colour music, music intended for instrumental performance in conjunction with a simultaneous projection of changing colours onto a screen. It has its origins in the theory, prevalent in the Renaissance and systematically set forth by the 17th-century Jesuit music theorist and mathematician

The Colour of Magic, comic fantasy novel written by English author Terry Pratchett and published in 1983. It was the first of more than 40 volumes in his wildly popular Discworld series of satirical fantasy stories. The Colour of Magic is a collection of four stories set on Discworld, a flat planet

Céline Dion: Superstardom and My Heart Will Go On: With The Colour of My Love (1993), she scored another hit single (the soaring “The Power of Love”), and Falling into You (1996) earned two Grammys, including album of the year.

Sergey Yosifovich Paradzhanov: …further with Tsvet granata (1969; The Colour of Pomegranates, or Sayat Nova), in which he used ancient Armenian music to enhance symbolic episodes drawn from the colorful life of 18th-century Armenian poet Sayat-Nova. In 1974 he was tried on a range of charges, including homosexuality, currency offenses, and “dealing in…

illusion: Colour illusions: The normal human eye can detect about 130 gradations of colour in the visible spectrum (as in the rainbow), about 20 barely noticeable differences within a given colour, and about 500 variations of brightness. However, when two spots of equally bright light are…

technology of photography: Colour photography: Present-day colour photographic processes are tricolour systems, reproducing different colours that occur in nature by suitable combinations of three primary-coloured stimuli. Each of these primary colours—blue-violet, green, and red—covers roughly one-third of the visible spectrum. Tricolour impressions can be produced by

colour printing, process whereby illustrative material is reproduced in colour on the printed page. The four-colour process is used to produce a complete range of colours. In this process, the material to be reproduced is separated into three basic colours plus black, which is used for density and

motion-picture technology: Film processing and printing: This yields a color reversal intermediate (CRI) from which prints can be struck.

photoengraving: Colour scanners: Paralleling the development of the electromechanical engraving machine, experimenters in the United States and Europe independently devised a number of electromechanical devices that automatically produce, from a colour-transparency image, corrected film negatives from which the four printing plates used in full-colour reproduction can…

colour printing: …illustrative material is reproduced in colour on the printed page. The four-colour process is used to produce a complete range of colours. In this process, the material to be reproduced is separated into three basic colours plus black, which is used for density and image contrast. The basic colours are…

religious symbolism and iconography: Diagrammatic and emblematic: …religions a number of basic colours have at times different and sometimes even opposite meanings. White, for example, may signify joy and festivity or death and sadness. Red has the most pronounced symbolical value: it refers to the liturgical, priestly sphere and also to life and death. In Christianity, colour…

Sir Arthur Bliss: …singing vocalises (meaningless syllables), and A Colour Symphony (1922, revised 1932), whose four movements are intended to suggest the colours purple, red, blue, and green. Later, although he never abandoned experimentation, he began composing in classical forms, e.g., the quintets for oboe and strings and for clarinet and strings, the…

colour television, the electronic delivery of sound and moving colour images produced via the transmission of sound and colour signals from a source to a receiver. The technical standards for modern colour television were first established in the middle of the 20th century. Improvements have been

motion-picture technology: Light measurement: …also measurable in terms of color temperature. Light rich in red rays has a low reading in kelvins. Ordinary household light bulbs produce light of about 2,800 kelvins, while daylight, which is rich in rays from the blue end of the spectrum, may have readings from 5,000 to more than…

motion-picture technology: Light measurement: The color temperature meter uses a rotating filter to indicate a bias toward either red or blue; when red and blue rays are in balance, the needle does not move. Some meters also use red/blue and blue/green filters for fuller measurement.

language: General and specific designations: Colour words get their meanings from their mutual contrasts. The field of visually discriminable hues is very large and goes far beyond the resources of any vocabulary as it is normally used. Children learn the central or basic colour words of their language fairly early…

colour vision, ability to distinguish among various wavelengths of light waves and to perceive the differences as differences in hue. The normal human eye can discriminate among hundreds of such bands of wavelengths as they are received by the colour-sensing cells (cones) of the retina. There are

color wheel, diagram used in the visual arts to represent the colors of the visible spectrum and their relationships to each other. The colors are arranged systematically in a circle, with each hue falling usually into one of three categories: primary, secondary, or intermediate. In fields such as

