Columbia Icefield, largest ice field in the Rocky Mountains, astride the British Columbia–Alberta border, Canada. Lying partially within Jasper National Park, it is one of the most accessible expanses of glacial ice in North America. It forms a high-elevation ice cap on a flat-lying plateau that

Columbia Plateau, geographic region, northwestern United States. It forms part of the intermontane plateaus and is bordered east by the Northern Rocky Mountains and west by the Sierra Nevada–Cascade region. The plateau covers an area of about 100,000 square miles (260,000 square km) in Washington,

Columbia: …1801), Columbia College (1854; Methodist), Columbia International University (1923; nondenominational Christian), Lutheran Theological Southern Seminary (1830), Benedict College (1870; Baptist), Allen University (1870; African Methodist Episcopal), and Midlands Technical College (1963). The Town Theatre, Columbia’s little-theatre organization, has operated continuously since 1919. The Columbia Museum of Art houses a collection…

Columbia Mountains, range in southeastern British Columbia, Canada, that is bounded by the Rocky Mountain Trench (east), the Columbia River (south), the Interior Plateau (west), and the Fraser River (north). The Columbia Mountains parallel the Canadian Rockies, of which they are sometimes

Kennewick: ” Kennewick’s Columbia Park was the site of the discovery, in July 1996, of human remains that have been determined to be about 9,400 years old. The skull was long and narrow, suggesting European, rather than Asian, descent. This characteristic touched off a scholarly debate about the…

CBS Corporation, major American mass-media company that operates the CBS national television network and that includes the Simon & Schuster publishing groups and the Showtime cable network, among other holdings. The company was incorporated in 1927 as United Independent Broadcasters, Inc. Its name

Columbia Pictures Entertainment, Inc., American motion-picture studio that became a major Hollywood studio under its longtime president, Harry Cohn. Columbia originated in 1920 when Cohn, Joe Brandt, and Harry’s brother Jack Cohn founded the C.B.C. Sales Film Corporation to produce shorts and

Columbia Pictures Entertainment, Inc., American motion-picture studio that became a major Hollywood studio under its longtime president, Harry Cohn. Columbia originated in 1920 when Cohn, Joe Brandt, and Harry’s brother Jack Cohn founded the C.B.C. Sales Film Corporation to produce shorts and

Columbia Pictures Entertainment, Inc., American motion-picture studio that became a major Hollywood studio under its longtime president, Harry Cohn. Columbia originated in 1920 when Cohn, Joe Brandt, and Harry’s brother Jack Cohn founded the C.B.C. Sales Film Corporation to produce shorts and

Columbia Plateau, geographic region, northwestern United States. It forms part of the intermontane plateaus and is bordered east by the Northern Rocky Mountains and west by the Sierra Nevada–Cascade region. The plateau covers an area of about 100,000 square miles (260,000 square km) in Washington,

Columbia Records: Folk-Rock Fulcrum: Columbia was the slowest of the major labels to realize that the youth market was not going to disappear, but by the end of the 1960s it had become the most aggressive company in pursuing that audience. Having previously had no substantial rock-and-roll star (apart…

Columbia was the slowest of the major labels to realize that the youth market was not going to disappear, but by the end of the 1960s it had become the most aggressive company in pursuing that audience. Having previously had no substantial rock-and-roll star (apart from belatedly signing Dion at

Columbia River, largest river flowing into the Pacific Ocean from North America. It is exceeded in discharge on the continent only by the Mississippi, St. Lawrence, and Mackenzie rivers. The Columbia is one of the world’s greatest sources of hydroelectric power and, with its tributaries, represents

Astoria Bridge, truss bridge spanning the mouth of the Columbia River between the states of Oregon and Washington, western United States. It was designed by William A. Bugee and at its completion in 1966, it was the longest continuous-truss bridge in the world. The bridge, stretching from Astoria,

Multnomah Falls: …lower falls plunge into the Columbia River Gorge and have a combined height of 850 feet (260 metres), with a single drop of 620 feet (190 metres), making Multnomah Falls one of the highest year-round waterfalls in the United States.

