were distributed farther westward along the redwood coast; and the Wappo, who occupied an enclave among the Pomo, some 40 miles (65 km) southward in the Russian River valley.

tanker: Tankers of 100,000 dwt and less can be crude-oil (“dirty”) carriers or product (“clean”) carriers. The Aframax tankers are often referred to as…

coastal artillery, weapons for discharging missiles, placed along the shore for defense against naval attack. In the 15th century the Turks used coastal artillery when they positioned guns to defend the Dardanelles. By the 19th century all leading military powers had defensive artillery

Coastal Carolina University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Conway, South Carolina, U.S. It offers more than 50 areas of undergraduate study, several master’s degree programs, and a Master of Business Administration through the colleges of business administration,

Annette Bening: Career: …appearing as a photographer in Coastal Disturbances; for her performance, she earned a Tony Award nomination. She also had small roles on television, beginning with a TV movie in 1986. In her film debut she played the wife of Dan Aykroyd’s character in the comedy The Great Outdoors (1988), which…

coastal landforms: Coastal dunes: Immediately landward of the beach are commonly found large, linear accumulations of sand known as dunes. (For coverage of dunes in arid and semiarid regions, see sand dune.) They form as the wind carries sediment from the beach in a landward direction and…

marine ecosystem: Migrations of marine organisms: In coastal waters many larger invertebrates (e.g., mysids, amphipods, and polychaete worms) leave the cover of algae and sediments to migrate into the water column at night. It is thought that these animals disperse to different habitats or find mates by swimming when visual predators find…

coastal landforms: The coastal environment of the world is made up of a wide variety of landforms manifested in a spectrum of sizes and shapes ranging from gently sloping beaches to high cliffs, yet coastal landforms are best considered in two broad categories: erosional and depositional. In fact,…

horseshoe crab: Natural history: …the coastal horseshoe crab (T. gigas), and the mangrove horseshoe crab (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda)—are found along Asia from Japan to India and closely resemble Limulus in both structure and habits. The animals are most abundant in estuarine waters, where they feed on algae, marine worms, clams and other

lagoon: Barrier island lagoons: Coastal lagoons are widely distributed throughout the world and have been estimated to constitute about 13 percent of the total world coastline. Lagoons are more common on coasts with moderate to low tidal ranges; for example, they occur widely on low coasts of the southern…

coastal landforms, any of the relief features present along any coast, the result of a combination of processes, sediments, and the geology of the coast itself. The coastal environment of the world is made up of a wide variety of landforms manifested in a spectrum of sizes and shapes ranging from

Brazil: Coastal lowlands: The Atlantic lowlands, which comprise only a tiny part of Brazil’s territory, range up to 125 miles (200 km) wide in the North but become narrower in the Northeast and disappear in parts of the Southeast. Nevertheless, their features are widely varied, including level floodplains, swamps,…

Mississippi: Relief and soils: …coastal area, sometimes called the Coastal Meadows, or Terrace, borders the Gulf of Mexico. This region’s soil is sandy and not well suited to crops.

South America: The Northern Andes: …have developed that constitute the Baudo, or Coastal, Mountains and the Cordillera Occidental. They were accreted during Cretaceous and early Cenozoic times. Structurally composed of oceanic volcanic arcs that were amalgamated after each collision by high-angle, west-verging thrusts, the Northern Andes are characterized by the heavily deformed metamorphic rocks and…

Tidewater, natural region in eastern Virginia, U.S., comprising a low-lying alluvial plain on the western shore of Chesapeake Bay between the Atlantic Ocean and the Fall Line (a line marking the junction between the hard rocks of the Appalachians and the softer deposits of the coastal plain). It is

Odisha: Relief, soils, and drainage: …the central tract, and the coastal plains. The northern plateau (in the northern part of the state) is an extension of the forest-covered and mineral-rich Chota Nagpur plateau centered in Jharkhand. The Eastern Ghats, extending roughly parallel to the coast and rising to an elevation of about 3,600 feet (1,100…