Rose Tremain: …won a Whitbread Book Award; The Colour (2003); The Road Home (2007), winner of the Orange Broadband Prize for Fiction (later called the Women’s Prize for Fiction); The Gustav Sonata (2016); and Islands of Mercy (2020). She also wrote the short-story collections Evangelista’s Fan, & Other Stories (1994) and

color-field painting, with Action painting, one of two major strains of the 20th-century art movement known as Abstract Expressionism or the New York school. The term typically describes large-scale canvases dominated by flat expanses of color and having a minimum of surface detail. Color-field

illusion: Synesthesia: For example, “colour-hearing,” in which people say that specific sounds evoke in them the actual experience of certain colours, is relatively frequent. Some musicians and others report that they see particular colours whenever they hear given tones and musical passages; poets sometimes claim to hear sounds or…

railroad: Types of signals: …to be superseded by the colour-light signal, which uses powerful electric lights to display its aspects. These are usually red, green, and yellow, either singly or in simultaneous display of two colours. The different colours are obtained either by rotating appropriate roundels or colour filters in front of a single…

colour–magnitude diagram, in astronomy, graph showing the relation between the absolute magnitudes (brightnesses) of stars and their colours, which are closely related to their temperatures and spectral types. It is similar to the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram except that the latter plots spectral

coloration, in biology, the general appearance of an organism as determined by the quality and quantity of light that is reflected or emitted from its surfaces. Coloration depends upon several factors: the colour and distribution of the organism’s biochromes (pigments), particularly the relative

Coloured, a person of mixed European (“white”) and African (“Black”) or Asian ancestry, as officially defined by the South African apartheid government from 1950 to 1991. Individuals assigned to this classification originated primarily from 18th- and 19th-century unions between men of higher and

cement: Types of portland cement: Coloured cements are made by grinding 5 to 10 percent of suitable pigments with white or ordinary gray portland cement. Air-entraining cements are made by the addition on grinding of a small amount, about 0.05 percent, of an organic agent that causes the entrainment of…

illusion: Synesthesia: For example, “colour-hearing,” in which people say that specific sounds evoke in them the actual experience of certain colours, is relatively frequent. Some musicians and others report that they see particular colours whenever they hear given tones and musical passages; poets sometimes claim to hear sounds or…

noise: Coloured noise refers to noise that may contain a wide audible spectrum but shows a greater intensity in a narrow band of frequencies. An example is “whistling” wind.

dye: Standardization tests and identification of dyes: Colourfastness tests are published by the International Organization for Standardization. For identification purposes, the results of systematic reaction sequences and solubility properties permit determination of the class of dye, which, in many cases, may be all that is required. With modern instrumentation, however, a variety…

colorimetry, measurement of the wavelength and the intensity of electromagnetic radiation in the visible region of the spectrum. It is used extensively for identification and determination of concentrations of substances that absorb light. Two fundamental laws are applied: that of a French

crayon: …two types of crayons: the colouring crayon and the chalk crayon.

photoengraving: Colourplate production: The first printed colour work was produced manually; artists painted in the necessary colours on black-and-white printed sheets. Later, stencils were used to speed this work, and in a further development, colours were printed, either as solids or tints, from hand-engraved plates. All…

Himalayan, breed of domestic cat with the colouring of the Siamese and the build and coat of the longhair, or Persian. The Himalayan is produced by matings between Siamese and longhairs followed by selected breeding of the offspring to bring out the proper colouring, coat, and build. A good

cephalic disorder: Colpocephaly: Colpocephaly is the enlargement of the occipital horns, which are located at the posterior (rear) end of the lateral ventricles and protrude into the occipital lobe at the back of the brain. Their enlargement is due to insufficient development of the posterior cerebrum (the…

trichostome: The freshwater genus Colpoda, widely studied experimentally, divides only while encysted. The parasitic forms include the genus Balantidium (q.v.), which infests the intestines of many animals and, in rare cases, may cause a severe type of human dysentery; another genus (Isotricha) lives in the stomachs of cattle and…

colposcopy: …lighted magnifying instrument called a colposcope. Colposcopy is used when the Papanicolaou test (or Pap smear; cervicovaginal cytology) suggests the possibility of cancer of the uterine cervix. It helps to detect precancerous abnormalities and identifies in which areas a biopsy should be performed for a definitive diagnosis to be made.