Multnomah Falls: …which are part of the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, are located near the Columbia River Highway about 9 miles (14 km) west-southwest of Bonneville. The scenic upper and lower falls plunge into the Columbia River Gorge and have a combined height of 850 feet (260 metres), with a…

Columbia River Treaty, (Jan. 17, 1961), agreement between Canada and the United States to develop and share waterpower and storage facilities on the Columbia River. The treaty called for the United States to build Libby Dam in northern Montana and for Canada to build dams at three locations in

Columbia University, major private institution of higher education in New York, New York, U.S. It is one of the eight Ivy League schools, widely regarded for their high academic standards, selectivity in admissions, and social prestige. Founded in 1754 as King’s College, it was renamed Columbia

Ellesmere Island: Cape Columbia, at latitude 83°07′ N, is the most northerly point of Canada, and Barbeau Peak, at an elevation of 8,583 feet (2,616 metres), is the highest point in Nunavut. Settlements, all quite small, include Eureka, Grise Ford (Aujuittuq), and Alert, a weather station and…

Washington, D.C., city and capital of the United States of America. It is coextensive with the District of Columbia (the city is often referred to as simply D.C.) and is located on the northern shore of the Potomac River at the river’s navigation head—that is, the transshipment point between

Alberta: Relief, drainage, and soils: Mount Columbia (12,294 feet [3,747 metres]) in the Rocky Mountains is Alberta’s highest point, and numerous other peaks exceed 11,000 feet (3,350 metres). A narrow foothill zone flanks the mountains to the east. Beyond that, the interior plains fall from over 3,000 feet (900 metres)…

columbiad, any of certain epics recounting the European settlement and growth of the United States. It may have been derived from La Colombiade, ou la foi portée au nouveau monde, a poem by the French author Marie-Anne Fiquet de Boccage. A relatively well-known example is The Columbiad (1807; an

columbiad: A relatively well-known example is The Columbiad (1807; an extensive revision of The Vision of Columbus, 1787) by Joel Barlow.

The George Washington University, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Washington, D.C., U.S. It consists of the Columbian College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the Elliott School of International Affairs, the National Law Center, the School of Medicine and Health

dictionary: From 1604 to 1828: …by Caleb Alexander, was called The Columbian Dictionary of the English Language (1800) and on the title page claimed that “many new words, peculiar to the United States,” were inserted. It received abuse from critics who were not yet ready for the inclusion of American words.

Columbian Exchange, the largest part of a more general process of biological globalization that followed the transoceanic voyaging of the 15th and 16th centuries. Ecological provinces that had been torn apart by continental drift millions of years ago were suddenly reunited by oceanic shipping,

Columbian Exchange: Crosby’s 1972 book, which divided the exchange into three categories: diseases, animals, and plants.

World’s Columbian Exposition, fair held in 1893 in Chicago, Illinois, to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus’s voyage to America. In the United States there had been a spirited competition for this exposition among the country’s leading cities. Chicago was chosen in part because

Field Museum, museum in Chicago, Illinois, U.S., established in 1893 as the Columbian Museum of Chicago with a gift from Marshall Field, from whom in 1905 it derived its present name. It was established to house the anthropological and biological collections of the 1893 World’s Columbian

pigeon, any of several hundred species of birds constituting the family Columbidae (order Columbiformes). Smaller forms are usually called doves, larger forms pigeons. An exception is the white domestic pigeon, the symbol known as the “dove of peace.” Pigeons occur worldwide except in the coldest

columbiform, (order Columbiformes), any member of the group of birds that contains the pigeons, doves, dodoes, and solitaires. The order Columbiformes is divided into the Raphidae, a family of extinct birds that embraces the dodo and the two species of solitaires, and the Columbidae, a family made

columbiform, (order Columbiformes), any member of the group of birds that contains the pigeons, doves, dodoes, and solitaires. The order Columbiformes is divided into the Raphidae, a family of extinct birds that embraces the dodo and the two species of solitaires, and the Columbidae, a family made

pigeon: The Columbinae, the typical, or true, pigeons, consists of about 175 species in about 30 genera. These often gregarious seed and fruit eaters are found worldwide in temperate and tropical regions. Some are ground feeders, others feed partly or wholly in trees. They are generally coloured…

columbine, (genus Aquilegia), genus of nearly 100 species of perennial herbaceous plants of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) native to Europe and North America. Several species of columbines and a number of hybrids are cultivated for their attractive flowers. Columbines are distinctive for

