colon, the longest segment of the large intestine. The term colon is often used to refer to the entire large intestine. The colon extends from the cecum (an enlarged area at the end of the small intestine) up the right side of the abdomen (ascending colon), across to the left side (transverse

colon, in Greek or Latin verse, a rhythmic measure of lyric metre (“lyric” in the sense of verse that is sung rather than recited or chanted) with a recognizable recurring pattern. The word colon is also occasionally used of prose to describe the division (by sense or rhythm) of an utterance that

punctuation: Punctuation in English since 1600: The colon (:), which was once used like a full point and was followed by an uppercase letter, now serves mainly to indicate the beginning of a list, summary, or quotation. The semicolon (;) ranks halfway between a comma and a full point. It may be…

colorectal cancer, disease characterized by uncontrolled growth of cells within the large intestine (colon) or rectum (terminal portion of the large intestine). Colon cancer (or bowel cancer) and rectal cancer are sometimes referred to separately. Colorectal cancer develops slowly but can spread to

Colon Classification, system of library organization developed by the Indian librarian S.R. Ranganathan in 1933. It is general rather than specific in nature, and it can create complex or new categories through the use of facets, or colons. The category of dental surgery, for example, symbolized as

Panama: Trade: The Colón Free Zone, established in the mid-20th century at the northern end of the canal, has become increasingly important as a manufacturing, warehousing, and reexport centre similar to the maquiladora districts of other Central American countries and Mexico. The Free Zone’s several hundred factories produce…

Willie Colón is an American trombonist, composer, bandleader, and activist who helped to popularize salsa music in the United States in the 1970s. Born into a Puerto Rican household and raised in a predominantly Puerto Rican neighbourhood of the Bronx, Colón was immersed in the arts and culture—and

Galapagos Islands, island group of the eastern Pacific Ocean, administratively a province of Ecuador. The Galapagos consist of 13 major islands (ranging in area from 5.4 to 1,771 square miles [14 to 4,588 square km]), 6 smaller islands, and scores of islets and rocks lying athwart the Equator 600

Bartholomew Columbus was an Italian explorer, brother of Christopher Columbus, accomplished cartographer and cosmographer, and probably collaborator on his brother’s project to sail around the world. In 1484, according to tradition, he visited Henry VII of England and gave him a map of the world,

Christopher Columbus was a master navigator and admiral whose four transatlantic voyages (1492–93, 1493–96, 1498–1500, and 1502–04) opened the way for European exploration, exploitation, and colonization of the Americas. He has long been called the “discoverer” of the New World, although Vikings

Diego Columbus was the eldest son of Christopher Columbus and viceroy of the Indies for 15 years, who spent most of his life in legal battles to secure the Columbus claims. When his father undertook the great voyage of discovery in 1492, Diego was made a page at the Spanish court. After his

Diego Columbus: His son Luis was to receive the title admiral of the Indies but would renounce all other rights in return for a perpetual annuity of 10,000 ducats, the island of Jamaica in fief, and an estate of 25 square leagues on the Isthmus of Panama with the…

Colombia: Relief: …at the “twin peaks” of Cristóbal Colón and Simón Bolívar, the highest point in the country (for a discussion of the height of the Santa Marta Mountains, see Researcher’s Note: Heights of the “twin peaks” of the Santa Marta Mountains); the massif ascends abruptly from the Caribbean littoral to snow-…

Willie Colón is an American trombonist, composer, bandleader, and activist who helped to popularize salsa music in the United States in the 1970s. Born into a Puerto Rican household and raised in a predominantly Puerto Rican neighbourhood of the Bronx, Colón was immersed in the arts and culture—and

Caconda: In 1948 the first colonato (planned agricultural community) for black Africans in Angola was established near the town. Cattle were raised, and various crops (including corn [maize] and cotton) were grown with the assistance of agronomists. Pop. (latest est.) 11,021.

colonel, the highest field-grade officer, ranking just below the general officer grades in most armies or below brigadier in the British services. A colonel was traditionally the commanding officer of a regiment or brigade. In air forces that use the same titles of rank as the army, such as the

United States: Constitutional differences with Britain: …Bland of Virginia insisted in The Colonel Dismounted (as early as 1764), implied equality. And here he touched on the underlying source of colonial grievance. Americans were being treated as unequals, which they not only resented but also feared would lead to a loss of control of their own affairs.…