colposcopy, medical examination of the epithelial tissues of the cervix, vagina, and vulva with a special lighted magnifying instrument called a colposcope. Colposcopy is used when the Papanicolaou test (or Pap smear; cervicovaginal cytology) suggests the possibility of cancer of the uterine

palm: Characteristic morphological features: …swellings or “bellies” such as Colpothrinax, it is due to an increase in number or size of internal cells and not to new cell production at a cambium, or growing, layer. The cortex, or “bark,” may be smooth or rough, and it is sometimes fiercely armed with spines or covered…

British Surrealism: …continental Surrealism, Indian-born British artist Ithell Colquhoun went on to invent a number of other techniques, including entoptic graphomania (dots made on or around blemishes on a blank sheet of paper; lines are then made to join the dots together) and parsemage (an automatic technique in which dust from charcoal…

police: The development of professional policing in England: The Scottish economist Patrick Colquhoun, rightly considered the architect of modern policing, provided theoretical support for police reforms in A Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis (1796), in which he applied business principles to police administration. Colquhoun also wrote A Treatise on the Functions and Duties of…

ship: International conventions: …for example, have adopted the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (known as COLREGS). These were originally based on British rules formulated in 1862 and made internationally effective after a series of international meetings culminating in a conference at Washington, D.C., in 1889. The rules specify in great detail…

E. Howard Hunt: In 1971, Charles Colson recruited Hunt as a consultant for Nixon’s special investigations unit. In that capacity, Hunt masterminded the burglary of the Beverly Hills office of the psychiatrist treating Daniel Ellsberg, who had released the classified documents later known as the Pentagon Papers on the Vietnam…

E. Howard Hunt: In 1971, Charles Colson recruited Hunt as a consultant for Nixon’s special investigations unit. In that capacity, Hunt masterminded the burglary of the Beverly Hills office of the psychiatrist treating Daniel Ellsberg, who had released the classified documents later known as the Pentagon Papers on the Vietnam…

Bellecour was a playwright who also was one of the leading comic actors of the Comédie-Française (q.v.). The son of a portraitist, he was a painter in his youth, while concurrently appearing in various amateur theatrical productions. His success on stage caused him to set aside painting and become

Patrick Chan: …the guidance of prominent coach Osborne Colson, Chan won national titles at the prenovice (2003), novice (2004), and junior (2005) levels. Following Colson’s death in 2006, Chan trained under a number of different coaches, including Don Laws and Christy Krall. In 2007 he capped off his junior career by winning…

horse: Form and function: …foals; male foals are called colts and females fillies.

Samuel Colt: 45-calibre Peacemaker model, introduced in 1873, became the most-famous sidearm of the American West.

Houston Astros, American professional baseball team based in Houston that has won two World Series titles (2017 and 2022). The Astros play in the American League (AL) but were members of the National League (NL) for the first 51 seasons of the team’s existence and won an NL pennant in 2005 in

Texas Rangers: They made the six-shooter (the Colt revolver) the weapon of the West, and at their peak in the 1870s they effectively brought law and order to hundreds of miles of Texas frontier. Although their importance declined in the 20th century, the Rangers have assumed a prominent position in Texas legend…

Samuel Colt was an American firearms inventor, manufacturer, and entrepreneur who popularized the revolver. As a teenaged seaman, Colt carved a wooden model of a revolving cylinder mechanism, and he later perfected a working version that was patented in England and France in 1835 and in the United

endangered species: Human beings and endangered species: …from the unregulated exploitation of coltan (the rare ore for tantalum used in consumer electronics products such as mobile phones and computers) in Kahuzi-Beiga National Park, one of the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s premier forest parks. The park is also home to much of the population of the threatened…

John Colter was an American trapper-explorer, the first white man to have seen and described (1807) what is now Yellowstone National Park. Colter was a member of Lewis and Clark’s company from 1803 to 1806. In 1807 he joined Manuel Lisa’s trapping party, and it was Lisa who sent him on a mission to

Italian literature: Poetry: …agriculture and rustic life called La coltivazione (1546).