Columbine, stock theatrical character that originated about 1530 in Italian commedia dell’arte as a saucy and adroit servant girl; her Italian name means “Little Dove.” Her costume included a cap and apron but seldom a commedia mask, and she usually spoke in the Tuscan dialect. In French theatre

Columbine High School shootings, mass shooting that occurred on April 20, 1999, at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, leaving 14 dead, not including the two students responsible for the attack. It was one of the deadliest school shooting incidents in American history. The shootings were

Air Force One: Air Force One enters the jet age: (The Columbine I had been Dwight D. Eisenhower’s personal transport when he was in the army.) According to popular lore, the call sign Air Force One was first invoked by the pilot of the Columbine II during a flight to Florida, when he was concerned that…

Air Force One: Air Force One enters the jet age: …VC-121E, it was christened the Columbine II—the columbine being the official flower of Colorado, the adopted home state of Mamie Eisenhower. (The Columbine I had been Dwight D. Eisenhower’s personal transport when he was in the army.) According to popular lore, the call sign Air Force One was first invoked…

columbite, hard, black (often iridescent), heavy oxide mineral of iron, manganese, and niobium, (Fe, Mn)Nb2O6. Tantalum atoms replace niobium atoms in the crystal structure to form the mineral tantalite, which is similar but much more dense. These minerals are the most abundant and widespread of

niobium (Nb), chemical element, refractory metal of Group 5 (Vb) of the periodic table, used in alloys, tools and dies, and superconductive magnets. Niobium is closely associated with tantalum in ores and in properties. Due to the great chemical similarity of niobium and tantalum, the establishment

Peter Falk: …Columbo in the television series Columbo (1971–78) and made-for-TV movies.

Columbus, city, seat (1857) of Platte county, eastern Nebraska, U.S., on the Loup River near its confluence with the Platte, about 85 miles (135 km) west of Omaha. Pawnee, Omaha, and Oto Indians were early inhabitants of the area. Columbus was founded in 1856 on the proposed railroad route by

space station: The International Space Station: …ports for a European laboratory, Columbus, and a Japanese laboratory, Kibo. In February 2008 Columbus was mounted on Harmony’s starboard side. Columbus was Europe’s first long-duration crewed space laboratory and contained experiments in such fields as biology and fluid dynamics. In the following month an improved variant of the Ariane…

Columbus, city (since 1971 consolidated with Muscogee county), western Georgia, U.S., at the head of navigation on the Chattahoochee River, opposite Phenix City, Alabama. Founded in 1828 and carved out of the wilderness, it had by 1840 become a leading inland cotton port with a thriving textile

Columbus, city, Bartholomew county, south-central Indiana, U.S., on the East Fork White River, 43 miles (70 km) south of Indianapolis. Founded in 1821 as the county seat, it was named Tiptona for General John Tipton, who had given the land to the county, but a month later it was renamed Columbus. A

Columbus, city, seat (1830) of Lowndes county, eastern Mississippi, U.S., on the Tombigbee River, about 90 miles (145 km) north of Meridian, near the Alabama border. Settled as a trading post (1817), it was known until 1821 as Possum Town. In 1822 or 1823 the Cotton Plant first docked in Columbus,

Columbus, city, Franklin, Fairfield, and Delaware counties, capital (1816) of Ohio, U.S., and seat (1824) of Franklin county. It is situated in the central part of the state on the relatively flat Ohio till plain, at the junction of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers. Columbus is at the centre of a

