coliform bacteria, any of various rod-shaped microorganisms that occur in the intestinal tracts of animals, including humans, and that are widespread in the environment. Coliform bacteria serve as critical indicators of water quality. More precisely, they are evidence of recent fecal contamination

Gaspard II de Coligny, seigneur de Châtillon was the admiral of France and leader of the Huguenots during the early years of the Wars of Religion (1562–98). Coligny was the son of Gaspard I de Coligny, the marshal of Châtillon, and Louise de Montmorency, sister of Anne de Montmorency, constable of

bird: Annotated classification: Order Coliiformes (colies, or mousebirds) 6 species in 1 family of Africa south of the Sahara; soft plumage with long, pointed tails and all 4 toes directed forward; largely vegetarian, some insects; length 29–36 cm (11–14 inches). Order Struthioniformes (ostriches

Hendrikus Colijn was a Dutch statesman who as prime minister (1933–39) gained widespread popular support through his conservative antidepression economic policies. A soldier (1895–1904) in the colonial army during the Acehnese War in northern Sumatra, Colijn later served there as a civil

Colima, city, capital of Colima estado (state), west-central Mexico. It lies along the Colima River in the northeastern part of the state, in the Sierra Madre foothills some 1,700 feet (520 meters) above sea level. Founded close to the coast in 1523 by an envoy sent by the conquistador Hernán

Colima, estado (state), west-central Mexico. It is bounded by the states of Jalisco to the northwest and north and Michoacán to the east and by the Pacific Ocean to the south and west. Colima city is the state capital. Most of Colima lies on a hot, humid coastal plain, but conditions are drier and

Colima: …is the site of the University of Colima (founded 1940; reorganized 1962). Pop. (2010) 137,383; Colima–Villa de Álvarez metro. area, 334,240; (2020) 146,965; Colima–Villa de Álvarez metro. area, 380,575.

doggerel: He defended himself in Colin Clout:

Edmund Spenser: The Faerie Queene and last years of Edmund Spenser: …episode is charmingly evoked in Colin Clouts Come Home Againe (completed 1595), which is also one of Spenser’s most effective pastoral embodiments of a provincial innocent up against the sophistications of a centre of power, with subsequent reflections on false, superficial love and the true love that finally animates a…

Edmund Spenser: The Faerie Queene and last years of Edmund Spenser: …episode is charmingly evoked in Colin Clouts Come Home Againe (completed 1595), which is also one of Spenser’s most effective pastoral embodiments of a provincial innocent up against the sophistications of a centre of power, with subsequent reflections on false, superficial love and the true love that finally animates a…

Colin Muset was a French trouvère, a professional vielle player and jongleur, who performed in châteaus of the Upper Marne Valley between Langres and Joinville. Colin was a native of Lorraine; his poetry, skillfully written, praised the pleasures of wine and good living. He also wrote and sometimes

Marist Father: …by Jean-Claude Courveille and Jean-Claude-Marie Colin to undertake all ministerial works—parishes, schools, hospital chaplaincies, and the foreign missions—while stressing the virtues of the Virgin Mary. Its foreign missions, the acceptance of which was the chief reason for its approval by Rome in 1836, embrace the islands of the South Pacific…

Louis Hémon: Blind Man’s Bluff), Battling Malone, pugiliste (1925; Eng. trans. Battling Malone, and Other Stories), and Monsieur Ripois et la Némésis (1925; Monsieur Ripois and Nemesis). In 1980 Nicole Deschamps published a new edition of Maria Chapdelaine based on Hémon’s original manuscript.

blindman’s buff, children’s game played as early as 2,000 years ago in Greece. The game is variously known in Europe: Italy, mosca cieca (“blind fly”); Germany, Blindekuh (“blind cow”); Sweden, blindbock (“blind buck”); Spain, gallina ciega (“blind hen”); and France, colin-maillard (named for a

Dilma Rousseff: Early life and political career: …associated with the militant group National Liberation Command (Comando de Libertação Nacional; Colina), and she married fellow activist Cláudio Galeno Linhares in 1968. After a raid on a Colina safe house resulted in police fatalities, the pair went into hiding in Rio de Janeiro. She and Galeno later fled Rio…

Edward B. Lewis: …orderliness is known as the colinearity principle. Lewis also found that genetic regulatory functions may overlap. For example, a fly with an extra set of wings has a defective gene not in the abdominal region but in the thoracic region, which normally functions as a regulator of such mutations.