Gardner Quincy Colton was an American anesthetist and inventor who was among the first to utilize the anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide in medical practice. After a dentist suggested the use of the gas as an anesthetic, Colton safely used it in extracting thousands of teeth. As he was studying

Joseph Hansen was an American writer, author of a series of crime novels featuring the homosexual insurance investigator and detective Dave Brandstetter. Hansen, who also wrote under the pseudonyms Rose Brock and James Colton, began his career as an editor, novelist, and journalist in the 1960s. He

Catherine Helen Spence: Advocating for women’s right to vote and other social issues: …led by Mary Lee and Mary Colton, two key drivers of the women’s suffrage movement. The organization was instrumental to securing passage of the Constitutional Amendment (Adult Suffrage) Act in December 1894 in the South Australian Parliament; the law enabled all citizens of South Australia to vote, which meant that…

John Coltrane was an American jazz saxophonist, bandleader, and composer, an iconic figure of 20th-century jazz. Coltrane’s first musical influence was his father, a tailor and part-time musician. John studied clarinet and alto saxophone as a youth and then moved to Philadelphia in 1943 and

John Coltrane was an American jazz saxophonist, bandleader, and composer, an iconic figure of 20th-century jazz. Coltrane’s first musical influence was his father, a tailor and part-time musician. John studied clarinet and alto saxophone as a youth and then moved to Philadelphia in 1943 and

Chicago Cubs, American professional baseball team that plays its home games at Chicago’s Wrigley Field. Despite limited success, the Cubs have one of the most loyal fan bases and are among the most popular franchises in baseball. The Cubs play in the National League (NL) and have won three World

racer: …belong to a single species, Coluber constrictor, and several species of the genus Elaphe in Southeast Asia are called racers. Blue racers are the central and western North American subspecies of C. constrictor; they are plain bluish, greenish blue, gray, or brownish, sometimes with yellow bellies. The eastern subspecies is…

coachwhip, (Masticophis, sometimes Coluber, flagellum), nonvenomous snake of the family Colubridae that ranges from the southern half of the United States to west central Mexico. It averages 1.2 metres (4 feet) long, but it is occasionally twice that length. It is slender, and its tail is marked

colubrid, any member of the most common family of snakes, Colubridae, characterized by the complete absence of hind limbs, the absence or considerable reduction of the left lung, and the lack of teeth on the premaxilla and usually having a loose facial structure, relatively few head scales, and

colubrid, any member of the most common family of snakes, Colubridae, characterized by the complete absence of hind limbs, the absence or considerable reduction of the left lung, and the lack of teeth on the premaxilla and usually having a loose facial structure, relatively few head scales, and

flying lemur, (family Cynocephalidae), either of the two species of primitive gliding mammals classified in the family Cynocephalidae and found only in Southeast Asia and on some of the Philippine Islands. Flying lemurs resemble large flying squirrels, as they are arboreal climbers and gliders that

Padraic Colum was an Irish-born American poet whose lyrics capture the traditions and folklore of rural Ireland. Influenced by the literary activity of the Celtic revival centred in Dublin at the turn of the century, Colum published the collection of poetry Wild Earth (1907). He cofounded The Irish

St. Columba ; feast day June 9) is an Irish saint who is credited with having had a main role in the conversion of Scotland to Christianity in the 6th century. He is a patron saint of Scotland and one of the three patron saints of Ireland, along with St. Patrick and St. Brigid. He is also revered

Columba, constellation in the southern sky at about 6 hours right ascension and 35° south in declination. Its brightest star is Alpha Columbae (sometimes called Phact, from the Arabic for “ring dove”), with a magnitude of 2.6. In 1612 Dutch cartographer Petrus Plancius introduced this constellation