Texas: Relief: …the fertile and densely populated Coastal Plains in the southeast to the high plains and mountains in the west and northwest. Stretching inland from the Gulf Coast, the Coastal Plains, encompassing about two-fifths of the state’s land area, range from sea level to about 1,000 feet (300 metres) in elevation.…

polynya: Coastal polynyas characteristically lie just beyond landfast ice, i.e., ice that is anchored to the coast and stays in place throughout the winter. They are thought to be caused chiefly by persistent local offshore winds, such as the foehn, or katabatic (downward-driving), winds typically found…

scrub oak: berberidifolia) and Nuttall’s scrub oak (Q. dumosa), an endangered species that grows as an evergreen shrub about 2.5 meters (8 feet) tall, with leaves 2.5 cm (1 inch) long. The Rocky Mountain scrub oak, or Gambel oak (Q. gambelii), grows up to 9 meters (30 feet) tall.

Rosales: Fruit species: …century were wild strawberries (Fragaria chiloensis) from Chile. These proved to be barren in European gardens because the plants that were sent had only female flowers. Meanwhile, wild strawberry plants (F. virginiana) from the eastern United States were sent to France. In a botanical garden in Paris, it was…

taipan: The coastal taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) is the largest Australian elapid. Its maximum length is 2.9 metres (9.5 feet); however, most range between 1.8 and 2.4 metres (6 and 8 feet) in length. The fierce snake, which is also called the inland taipan or western taipan (O.…

marine ecosystem: Upwelling: The most productive waters of the world are in regions of upwelling. Upwelling in coastal waters brings nutrients toward the surface. Phytoplankton reproduce rapidly in these conditions, and grazing zooplankton also multiply and provide abundant food supplies for nekton. Some of the world’s richest…

Delaware: Industry of Delaware: …a landmark environmental law, the Coastal Zone Act, in 1971, which has prevented the construction of additional industries along the coast.

bicycle: Brakes: Utility bicycles usually use a coaster brake inside the rear hub. The brake is activated by backpedaling. In developing countries rod brakes are often used. Rods connect the handlebar levers to stirrups that pull pads of friction material against the inside of the rim. Front and rear brakes on other…

the Coasters, American rhythm-and-blues and rock-and-roll vocal quartet, one of the most popular of the 1950s. The principal members were Carl Gardner (b. April 29, 1928, Tyler, Texas, U.S.—d. June 12, 2011, Port St. Lucie, Fla.), Bobby Nunn (b. June 25, 1925, Birmingham, Ala.—d. Nov. 5, 1986, Los

coastal landforms: Beaches: A close look at the shoreline along most beaches will show that it is not straight or gently curved but rather that it displays a regularly undulating surface much like a low-amplitude sine curve. This is seen both on the plan view of the shoreline and the topography of the…

pelage, hairy, woolly, or furry coat of a mammal, distinguished from the underlying bare skin. The pelage is significant in several respects: as insulation; as a guard against injury; and, in its coloration and pattern, as a species adornment for mutual recognition among species members,

camel hair: …is mainly used for high-grade overcoat fabrics and is also made into knitting yarn, knitwear, blankets, and rugs. The coarse outer fibre is strong and is used in industrial fabrics such as machine beltings and presscloths employed in extracting oil from oilseeds.

Coatbridge, industrial burgh (town), North Lanarkshire council area, historic county of Lanarkshire, central Scotland, 9 miles (14 km) east of the city of Glasgow. The town’s industrial prosperity was originally based on local coal production for the Glasgow market. When iron deposits were

pharmaceutical industry: Modified-release dosage forms: …by incorporating coated beads or granules into tablets or capsules. Drug is distributed onto or into the beads. Some of the granules are uncoated for immediate release while others receive varying coats of lipid, which delays release of the drug. Another variation of the coated bead approach is to granulate…

virus: The cycle of infection: …of the membrane called a coated pit, which is lined by a special protein known as clathrin. As the coated pit invaginates, it is pinched off in the cytoplasm to form a coated vesicle. The coated vesicle fuses with cytoplasmic endosomes (membrane-enclosed vesicles) and then with cell organelles called lysosomes,…

chemical analysis: Ion-selective electrodes: Coated-wire electrodes were designed in an attempt to decrease the response time of ion-selective electrodes. They dispense with the internal reference solution by using a polymeric membrane that is directly coated onto the internal reference electrode. Field-effect transistor electrodes place the membrane over the gate…

Coatepeque, city, far southwestern Guatemala. It lies along the Naranjo River at an elevation of 2,300 feet (700 metres) above sea level. Coatepeque is an important commercial and manufacturing centre for a rich agricultural hinterland that is one of Guatemala’s richest coffee-growing areas.