Simon de Colines was a French printer who pioneered the use of italic types in France. He worked as a partner of Henri Estienne, the founder of an important printing house in Paris. Estienne died in 1520, and Colines married his widow and was in charge of the press until Estienne’s son Robert I

bobwhite, North American quail species. See

gourami: Common species include the dwarf gourami (Colisa lalia), 6 cm (about 2.4 inches) long, brightly striped in red and blue; and the three-spot, or blue, gourami (Trichopodus trichopterus or Trichogaster trichopterus), a dark-spotted, silvery or blue species. The kissing gourami, or kissing fish (Helostoma temmincki), a greenish or pinkish…

theatre: Developments in France and Spain: …permanent theatre in Madrid, the Coliseo, which probably had the first proscenium arch in Spain. The next decade saw a decline in both court and public theatres. By 1650 the Coliseo was reopened, but its popularity had diminished by 1700. By the late 1600s Spain had lost most of its…

music hall and variety: …displayed aquatic dramas, and the Coliseum presented reenactments of the Derby and chariot races of ancient Rome. These were short-lived, but other ambitious plans kept variety prosperous after the real music hall had been killed by the competition of the cinema.

maple: Coliseum maple (A. cappadocicum) and Miyabe maple (A. miyabei) provide golden-yellow fall colour. The three-flowered maple (A. triflorum) and the paperbark maple (A. griseum) have tripartite leaves and attractive peeling bark, in the former tannish and in the latter copper brown.

polymyxin: Only polymyxins B and E are used clinically. Their chief therapeutic use is in the treatment of infections involving gram-negative bacteria that are resistant to penicillin and other broad-spectrum antibiotics. Polymyxin B is applied topically to treat infections such as those of the eye, the ear, the skin, and…

digestive system disease: Colitis: The most common form of chronic colitis (inflammation of the colon) in the Western world, ulcerative colitis, is idiopathic (i.e., of unknown cause). Ulcerative colitis varies from a mild inflammation of the mucosa of the rectum, giving rise to excessive mucus and some spotting…

ulcerative colitis, inflammation of the large intestine (colon), especially of its mucous membranes, characterized by patches of tiny ulcers in the inflamed membranese. The most common symptoms of ulcerative colitis are bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain. Other symptoms include fatigue, weight

coly, any member of the genus Colius, a group of African birds that, because of their long, drooping tails, look much like mice when seen running along branches. The single genus (Colius) and six species constitute the family Coliidae, order Coliiformes. The body is sparrow sized, but the tail

pre-Columbian civilizations: The beginnings of external expansion: …between two Aymara-speaking kingdoms, the Colla and the Lupaca, in the northern part of the Titicaca Basin. The Inca allied themselves with the Lupaca, probably because the Colla were located between themselves and the Lupaca. But before the Inca could attack, the Colla attacked the Lupaca and were defeated. The…

information system: Collaboration systems: The main objectives of collaboration systems are to facilitate communication and teamwork among the members of an organization and across organizations. One type of collaboration system, known as a workflow system, is used to route relevant documents automatically to all appropriate individuals for…

collaborative software, type of computer program that shares data between computers for processing. In particular, several programs have been written to harness the vast number of computers connected to the Internet. Rather than run a screen saver program when idle, these computers can run software

acoustics: Measuring the speed of sound: …water was first measured by Daniel Colladon, a Swiss physicist, in 1826. Strangely enough, his primary interest was not in measuring the speed of sound in water but in calculating water’s compressibility—a theoretical relationship between the speed of sound in a material and the material’s compressibility having been established previously.…

Merce Cunningham: Symphonie pour un homme seul (1952; later called Collage) was performed to Pierre Schaeffer and Pierre Henry’s composition of the same name and was the first performance in the United States of musique concrète, or music constructed from tape-recorded environmental sounds.

collage, (French: “pasting”), artistic technique of applying manufactured, printed, or “found” materials, such as bits of newspaper, fabric, wallpaper, etc., to a panel or canvas, frequently in combination with painting. In the 19th century, papiers collés were created from papers cut out and put

Max Ernst: …100 Heads, his first “collage novel”—a sequence of illustrations assembled from 19th- and 20th-century reading material and a format which he is credited with having invented. Soon afterward he created the collage novels A Little Girl Dreams of Taking the Veil (1930) and A Week of Kindness (1934).