Hans Memling: …of Rogier’s last masterpiece, the Columba Altarpiece (1460–64), is especially noticeable. Some scholars believe that Memling himself may have had a hand in the production of this late work while still in Rogier’s studio. He also imitated Rogier’s compositions in numerous representations of the half-length Madonna and Child, often including…

pigeon: The rock dove is typically dull in colour—gray and white rump and two large black wing bars; this Eurasian species nests above 5,000 feet (1,525 metres) in Asia. It has been domesticated and selectively bred since 3000 bce with the production of numerous colour variants and…

columbiform: General habits: stock dove (C. oenas) of Europe rarely take green vegetation, do not feed in trees, and so are examples of the trend toward complete ground feeding. These doves subsist almost entirely on seeds collected from low herbage or the ground. In winter such food sources…

wood pigeon, (species Columba palumbus), bird of the subfamily Columbinae (in the pigeon family, Columbidae), found from the forested areas of Europe, North Africa, and western Asia east to the mountains of Sikkim state in India. It is about 40 cm (16 inches) long, grayish with a white collar and

St. Columba ; feast day June 9) is an Irish saint who is credited with having had a main role in the conversion of Scotland to Christianity in the 6th century. He is a patron saint of Scotland and one of the three patron saints of Ireland, along with St. Patrick and St. Brigid. He is also revered

Saint Columban ; feast day November 23) was an abbot and writer, one of the greatest missionaries of the Celtic church, who initiated a revival of spirituality on the European continent. Educated in the monastery of Bangor, County Down, Columban left Ireland about 590 with 12 monks (including

Saint Columban ; feast day November 23) was an abbot and writer, one of the greatest missionaries of the Celtic church, who initiated a revival of spirituality on the European continent. Educated in the monastery of Bangor, County Down, Columban left Ireland about 590 with 12 monks (including

columbarium, sepulchral building containing many small niches for cinerary urns. The term is derived from the Latin columba (“dove,” or “pigeon”), and it originally referred to a pigeon house or dovecote. It later acquired its more common meaning by association. Columbaria were common during the

gastropod: Classification: …lost the mechanisms for boring; dove shells (Columbellidae), mud snails (Nassariidae), tulip shells (Fasciolariidae), whelks (Buccinidae), and crown conchs (Galeodidae) mainly cool-water species; but dove and tulip shells have many tropical representatives. Superfamily Volutacea

Columbia, city, seat (1807) of Maury county, central Tennessee, U.S. It lies along the Duck River, 43 miles (69 km) southwest of Nashville. Founded as the seat of newly created Maury county in 1807, Columbia developed as an agricultural centre in a region of fertile farmland. It survived floods and

Latin American dance: Cuba: >columbia. Before the dance section of each form, a diana, or sung prelude, establishes the mood: romantic, erotic, or competitive. Yambú is a dance in which a single couple slowly and respectfully dances within a circle created by the conga drummers, singers, waiting dancers, and…

lamp: Electric lamps: …May 1880 on the steamship Columbia. In 1881 a New York City factory was lighted with Edison’s system, and the commercial success of the incandescent lamp was quickly established.

Apollo 11: …first turning the command module, Columbia, and its attached service module around and then extracting the lunar module from its resting place above the Saturn’s third stage. On their arrival the astronauts slowed the spacecraft so that it would go into lunar orbit. Apollo 11 entered first an elliptical orbit…

Columbia, planned community in Howard county, central Maryland, U.S. It lies southwest of Baltimore and northeast of Washington, D.C. Designed by real-estate developer James Rouse—who had in the 1950s pioneered the enclosed shopping malls that later became a ubiquitous feature of the suburban

Columbia, city, seat (1819) of Marion county, southern Mississippi, U.S. It lies on a bluff along the Pearl River, about 80 miles (130 km) south-southeast of Jackson. The site was settled as a river port in the early 1800s, and for several months in 1821 it served as the state capital. It thrived

Columbia, city, seat of Boone county, near the Missouri River, central Missouri, U.S., midway between St. Louis and Kansas City. It was originally established (1819) as Smithton, but an inadequate water supply forced its move in 1821, when it was laid out and renamed Columbia. The rerouting of

Columbia, county, southeastern New York state, U.S., bordered by Massachusetts to the east and the Hudson River to the west. The land rises from the Hudson valley to the Taconic Range along the Massachusetts border. Forests comprise a mix of northern hardwoods. Waterways include Kinderhook,

Columbia, county, east-central Pennsylvania, U.S. It consists of a mountainous region mostly in the Appalachian Ridge and Valley physiographic province and bisected east-west by the Susquehanna River. Other waterways include Little Fishing, Fishing, Huntington, Roaring, Catawissa, and South Branch