El Salvador: Drainage: …largest bodies of water: Lakes Coatepeque (15 square miles [39 square km]), Ilopango (40 square miles [100 square km]), and Olomega (20 square miles [52 square km]).

Florence Van Leer Earle Nicholson Coates was an American poet whose carefully crafted, contemplative verse gained the respect of many of the leading literary figures of her day. She was educated in New England and in Paris. Subsequently she studied music in Brussels. In 1872 she married William

Joseph Gordon Coates was the prime minister of New Zealand from 1925 to 1928, who later, as minister of public works (1931–33) and of finance (1933–35), instituted rigorous policies to combat the economic depression of the 1930s. While farming in Auckland, Coates became active in farmers’

Ta-Nehisi Coates gained a large following for his essays and journalism exploring contemporary race relations in the United States, most notably in his book Between the World and Me (2015), which won the National Book Award for nonfiction. He is also known for compelling, award-winning articles on

Ta-Nehisi Coates gained a large following for his essays and journalism exploring contemporary race relations in the United States, most notably in his book Between the World and Me (2015), which won the National Book Award for nonfiction. He is also known for compelling, award-winning articles on

coati, (genus Nasua), any of three species of omnivore related to raccoons (family Procyonidae). Coatis are found in wooded regions from the southwestern United States through South America. The coati has a long, flexible snout and a slender, darkly banded tail that it often carries erect as it

coati, (genus Nasua), any of three species of omnivore related to raccoons (family Procyonidae). Coatis are found in wooded regions from the southwestern United States through South America. The coati has a long, flexible snout and a slender, darkly banded tail that it often carries erect as it

coati, (genus Nasua), any of three species of omnivore related to raccoons (family Procyonidae). Coatis are found in wooded regions from the southwestern United States through South America. The coati has a long, flexible snout and a slender, darkly banded tail that it often carries erect as it

papermaking: Finishing and converting: Paper has been coated to improve its surface for better reproduction of printed images for over 100 years. The introduction of half-tone and colour printing has created a strong demand for coated paper. Coatings are applied to paper to achieve uniformity of surface for printing inks, lacquers, and…

cocoa: Chocolate-type coatings: Confectionery coatings are made in the same manner as similar chocolate types, but some or all of the chocolate liquor is replaced with equivalent amounts of cocoa powder, and instead of added cocoa butter, with a melting point of about 32–33 °C (90–92 °F),…

Coatlicue, Aztec earth goddess, symbol of the earth as both creator and destroyer, mother of the gods and mortals. The dualism that she embodies is powerfully concretized in her image: her face is of two fanged serpents and her skirt is of interwoven snakes (snakes symbolize fertility); her breasts

Coats Land, region of Antarctica bordering the southeastern shore of the Weddell Sea. It extends about 300 miles (500 km) from Filchner Ice Shelf (southwest) to Queen Maud Land (east) and includes the coasts of Luitpold and Caird. It was discovered in 1904 by the Scottish explorer William Speirs

Dan Coats is an American politician who served as a Republican in the U.S. Senate, representing Indiana (1989–99; 2011–17), and who later was the director of national intelligence (2017–19) in the administration of Pres. Donald Trump. Dan Coats previously was a member of the U.S. House of

Dan Coats is an American politician who served as a Republican in the U.S. Senate, representing Indiana (1989–99; 2011–17), and who later was the director of national intelligence (2017–19) in the administration of Pres. Donald Trump. Dan Coats previously was a member of the U.S. House of

children’s literature: Peaks and plateaus (1865–1940): …doll stories in the language; Elizabeth Coatsworth, with her fine New England tale Away Goes Sally (1934); and the well-loved story of a New York tomboy in the 1890s, Roller Skates (1936), by the famous oral storyteller Ruth Sawyer.