European Space Agency: With the launching of the Columbus laboratory on the International Space Station in 2008, ESA became a full partner in the operation of the station. In 2009 ESA launched Planck, a satellite that is designed to study the cosmic microwave background, and Herschel, an infrared observatory that is the largest…

Columbus Blue Jackets, American professional ice hockey team based in Columbus, Ohio, that plays in the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The Blue Jackets joined the NHL in 2000 alongside fellow expansion team the Minnesota Wild. The franchise’s nickname, the product of a

Columbus Day, in the United States, a holiday (originally observed on October 12; since 1971 observed on the second Monday in October) to commemorate the landing of Christopher Columbus in the Americas on October 12, 1492. Although his explorations were financed by Ferdinand and Isabella, joint

Christopher Columbus: The fourth voyage and final years of Christopher Columbus: …have been interred in the Columbus Lighthouse (Faro a Colón).

Reform Judaism: …of Reform rabbis issued the Columbus (Ohio) Platform, supporting the use of traditional customs and ceremonies and the liturgical use of Hebrew. In the late 20th century the Central Conference of American Rabbis continued to debate how best to continue the spirit of the Reform movement. It issued several new…

In need of supplies during the Mexican Revolution, Francisco “Pancho” Villa led his men in a raid across the border into the United States, at Columbus, New Mexico, on March 8, 1916. The raid quickly escalated into a full-scale battle when they encountered the town’s U.S. Army garrison. After

Columbus: The contemporary city: The Columbus Zoo, located in the northwest near Dublin, is one of the country’s most renowned zoos. Area reservoirs (including Griggs, O’Shaughnessy, and Hoover) are also popular recreational venues, as is Alum Creek State Park north of the city. Scioto Downs and Beulah Park have horse…

Bartholomew Columbus was an Italian explorer, brother of Christopher Columbus, accomplished cartographer and cosmographer, and probably collaborator on his brother’s project to sail around the world. In 1484, according to tradition, he visited Henry VII of England and gave him a map of the world,

In need of supplies during the Mexican Revolution, Francisco “Pancho” Villa led his men in a raid across the border into the United States, at Columbus, New Mexico, on March 8, 1916. The raid quickly escalated into a full-scale battle when they encountered the town’s U.S. Army garrison. After

In need of supplies during the Mexican Revolution, Francisco “Pancho” Villa led his men in a raid across the border into the United States, at Columbus, New Mexico, on March 8, 1916. The raid quickly escalated into a full-scale battle when they encountered the town’s U.S. Army garrison. After

Macaulay Culkin: Early life and work: …John Hughes and directed by Chris Columbus, sees Kevin first reveling in having the house all to himself, indulging in all sorts of activities that he had not been allowed to do, and then, once he realizes that two thieves have targeted his house, he rallies an impressive and creative…

Christopher Columbus was a master navigator and admiral whose four transatlantic voyages (1492–93, 1493–96, 1498–1500, and 1502–04) opened the way for European exploration, exploitation, and colonization of the Americas. He has long been called the “discoverer” of the New World, although Vikings

Diego Columbus was the eldest son of Christopher Columbus and viceroy of the Indies for 15 years, who spent most of his life in legal battles to secure the Columbus claims. When his father undertook the great voyage of discovery in 1492, Diego was made a page at the Spanish court. After his

Christopher Columbus: Written sources: …attributed to Columbus’s younger son, Ferdinand, who traveled with the admiral. Further light is thrown upon the explorations by the so-called Pleitos de Colón, judicial documents concerning Columbus’s disputed legacy. A more recent discovery is a copybook that purportedly contains five narrative letters and two personal ones from Columbus, all…

Diego Columbus: His son Luis was to receive the title admiral of the Indies but would renounce all other rights in return for a perpetual annuity of 10,000 ducats, the island of Jamaica in fief, and an estate of 25 square leagues on the Isthmus of Panama with the…

Swedish literature: The 17th century: …followers included the two brothers Columbus, one of whom, Samuel, wrote Odae sueticae (1674; “Swedish Odes”) as well as a collection of anecdotes that illumine Stiernhielm’s character. A rival to Stiernhielm was the unidentified Skogekär Bärgbo (a pseudonym), whose Wenerid (1680) was the first sonnet cycle in Swedish.