Columbia, borough (town), Lancaster county, southeastern Pennsylvania, U.S. It lies along the Susquehanna River, 12 miles (19 km) west of Lancaster. The site was settled (1726) by John Wright, a Quaker missionary to the Native Americans, who bought land and became a ferryman and judge. Known as

Cincinnati, city, seat of Hamilton county, southwestern Ohio, U.S. It lies along the Ohio River opposite the suburbs of Covington and Newport, Kentucky, 15 miles (24 km) east of the Indiana border and about 50 miles (80 km) southwest of Dayton. Cincinnati is Ohio’s third largest city, after

Columbia, city, capital of South Carolina, U.S., and seat (1799) of Richland county. It lies in the centre of the state on the east bank of the Congaree River at the confluence of the Broad and Saluda rivers. Its history dates from 1786, when the legislature ordered a town laid out on the site to

Vance Brand: …1982), on which the shuttle Columbia first launched two satellites into orbit. On his third space mission, Brand was commander of the Challenger space shuttle (STS-41-B; February 3–11, 1984). Although this trip was plagued by several malfunctions and two communications satellites were misdirected, Bruce McCandless’s performance of the first space…

United States: The Western Intermontane Region: The third intermontane region, the Columbia Basin, is literally the last, for in some parts its rocks are still being formed. Its entire area is underlain by innumerable tabular lava flows that have flooded the basin between the Cascades and Northern Rockies to undetermined depths. The volume of lava must…

CBS Corporation, major American mass-media company that operates the CBS national television network and that includes the Simon & Schuster publishing groups and the Showtime cable network, among other holdings. The company was incorporated in 1927 as United Independent Broadcasters, Inc. Its name

Columbia: …South Carolina (chartered in 1801), Columbia College (1854; Methodist), Columbia International University (1923; nondenominational Christian), Lutheran Theological Southern Seminary (1830), Benedict College (1870; Baptist), Allen University (1870; African Methodist Episcopal), and Midlands Technical College (1963). The Town Theatre, Columbia’s little-theatre organization, has operated continuously since

Columbia University, major private institution of higher education in New York, New York, U.S. It is one of the eight Ivy League schools, widely regarded for their high academic standards, selectivity in admissions, and social prestige. Founded in 1754 as King’s College, it was renamed Columbia

Mount Rainier: …Liberty Cap, Point Success, and Columbia Crest (the latter is the summit, located on the rim of the caldera). Rainier is noted for dense stands of coniferous trees on its lower slopes, scenic subalpine and alpine meadows—with a profusion of wildflowers during the warmer months—waterfalls and lakes, and an abundance…

Columbia disaster, breakup of the U.S. space shuttle orbiter Columbia on February 1, 2003. The disaster claimed the lives of all seven astronauts on board just minutes before it was to land at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Columbia, which had made the shuttle program’s first flight into

Columbia Encyclopedia, highly regarded one-volume encyclopaedia, international in scope and useful for quick location of accurate information. The encyclopaedia was first published in 1935 and underwent major revisions in 1950 and 1963. The fourth edition, published in 1975 under the title The New

Columbia Encyclopedia, highly regarded one-volume encyclopaedia, international in scope and useful for quick location of accurate information. The encyclopaedia was first published in 1935 and underwent major revisions in 1950 and 1963. The fourth edition, published in 1975 under the title The New

glacier: Flow of mountain glaciers: The lower reach of Columbia Glacier in southern Alaska, for instance, flows between 20 and 30 metres (66 and 100 feet) per day, almost entirely by sliding. Such a high sliding rate occurs because the glacier, by terminating in the ocean, must have a subglacial water pressure high enough…

music recording: Teaching: In 1930 the Columbia History of Music by Ear and Eye, a phonographic survey that became popular in music history classes, enabled many students—as well as many of their teachers—to hear for the first time such instruments as viols, lutes, virginals, clavichords, and harpsichords together with the then…

Rick Scott: In 1988 Scott founded the Columbia Hospital Corporation, which operated a chain of for-profit hospitals. Under Scott’s leadership, the company quickly expanded. In 1994 it merged with the Hospital Corporation of America (HCA) to form Columbia/HCA Healthcare Corporation, and Scott became the company’s chairman and chief executive officer. The company…