collagen, any of a group of proteins that are components of whitish fibers of great tensile strength, such as those present in tendons and ligaments and in the dermis (the connective tissue layer of the skin), in the dentin of the teeth, and in cartilage. Collagen constitutes roughly 30 percent of

cornea: The collagen fibres that make up the corneal stroma (middle layer) are arranged in a strictly regular, geometric fashion. This arrangement has been shown to be the essential factor resulting in the cornea’s transparency. When the cornea is damaged by infection or trauma, the collagen laid…

printmaking: Collagraphy: Like the metal graphic process, collagraphy is an additive method; the printing surface is built up. It is essentially an intaglio method, but it can be combined with relief printing. The printing surface is created by gluing various materials and textures to a support.…

R.E.M.: …returned to the studio for Collapse into Now (2011), an album that combined power pop, straightforward rock, and acoustic ballads into a single audio palette, unified by Buck’s masterful guitar work. In September 2011, after more than three decades at the forefront of rock music, the members of R.E.M. announced…

William L. Shirer: …other major historical work is The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940 (1969). The book is considered by some to be the best one-volume study of France during the period between the world wars. In 1979 Shirer published Gandhi: A Memoir, in…

philosophy of physics: The theory of Ghirardi, Rimini, and Weber: …law of the so-called “collapse” of the wave function.

Troy: …early 1800s of the detachable collar by a Troy housewife. Clothing dominated the city’s economy after the introduction of the sewing machine in 1852, but a more diversified economy (including auto-parts, high-technology, clothing, and heavy gardening equipment industries) now prevails. Troy is the home of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (1824), Russell…

reproductive behaviour: Protozoans and sponges: …up by specialized cells called choanocytes and carried to the egg. Fertilization takes place when a choanocyte fuses with the egg. The free-swimming larval stage that is produced is of short duration, after which the organism settles on the bottom and becomes a new adult sponge.

clavicle, curved anterior bone of the shoulder (pectoral) girdle in vertebrates; it functions as a strut to support the shoulder. The clavicle is present in mammals with prehensile forelimbs and in bats, and it is absent in sea mammals and those adapted for running. The wishbone, or furcula, of

collard, (Brassica oleracea, variety acephala), form of cabbage, of the mustard family (Brassicaceae). The plant is a source of nutritionally important minerals and vitamins A and C. It is commonly raised as a source of winter greens in the southern United States, where it is customarily boiled

collard, (Brassica oleracea, variety acephala), form of cabbage, of the mustard family (Brassicaceae). The plant is a source of nutritionally important minerals and vitamins A and C. It is commonly raised as a source of winter greens in the southern United States, where it is customarily boiled

turtledove: …the other Streptopelia species, including collared doves (S. decaocto) and ring-necked doves (S. capicola). These slim-bodied, fast-flying gamebirds are found throughout the temperate and tropical Old World. The ringed turtledove, or ringdove, is a domestic variant of S. turtur that now has feral New World populations in California and Florida;…

choanoflagellate, any protozoan of the flagellate order Choanoflagellida (sometimes classified in the order Kinetoplastida) having a transparent food-gathering collar of cytoplasm around the base of the flagellum. Many choanoflagellates are solitary and sessile (attached to a surface), with or

plains wanderer, (species Pedionomus torquatus), Australian bird resembling a tiny quail. It has a mottled reddish brown body and a collar of black spots against a white throat. The plains wanderer constitutes the family Pedionomidae (order Gruiformes) but is placed by some authorities in the

lemming: The colour of the collared lemming varies seasonally. During the summer its coat is gray tinged with buff or reddish brown and with dark stripes on the face and back. In the winter they molt into a white coat and develop forked digging claws. Other species are gray, sandy…

collared lizard, (genus Crotaphytus), any of nine species of lizards belonging to the lizard subfamily Crotaphytinae (family Crotaphytidae) found in hilly areas of the central United States and northeastern Mexico westward to the Great Basin. The coloration and pattern of collared lizards varies

peccary: The collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) is the smallest and the most common, living throughout the entire tayassuid range in a variety of habitats. Distinguished by a pale stripe around the neck, collared peccaries are less than a metre (three feet) long and weigh between 17 and…

pika: The collared pika (O. collaris) of Alaska and northern Canada has been found on the isolated nunataks (crags or peaks surrounded by glaciers) in Kluane National Park, and O. macrotis has been recorded at 6,130 meters (20,113 feet) on the slopes of the Himalayas. The pika…

puffbird: Widespread species include the collared puffbird (Bucco capensis), 18 cm (7 inches) long, in northern South America east of the Andes; and the white-necked, or large-billed, puffbird (Notharchus macrorhynchos), 24 cm (9 inches) long, ranging from Mexico to Argentina.