Daniel Defoe: Later life and works. of Daniel Defoe: …of the Plague Year, and Colonel Jack) Defoe displays his finest gift as a novelist—his insight into human nature. The men and women he writes about are all, it is true, placed in unusual circumstances; they are all, in one sense or another, solitaries; they all struggle, in their different…

For the Union Dead, title poem of a collection by Robert Lowell, published in 1964. Lowell originally titled the poem “Colonel Shaw and the Massachusetts 54th” to commemorate Robert Gould Shaw, a white Bostonian who had commanded a battalion of black Union troops during the American Civil War, and

Western painting: United States: For instance, the portrait of “Colonel Thomas Handasyd Perkins” (1831–32; Boston Athenaeum), by Thomas Sully, the leading exponent of a new portraiture supposedly expressive of mood, has touches of Sir Thomas Lawrence in the delicately brushed surface, strong contrasts of light and dark, and exquisite elegance of pose. But, though…

Richard Aldington: In The Colonel’s Daughter (1931) he satirized sham gentility and literary preciousness so outspokenly that two lending libraries refused to handle the novel. However, in his long poems A Dream in the Luxembourg (1930) and A Fool i’ the Forest (1925) he inveighed against the mechanization…

Charles W. Chesnutt: The Colonel’s Dream (1905) deals trenchantly with the problems faced by enslaved people after being freed. A psychological realist, Chesnutt made use of familiar scenes of everyday life in North Carolina to protest social injustice.

Greece: Civil war and its legacy: …heavy-handed and absurd, the “Colonels,” as the military junta came to be known, misruled the country from 1967 to 1974. After a failed countercoup in December 1967, King Constantine went into exile, with Papadopoulos assuming the role of regent. In 1973 the monarchy was abolished, and Greece was declared…

Western architecture: Early Gothic: …elevation together by series of colonettes, or small columns, set vertically in clusters. Again, as at Laon, much of the elaborate figured carving of Romanesque buildings was abandoned in favour of a highly simplified version of the Classical Corinthian capital—usually called a “crocket” capital. Under the influence of Chartres Cathedral,…

colonus, tenant farmer of the late Roman Empire and the European Middle Ages. The coloni were drawn from impoverished small free farmers, partially emancipated slaves, and barbarians sent to work as agricultural labourers among landed proprietors. For the lands that they rented, they paid in money,

Colonia del Sacramento, city, southwestern Uruguay, 110 miles (177 km) west-northwest of Montevideo. It sits on San Gabriel Peninsula, which juts into the Río de la Plata across from Buenos Aires, Argentina. The historic centre of Colonia was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1995. Founded

colony, in Roman antiquity, a Roman settlement in conquered territory. The earliest colonies were coast-guard communities, each containing about 300 Roman citizens and their families. By 200 bc a system of such Roman maritime colonies maintained guard over the coasts throughout Italy. The Romans

Arcos de la Frontera, city, Cádiz provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, southern Spain. It is located on a high rock bounded on three sides by the Guadalete River. Rich in Moorish architecture, the city also contains the Gothic churches of Santa María

Ecija, city, Sevilla provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, southwestern Spain. It lies along the Genil River east of Sevilla. The city contains the Gothic-style Church of Santiago (15th century) and that of Santa Cruz on the site of a pre-Moorish

Cologne, fourth largest city in Germany and largest city of the Land (state) of North Rhine–Westphalia. One of the key inland ports of Europe, it is the historic, cultural, and economic capital of the Rhineland. Cologne’s commercial importance grew out of its position at the point where the huge

Colonia del Sacramento, city, southwestern Uruguay, 110 miles (177 km) west-northwest of Montevideo. It sits on San Gabriel Peninsula, which juts into the Río de la Plata across from Buenos Aires, Argentina. The historic centre of Colonia was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1995. Founded

Colonia del Sacramento, city, southwestern Uruguay, 110 miles (177 km) west-northwest of Montevideo. It sits on San Gabriel Peninsula, which juts into the Río de la Plata across from Buenos Aires, Argentina. The historic centre of Colonia was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1995. Founded

Barcelona, city, seaport, and capital of Barcelona provincia (province) and of Catalonia comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), northeastern Spain, located 90 miles (150 km) south of the French border. It is Spain’s major Mediterranean port and commercial centre and is famed for its

Antoni Gaudí: Life: …in Barcelona, and in the Colonia Güell Church (1898–c. 1915), south of that city, he arrived at a type of structure that has come to be called equilibrated—that is, a structure designed to stand on its own without internal bracing, external buttressing, and the like—or, as Gaudí observed, as a…