Coatzacoalcos, city and port, southeastern Veracruz estado (state), south-central Mexico. Formerly known as Puerto México, it lies at the mouth of the Coatzacoalcos River on the Gulf of Campeche, at the narrowest segment of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. An important port and transportation centre,

coaxial cable, Self-shielded cable used for transmission of communications signals, such as those for television, telephone, or computer networks. A coaxial cable consists of two conductors laid concentrically along the same axis. One conducting wire is surrounded by a dielectric insulator, which

coaxial cable, Self-shielded cable used for transmission of communications signals, such as those for television, telephone, or computer networks. A coaxial cable consists of two conductors laid concentrically along the same axis. One conducting wire is surrounded by a dielectric insulator, which

radiation measurement: Germanium detectors: The most common type of germanium gamma-ray spectrometer consists of a high-purity (mildly p-type) crystal fitted with electrodes in a coaxial configuration. Normal sizes correspond to germanium volumes of several hundred cubic centimetres. Because of their excellent energy resolution of a few tenths of a percent, germanium coaxial detectors have…

swan: Male swans, called cobs, and females, called pens, look alike. Legend to the contrary, swans utter a variety of sounds from the windpipe, which in some species is looped within the breastbone (as in cranes); even the mute swan, the least vocal species, often hisses, makes soft snoring…

corn: Food and nutrition: …sweet corn is boiled or roasted on the cob, creamed, converted into hominy (hulled kernels) or meal, and cooked in corn puddings, mush, polenta, griddle cakes, cornbread, and scrapple. Corn is also used for popcorn, confections, and various manufactured

Cobá, ancient Mayan city on the Yucatán Peninsula, now in northeastern Quintana Roo, Mexico. The site is the nexus of the largest network of stone causeways of the ancient Mayan world, and it contains many engraved and sculpted stelae (upright stones) that document ceremonial life and important

Courtney Love: …gave birth to a daughter, Frances Bean Cobain. Reports that Love had taken heroin while pregnant resulted in the couple briefly losing custody of Frances. The Hole roster evolved during this time as Love and Erlandson were joined by the drummer Patty Schemel and the bassist Kristen Pfaff. Cobain committed…

Kurt Cobain was an American rock musician who rose to fame as the lead singer, guitarist, and primary songwriter for the seminal grunge band Nirvana. Cobain had a generally happy childhood until his parents divorced when he was nine years old. After that event, he was frequently troubled and angry,

Kurt Cobain was an American rock musician who rose to fame as the lead singer, guitarist, and primary songwriter for the seminal grunge band Nirvana. Cobain had a generally happy childhood until his parents divorced when he was nine years old. After that event, he was frequently troubled and angry,

vitamin B12, a complex water-soluble organic compound that is essential to a number of microorganisms and animals, including humans. Vitamin B12 aids in the development of red blood cells in higher animals. The vitamin, which is unique in that it contains a metallic ion, cobalt, has a complex

cobalt (Co), chemical element, ferromagnetic metal of Group 9 (VIIIb) of the periodic table, used especially for heat-resistant and magnetic alloys. The metal was isolated (c. 1735) by Swedish chemist Georg Brandt, though cobalt compounds had been used for centuries to impart a blue colour to

erythrite, arsenate mineral in the vivianite group, hydrated cobalt arsenate [Co3(AsO4)2·8H2O]. Erythrite, which is used as a guide to the presence of cobalt-nickel-silver ores because of its crimson or peach-red colour, occurs as radiating crystals, concretions, or earthy masses in the oxidized

cobalt processing: History: …as pigments to impart a blue colour to porcelain and glass. It was not until 1742, however, that a Swedish chemist, Georg Brandt, showed that the blue colour was due to a previously unidentified metal, cobalt.

blood doping: Erythropoietin: …production include the administration of cobalt chloride, which enhances transcription of the erythropoietin gene. Because this practice involves manipulation of a genetic element, it is considered by some to be a form of gene doping.