Michael Mann: He explored its potential with Collateral (2004), a suspense film set in the underbelly of Los Angeles, and Public Enemies (2009), a dense ambitious treatment of the life of notorious gangster John Dillinger (played by Johnny Depp). Mann then directed Blackhat (2015), a thriller that traces the efforts of a…

collateral, a borrower’s pledge to a lender of something specific that is used to secure the repayment of a loan (see credit). The collateral is pledged when the loan contract is signed and serves as protection for the lender. If the borrower ends up not making the agreed-upon principal and

Helen Mirren: Later films: …this period included the drama Collateral Beauty (2016), the sentimental comedy The Leisure Seeker (2017), and the period horror film Winchester (2018). She played the villainous Mother Ginger in The Nutcracker and the Four Realms (2018), an adaptation of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky’s 19th-century ballet. Among her film credits from 2019…

angiosperm: Stems: … and phloem is called a collateral bundle; the outer portion of the procambium (adjacent to the cortex) becomes phloem, and the inner portion (adjacent to the pith) becomes xylem. In a bicollateral bundle, the phloem is both outside and inside the xylem, as in Solanaceae (the potato family) and Cucurbitaceae…

Italy: The Kingdom of Naples: …in the kingdom was the Collateral Council, comprising five regents presided over by the viceroy, with a judicial council and a financial council exercising their respective competencies at its side. A new elite of lawyers, a “nobility of the robe,” began to emerge, sustaining the Spanish regime with its indispensable…

procedural law: Effects of the judgment: The related doctrine of collateral estoppel (also called issue preclusion) precludes the parties from relitigating, in a second suit based on a different claim, any issue of fact common to both suits that was actually litigated and necessarily determined in the first suit. At the start of the 20th…

consanguinity: Lineal and collateral kin: A great-grandparent and great-grandchild are genetically related to the same degree as a pair of first cousins. The grandparent is, however, a lineal kinsman, whereas the cousin is collateral kin. In genetics the degree of consanguinity is the sole factor of significance, but…

security: Bonds: Another type is a collateral trust bond, in which the security consists of intangible property, usually stocks and bonds owned by the corporation. Railroads and other transportation companies sometimes finance the purchase of rolling stock with equipment obligations, in which the security is the rolling stock itself.

securitization: …an asset-backed security (ABS) or collateralized debt obligation (CDO). If the pool of debt instruments consists primarily of mortgages, the bond is referred to as a mortgage-backed security (MBS). The holders of such securities are entitled to the receipt of principal and interest payments on the debts underlying them.

Constantine I: Legacy of Constantine I: …of a new tax, the collatio lustralis. It was levied every five years upon trade and business and seems to have become genuinely oppressive.

textual criticism: Recension: They must then be collated; i.e., the variant readings that they contain must be registered by comparison with some selected form of the text, often a standard printed edition. Where the number of witnesses is large, collation may have to be of selected passages. If there is only one…

Saint Odo of Cluny: Abbot of Cluny: …most important works are the Collationes (“Conferences”) and the De vita sancti Gerardi (Life of St. Gerald of Aurillac). The Collationes is both a commentary on the virtues and vices of men in society and a spiritual meditation modeled on a work of the same name by the monk and…

Christianity: Eastern Christianity: …Collations of the Fathers, or Conferences. Gregory of Nyssa, the younger brother of St. Basil the Great, sketched out a model for progress in the mystical path in his Life of Moses and, following the example of Origen, devoted a number of homilies to a mystical interpretation of the Song…