Beirut, capital, chief port, and largest city of Lebanon. It is located on the Mediterranean coast at the foot of the Lebanon Mountains. Beirut is a city of baffling contradictions whose character blends the sophisticated and cosmopolitan with the provincial and parochial. Before 1975 Beirut was

Carthage, great city of antiquity on the north coast of Africa, now a residential suburb of the city of Tunis, Tunisia. Built on a promontory on the Tunisian coast, it was placed to influence and control ships passing between Sicily and the North African coast as they traversed the Mediterranean

Tarragona, city, capital of Tarragona provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Catalonia, northeastern Spain. It lies at the mouth of the Francolí River, on a hill (230 feet [70 metres] high) rising abruptly from the Mediterranean Sea. Tarragona is a flourishing

colony, in Roman antiquity, a Roman settlement in conquered territory. The earliest colonies were coast-guard communities, each containing about 300 Roman citizens and their families. By 200 bc a system of such Roman maritime colonies maintained guard over the coasts throughout Italy. The Romans

Portugal: The Salazar regime: …in 1930, he prepared the Colonial Act, assimilating the administration of the overseas territories to his system. In July 1932 Salazar became prime minister, a post he was to hold (along with other key ministries during crises) until 1968.

William Lyon Mackenzie: …a newspaper in Queenston, the Colonial Advocate, in which he criticized the ruling oligarchy. Later that year he moved to York (as of 1834, Toronto); there his newspaper office was sabotaged by political opponents, but, with the damages awarded, he set up an improved plant and became leader of the…

Juan T. Trippe: …classmates and another friend formed Colonial Air Transport, which began the first airmail contract route between New York City and Boston. In 1927 he arranged a merger between Colonial Air and two other small airlines, forming Pan American Airways, with himself as president. That year Pan American inaugurated the first…

American colonies, the 13 British colonies that were established during the 17th and early 18th centuries in what is now a part of the eastern United States. The colonies grew both geographically along the Atlantic coast and westward and numerically to 13 from the time of their founding to the

Western architecture: Colonial architecture in North America: The colonial architecture of the United States and Canada was as diverse as the peoples who settled there: English, Dutch, French, Swedish, Spanish, German, Scots-Irish. Each group carried with it the style and building customs of the mother country, adapting…

Australia: European settlement: …put this first among the colony’s intended purposes. But some historians have argued that this glossed a scheme to provide a bastion for British sea power in the eastern seas. Some have seen a purely strategic purpose in settlement, but others have postulated an intent to use the colony as…

urban culture: The colonial city: Colonial cities arose in societies that fell under the domination of Europe and North America in the early expansion of the capitalist world system. The colonial relationship required altering the productivity of the colonial society in order that its wealth could be exported…

western Africa: Decolonization and the regaining of independence: …Britain had enacted the first Colonial Development Act, providing that small amounts of British government money could be used for colonial economic development, thus breaking the deadlock by which the only colonial governments that could embark on development programs to increase the wealth of their subjects, and to improve their…

Jamaica: Self-government of Jamaica: …island profited greatly from the Colonial Development and Welfare Act and from outside investment. Colonial Development grants financed the building of the Jamaican branch of the University of the West Indies (established 1948), which became an important factor in the preparation for independence. A sugar refinery, citrus-processing plants, a cement…

Maryland: Cultural life: The city’s 40-block Colonial Historic District contains more structures dating from before the American Revolution than any other U.S. historic district. The narrow, crooked streets of Annapolis, the houses abutting directly on the brickwork sidewalks, the graceful tree-covered green about the statehouse, and the myriad masts of boats…

Council for World Mission: …by the merger of the Commonwealth Missionary Society and the London Missionary Society. The Commonwealth Missionary Society (originally the Colonial Missionary Society) was organized in 1836 to promote Congregationalism in the English-speaking colonies. The London Missionary Society was founded in 1795 as a nondenominational organization dedicated to spreading the Christian…

Colonial National Historical Park, historical reservation that covers a total area of approximately 15 square miles (39 square km) in southeastern Virginia, U.S. Situated on a peninsula between the York and James rivers, it comprises five discrete units. The park was established in 1936 from

novel: Other types: …no longer exist, include the colonial novel—such as E.M. Forster’s Passage to India (1924), Henri Fauconnier’s Malaisie (1930), and the African sequence of Joyce Cary—and space fantasy like H.G. Wells’s First Men in the Moon (1901). One may read examples of a departed category with pleasure and profit, but the…

British Empire: Dominance and dominions: …Chamberlain’s tenure (1895–1900) in the Colonial Office. That office, which began in 1801, was first an appendage of the Home Office and the Board of Trade, but by the 1850s it had become a separate department with a growing staff and a continuing policy; it was the means by which…

Colonial National Historical Park: …of colonial Virginia); and the Colonial Parkway, which is a 23-mile (37-kilometer) link between Jamestown, Williamsburg (not part of the national park but associated with colonial American culture and Revolutionary sentiment), and Yorktown, the main points around Virginia’s historic triangle. This scenic route runs alongside forests, marshes, fields, and shorelines…

Charles McLean Andrews: teacher and historian whose Colonial Period of American History, vol. 1 of 4, won him a Pulitzer Prize in 1935.

Moreton Bay pine, (Araucaria cunninghamii), large evergreen timber conifer of the family Araucariaceae. The Moreton Bay pine is native to the coastal rainforests of northern New South Wales to northern Queensland in eastern Australia and the Arfak Mountains of western New Guinea. The plant is

geography: Influence of the social sciences: …exemplified in Derek Gregory’s seminal The Colonial Present: Afghanistan, Palestine, Iraq (2004).

Ordnance Survey International, former surveying, mapping, and aerial photography agency (1946–2001) of the British government, which provided advice on technical matters concerning all aspects of surveying and mapping. The maps created by the agency were produced using aerial photography and

Virginia: Cultural life: Foremost among these is Colonial Williamsburg, a living museum staffed by highly trained historical interpreters, who, dressed in period clothing, reenact various aspects of colonial life in and around the town’s expertly restored 17th- and 18th-century buildings. Striking examples of colonial architecture also are found at such preserved homes…

history of Europe: Greeks: …expansion through the founding of colonies overseas. The coasts and islands of Anatolia were occupied from south to north by the Dorians, Ionians, and Aeolians, respectively. In addition, individual colonies were strung out around the shores of the Black Sea in the north and across the eastern Mediterranean to Naukratis…

Western colonialism, a political-economic phenomenon whereby various European nations explored, conquered, settled, and exploited large areas of the world. The age of modern colonialism began about 1500, following the European discoveries of a sea route around Africa’s southern coast (1488) and of

American colonies, the 13 British colonies that were established during the 17th and early 18th centuries in what is now a part of the eastern United States. The colonies grew both geographically along the Atlantic coast and westward and numerically to 13 from the time of their founding to the

history of Europe: Greeks: …expansion through the founding of colonies overseas. The coasts and islands of Anatolia were occupied from south to north by the Dorians, Ionians, and Aeolians, respectively. In addition, individual colonies were strung out around the shores of the Black Sea in the north and across the eastern Mediterranean to Naukratis…

angiosperm: Distribution and abundance: …has contributed to their successful colonization of more habitats than any other group of land plants. Gymnosperms (the nonflowering seed plants) are only woody plants with a few woody twining vines. There are few herbaceous or aquatic gymnosperms; most gymnosperms do not occur as swampy vegetation or in marine habitats.…

Herbert Eugene Bolton: Marshall on The Colonization of North America, 1492–1783, which emphasized non-English colonies and English colonies other than the original 13. His concept of the Americas was most fully expressed in his presidential speech to the American Historical Association in 1932, “The Epic of Greater America,” a critique of…

Colonna Family, noble Roman family of great antiquity and importance, descended from the 10th-century counts of Tusculum. The first to take the name Colonna (“de Columna”) was Piero, the son of Gregorio, Count of Tusculum, who on Gregorio’s death (c. 1064) received the castle of Colonna in the

Martin V was the pope from 1417 to 1431. A cardinal subdeacon who had helped organize the Council of Pisa in 1409, he was unanimously elected pope on Nov. 11, 1417, in a conclave held during the Council of Constance (1414–18), which had been called to end the Great Schism (1378–1417), a split in

Martin V was the pope from 1417 to 1431. A cardinal subdeacon who had helped organize the Council of Pisa in 1409, he was unanimously elected pope on Nov. 11, 1417, in a conclave held during the Council of Constance (1414–18), which had been called to end the Great Schism (1378–1417), a split in

Colonna Family: …first to take the name Colonna (“de Columna”) was Piero, the son of Gregorio, Count of Tusculum, who on Gregorio’s death (c. 1064) received the castle of Colonna in the Alban Hills, together with Palestrina and other places, as his share of the inheritance. Like other Roman families, the Colonna…