Vasily Aksyonov: His novels Kollegi (1960; Colleagues), Zvezdnyi bilet (1961; A Ticket to the Stars), and Apelsiny iz Morokko (1963; “Oranges from Morocco”) are fast-moving narratives dealing with youthful rebels and misfits in Soviet society. In these books Aksyonov excels in reproducing the racy slang and jargon of characters who are…

circus: Acts of skill: …her apparatus broke); the Australian-born Con Colleano, the “Toreador of the Tight Wire,” whose dance on the wire to a Spanish cadence thrilled American audiences from 1925 until his retirement in 1959; Antoinette Concello, who became the first woman to perform the triple somersault on the trapeze in 1937; and…

cash on delivery (C.O.D.), a common business term indicating that goods must be paid for at the time of delivery. The payment is usually due in cash but may be made by check if acceptable to the seller. The transfer agent very often used is the postal service, but it is common for consumer and

John Leland: …Leland’s manuscripts—including his important five-volume Collectanea, with notes on antiquities, catalogs of manuscripts in monastic libraries, and Leland’s account of British writers—was deposited (1632) in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. They had in the meantime been freely drawn upon by many other antiquarians, notably by John Bale (who edited the…

canter: In the short form, or collected canter, a gait seen in dressage or three-gaited classes, a much higher head and neck is featured, as is a more visible point of suspension.

Diane Wakoski: The Collected Greed: Parts 1–13 (1984), in which “greed” is defined as “failing to choose,” contains previously published as well as unpublished poetry.

feminism: The ancient world: …15th-century Venetian woman who published Epistolae familiares (1488; “Personal Letters”; Eng. trans. Collected Letters of a Renaissance Feminist), a volume of letters dealing with a panoply of women’s complaints, from denial of education and marital oppression to the frivolity of women’s attire.

Robert E. Park: Three volumes of his Collected Papers, edited by Everett C. Hughes and others, were published between 1950 and 1955. The second volume deals with the city and with human ecology, which was the title of a course taught by Park at the University of Chicago in 1926.

Marie Ponsot: …and Selected Poems (2002), and Collected Poems (2016).

Dylan Thomas: In 1952 Thomas published his Collected Poems, which exhibited the deeper insight and superb craftsmanship of a major 20th-century English poet. The volume was an immediate success on both sides of the Atlantic. But, because of the insistence of the Inland Revenue, his monetary difficulties persisted. He coped with his…

Langston Hughes: Documenting African American culture and posthumous works: The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, edited by Arnold Rampersad and David Roessel, appeared in 1994. Some of his political exchanges were collected as Letters from Langston: From the Harlem Renaissance to the Red Scare and Beyond (2016).

Lucille Clifton: The Collected Poems of Lucille Clifton: 1965–2010 (2012) aggregated much of her oeuvre, including a substantial number of unpublished poems.

Richard Eberhart: His works include Collected Poems, 1930–1976 (1976; National Book Award), Of Poetry and Poets (1979), New and Selected Poems (1990), and a book of criticism. From 1959 to 1961 Eberhart was consultant in poetry to the Library of Congress (now poet laureate consultant in poetry). In 1962 he…

Sylvia Plath: Other works: The Collected Poems, which was edited by Hughes and includes many previously unpublished poems, appeared in 1981 and received the 1982 Pulitzer Prize for poetry, making Plath the first to receive the honor posthumously. She had kept a journal for much of her life, and…

Rita Dove: …Parks (1999), American Smooth (2004), Collected Poems: 1974–2004 (2016), and Playlist for the Apocalypse (2021). In 1993 Dove was appointed poet laureate of the United States by the Library of Congress, becoming the youngest person and the first African American to hold the post.

Charles Olson: Other works: Butterick (2000), and Collected Prose, edited by Donald Allen and Benjamin Friedlander (1997).

Katherine Anne Porter: Porter’s Collected Short Stories (1965) won the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. Her essays, articles, and book reviews were collected in The Days Before (1952; augmented 1970). Her last work, published in 1977, when she suffered a disabling stroke, was The Never-Ending…

Patricia Grace: …stories were published together in Collected Stories, and a new volume of stories, The Sky People (1994) was issued. Both of Grace’s next novels, Baby No-Eyes (1998) and Dogside Story (2001), were set in small coastal villages and concerned community and intergenerational family relationships.

John Barth: Collected Stories appeared in 2015.

Lydia Davis: Davis’s The Collected Stories, a compilation of stories written over 30 years, was published in 2009, and she published a book of new short stories, Can’t and Won’t, in 2014. In addition to stories, she published a novel, The End of the Story (1995), in which…

dressage: …great importance to dressage is collection, in which the horse’s gaits are shortened and raised by bringing the balance rearward to lighten the forehand, thus giving special agility in a limited space. This change is made without sacrificing ability to move freely. The desired result is that the horse will…

Michael Ondaatje: Poetry collections: …celebrated works, the 1970 pastiche The Collected Works of Billy the Kid: Left-Handed Poems. Often called a parable of the artist as outlaw, the work contains poems, prose, photographs, interviews, and even comic books, which combined create a meditation on the nature of heroism and violence. It received the Governor…

conservation: Logging and collecting: Similar cases of overharvested species are found in terrestrial ecosystems. For example, even when forests are not completely cleared, particularly valuable trees such as mahogany may be selectively logged from an area, eliminating both the tree species and all the animals that depend on…

You’re probably aware of Social Security spousal benefits, which essentially allow you to receive up to half of your spouse’s retirement benefit (assuming that works out to more than your own benefit). But did you know you may still qualify for that spousal perk even if you’re divorced? Of course,

renal collecting tubule, any of the long narrow tubes in the kidney that concentrate and transport urine from the nephrons, the chief functioning units of the kidneys, to larger ducts that connect with the renal calyces, cavities in which urine gathers until it flows through the renal pelvis and

St. Isidore of Sevilla: …the original edition of the Hispana collectio, the canon law of the Spanish church sometimes known as the Collectio canonum Isidoriana (“The Collection of the Canons of Isidore”); a mid-9th-century enlarged edition of the Hispana, falsely attributed to Isidore, is now called the Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals. He was canonized by Pope…

canon law: Development of canon law in the West: The Collectio Hibernensis (“Hibernian [or Irish] Collection”), of about 700, used texts from Scripture—mainly from the Old Testament—for the first time in canonical collections, and texts from the Greek and Latin early Church Fathers in addition to canons. The Liber ex lege Moysi (“Book from the…

canon law: Development of canon law in the West: …Spain, and Rome, including the Collectio Quesnelliana (an early 6th-century canonical collection named for its publisher, the 17th-century Jansenist scholar Pasquier Quesnel), circulated there. In about 480 Gennadius, a priest from Marseille, wrote the Statuta ecclesiae antiqua (“Ancient Statutes of the Church”), principally inspired by the Constitutiones Apostolicae

canon law: Eastern churches: The Collectio tripartita (“Tripartite Collection”), from the end of the 6th century and composed of the entire Justinian ecclesiastical legislation, was the most widely distributed. The nomocanons were expressions of the fusion of imperial and church authority. The Nomocanon 50 titulorum (“Canon Law of 50 Titles”)…

hunting: Later history: The idea of game preservation arose in feudal times when the right to hunt became attached to the ownership of land. Because of their hereditary claim to the title Lord High Masters of the Chase for the Holy Roman Empire, the electors of Saxony enjoyed exceptional opportunities to hunt.…

dressage: …great importance to dressage is collection, in which the horse’s gaits are shortened and raised by bringing the balance rearward to lighten the forehand, thus giving special agility in a limited space. This change is made without sacrificing ability to move freely. The desired result is that the horse will…

John Scholasticus: …Constantinople he composed the “Collection of 87 Chapters,” a synthesis of the emperor Justinian’s supplementary legislation on church matters. Among other works attributed to John are theological writings relative to Trinitarian doctrinal controversy, the “Catechetical Discourse,” and instructions for religious initiation, the “Mystagogia.”

John Scholasticus: 545, John compiled the “Collection of Canons,” the earliest catalog of Byzantine Church legislation that has been preserved. It collated imperial ecclesiastical statutes with those of the 4th-century theologian-legislator Basil of Cappadocia. At Constantinople he composed the “Collection of 87 Chapters,” a synthesis of the emperor Justinian’s supplementary legislation…

John Cosin: …and subsequently wrote the famed Collection of Private Devotions (1627) at the request of King Charles I for a daily prayer book at court. He became master of Peterhouse, Cambridge, in 1634 and patronized the revival of Gothic art and architecture. He was exiled in Paris during the Puritan Commonwealth…

gospel music: Black gospel music: A Collection of Spiritual Songs and Hymns Selected from Various Authors (1801) was the first hymnal intended for use in Black worship. It contained texts written mostly by 18th-century British clergymen, such as Isaac Watts and Charles Wesley, but also included a number of poems…