Boniface VIII: Boniface’s capture: …Nogaret, with the assistance of Sciarra Colonna—a bold member of the powerful family—and with the connivance of some of the cardinals, decided to capture the pope at Anagni, where the pope was spending the summer. In this he succeeded through the momentary complicity of the local leaders of the city…

Polenta Family: …chief magistrate, the papal official Stefano Colonna arrived in Ravenna to demand that the town surrender to his authority. Guido’s sons Lamberto and Bernardino imprisoned him, kindling a revolt against papal power in the Romagna. Elected chief magistrate of Ravenna from 1286 to 1290 and again in 1292 and 1293,…

Vittoria Colonna was an Italian noblewoman who was among the most popular and notable women writing poetry during the Renaissance. Born into nobility, Colonna married Ferdinando Francesco d’Avalos, marchese di Pescara, in 1509. Her husband seems to have spent most of their married life on military

Claude Perrault: …the final design of the Colonnade, a massive row of paired columns that rises above the unadorned first story and dominates the majestic east facade of the Louvre. Perrault claimed responsibility for this design, but it is now thought that he collaborated on it with Le Vau and d’Orbay and…

colonnade, row of columns generally supporting an entablature (row of horizontal moldings), used either as an independent feature (e.g., a covered walkway) or as part of a building (e.g., a porch or portico). The earliest colonnades appear in the temple architecture of antiquity, numerous examples

sigmoidoscopy: The colonoscope is a similar flexible fibre-optic scope that is longer and can reach the cecum, thus allowing evaluation of the entire colon. Its use requires that the patient be sedated because its passage through the entire colon is more uncomfortable. A rigid 25-cm sigmoidoscope is…

colonoscopy, a medical examination of the interior of the colon (large intestine), rectum, and anus, by the insertion of a narrow, flexible, lighted tube called a colonoscope. A tiny video camera on the end of the tube transmits images of the colon to an external monitor. A colonoscopy, which is a

colonus, tenant farmer of the late Roman Empire and the European Middle Ages. The coloni were drawn from impoverished small free farmers, partially emancipated slaves, and barbarians sent to work as agricultural labourers among landed proprietors. For the lands that they rented, they paid in money,

colony, in zoology, a group of organisms of one species that live and interact closely with each other. A colony differs from an aggregation, which is a group whose members have no interaction. Small, functionally specialized, attached organisms called polyps in cnidarians and zooids in bryozoans

colony, in Roman antiquity, a Roman settlement in conquered territory. The earliest colonies were coast-guard communities, each containing about 300 Roman citizens and their families. By 200 bc a system of such Roman maritime colonies maintained guard over the coasts throughout Italy. The Romans

Bishop Hill State Historic Site: …these are the Greek Revival-style Colony Church (1848), the village’s first permanent building; the Bjorklund Hotel (1852); and the Steeple Building (1854), which houses the Bishop Hill Heritage Museum. A new building (1988) features Olof Krans’s paintings chronicling daily life in the village. Several festivals are held annually to celebrate…

colony collapse disorder (CCD), disorder affecting honeybee colonies that is characterized by sudden colony death, with a lack of healthy adult bees inside the hive. Although the cause is not known, researchers suspect that multiple factors may be involved. The disorder appears to affect the adult

Canadian literature: Fiction: …Johnston depicts Newfoundland’s history in The Colony of Unrequited Dreams (1998), a novel based on the life of Joey Smallwood, the province’s dynamic first premier. In River Thieves (2001), Michael Crummey describes the extinction of the Beothuk, an indigenous people of Newfoundland, and Lisa Moore’s Alligator (2005) dissects lives in…

blood: Blood cells: …(glycoproteins), referred to collectively as colony-stimulating factors (CSFs). These factors are produced throughout the body. Even in minute amounts, CSFs can stimulate the division and differentiation of precursor cells into mature blood cells and thus exert powerful regulatory influences over the production of blood cells. A master colony-stimulating factor (multi-CSF),…

colophon, an inscription placed at the end of a book or manuscript and giving details of its publication—e.g., the name of the printer and the date of printing. Colophons are sometimes found in manuscripts and books made from the 6th century ce on. In medieval and Renaissance manuscripts, a

Colophon, ancient Ionian Greek city, located about 15 miles (24 km) northwest of Ephesus, in modern Turkey. It was a flourishing commercial city from the 8th to the 5th century bc with its harbour at Notium. Colophon was ruled by a timocracy (government based on wealth) and was famous for its

rosin, translucent, brittle, friable resin used for varnish and in manufacturing many products. It becomes sticky when warm and has a faint pinelike odour. Gum rosin consists of the residue obtained upon distillation of the oleoresin (a natural fluid) from pine trees (the volatile component is

rosin, translucent, brittle, friable resin used for varnish and in manufacturing many products. It becomes sticky when warm and has a faint pinelike odour. Gum rosin consists of the residue obtained upon distillation of the oleoresin (a natural fluid) from pine trees (the volatile component is

Zambezi River: Plant life: Mopane woodland (Colophospermum mopane) is predominant on the alluvial flats of the low-lying river valleys and is highly susceptible to fire. Grass, when present, is typically short and sparse. Forestland with species of the genus Baikiaea, found extensively on sandy interfluves between drainage channels, is…

sweet shrub: A beetle (Colopterus truncatus is the beetle that pollinates C. occidentalis) enters the flower and transfers pollen gathered from a flower it visited earlier to the stigma. After pollen is shed by the flower and lands on the beetle, the inner parts of the flower fold back…

Miguel de Cervantes: Publication of Don Quixote: El coloquio de los perros (“Colloquy of the Dogs,” Eng. trans. in Three Exemplary Novels [1952]), a quasi-picaresque novella, with its frame tale El casamiento engañoso (“The Deceitful Marriage”), is probably Cervantes’s most profound and original creation next to Don Quixote. In the 17th century…

colour, the aspect of any object that may be described in terms of hue, lightness, and saturation. In physics, colour is associated specifically with electromagnetic radiation of a certain range of wavelengths visible to the human eye. Radiation of such wavelengths constitutes that portion of the

food coloring: In the United States the Color Additives Amendments were passed in 1960. Among the colors that have been “delisted,” or disallowed, in the United States are FD&C Orange No. 1; FD&C Red No. 32; FD&C Yellows No. 1, 2, 3, and 4; FD&C Violet No. 1; and FD&C Reds No.…

Kwame Anthony Appiah: In Color Conscious: The Political Morality of Race (1996; with Amy Guttman), Appiah argued that the notion of biological race is conceptually problematic and criticized what he saw as the tendency to overstate the importance of race as a component of individual identity. The Ethics of…

color wheel: …colors is known as the color gamut. Although elementary school students are typically taught that the primary colors are red, yellow, and blue, there is in fact no set standard of primary colors; any three colors can be assigned as primary colors to create a color system. However, there are…

Martin Scorsese: Films of the 1980s: Raging Bull, The King of Comedy, and The Color of Money: The Color of Money (1986) was an adaptation of Walter Tevis’s sequel to his earlier novel The Hustler (1959, film 1961). “Fast Eddie” Felson (Paul Newman, reprising his Oscar-nominated role as a pool hustler) is now retired from competition. He smells raw talent in callow…

12 Contemporary Black Authors You Must Read: James McBride: …author with his first book, The Color of Water, a memoir of his white, Jewish mother. McBride went on to win a National Book Award for his novel The Good Lord Bird, which tells the story of an enslaved boy who joins the crusade of abolitionist John Brown. In order…

The Color Purple, novel by Alice Walker, published in 1982. It won a Pulitzer Prize in 1983, making Walker the first African American woman to win a Pulitzer for fiction. A feminist work about an abused and uneducated African American woman’s struggle for empowerment, The Color Purple was praised

Steven Spielberg: Commercial success: >The Color Purple (1985). The film explores an African American woman’s almost unbearably harsh, yet ultimately fulfilling, life. Color was roundly criticized for downplaying the novel’s lesbian element, for perpetuating stereotypes about black men, and for sentimentalizing life in the Deep South. Nevertheless, it found…

Alice Walker: The Color Purple: A film adaptation of the musical was released in 2023, featuring Fantasia Barrino, Taraji P. Henson, Colman Domingo, and Danielle Brooks.

colour vision, ability to distinguish among various wavelengths of light waves and to perceive the differences as differences in hue. The normal human eye can discriminate among hundreds of such bands of wavelengths as they are received by the colour-sensing cells (cones) of the retina. There are

color wheel, diagram used in the visual arts to represent the colors of the visible spectrum and their relationships to each other. The colors are arranged systematically in a circle, with each hue falling usually into one of three categories: primary, secondary, or intermediate. In fields such as