St. Columba ; feast day June 9) is an Irish saint who is credited with having had a main role in the conversion of Scotland to Christianity in the 6th century. He is a patron saint of Scotland and one of the three patron saints of Ireland, along with St. Patrick and St. Brigid. He is also revered

amphibian: Common features: …unique to lissamphibians is the columella-opercular complex, a pair of elements associated with the auditory capsule that transmit airborne (columella) or seismic (operculum) signals.

bryophyte: Annotated classification: …mouth and influencing spore release; columella usually present, encircled or overarched by a spore-bearing layer; calyptra capping apex of elongating seta and influencing survival and differentiation of sporangium; spores generally shed over extended period; seta a rigid structure with internal conducting strand and holding sporangium well above gametophore in most…

gastropod: The shell: …a central axis called the columella. Generally, the coils, or whorls, added later in life are larger than those added when the snail is young. At the end of the last whorl is the aperture, or opening. The shell is secreted along the outer lip of the aperture by the…

Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella was a Roman soldier and farmer who wrote extensively on agriculture and kindred subjects in the hope of arousing a love for farming and a simple life. He became in early life a tribune of the legion stationed in Syria, but neither an army career nor the law

muscle: Mollusks: The columellar (shell) muscles of gastropods pull the foot and other parts of the body into the shell. The adductor muscles of bivalves (Figure 4) shorten to close the shell or relax to allow the shell to spring open, enabling the mollusk to extend its foot…

climate: Snow and sleet: of snow crystals: plates, stellars, columns, needles, spatial dendrites, capped columns, and irregular crystals. The size and shape of the snow crystals depend mainly on the temperature of their formation and on the amount of water vapour that is available for deposition. The two principal influences are not independent; the…

column, in architecture, a vertical element, usually a rounded shaft with a capital and a base, which in most cases serves as a support. A column may also be nonstructural, used for a decorative purpose or as a freestanding monument. In the field of architectural design a column is used for

column chromatography, in analytical chemistry, method for separating mixtures of substances in which a liquid or gaseous solution of the mixture is caused to flow through a tube packed with a finely divided solid, which may be coated with an adsorbent liquid, or through a long capillary tube

krater: …of a flower; and the column krater, with columnar handles rising from the shoulder to a flat, projecting lip rim.

Ladik carpet: The term column Ladik has been applied to prayer rugs that, regardless of their actual places of origin, share a motif derived from a 16th-century Ottoman court design, consisting of three arches of unequal height supported upon slender columns and surmounted by a panel as described earlier.…

Gaius Duilius: Called the columna rostrata, it was a favourite site for speeches. The English term rostrum derives from this Roman custom. In 258 Duilius was censor (magistrate responsible for the census and for public morality), and in 231 he was empowered (as a magistrate with emergency powers, or…

Bolívar Peak, mountain in Sierra Nevada National Park, northwestern Venezuela. Rising 16,332 feet (4,978 metres), it is the highest mountain in the Cordillera de Mérida (a northeastern spur of the Andes Mountains) and in

tree: The anatomy and organization of wood: …the third major tree form, columnar, in which the central axis develops without branching until the apex of the bole.

epithelium: Columnar epithelium covers the intestinal tract from the end of the esophagus to the beginning of the rectum. It also lines the ducts of many glands. A typical form covers the villi (nipple-like projections) of the small intestine. Cubical epithelium is found in many glands…

ice in lakes and rivers: Variations in ice structure: …single crystals and is termed columnar ice. When a very thin section of the ice is cut and examined with light through crossed polaroid sheets, the crystal structure is clearly seen.

igneous rock: Fractures: The columnar jointing found in many mafic volcanic rocks is a typical result of contraction upon cooling.

columnist, the author or editor of a regular signed contribution to a newspaper, magazine, or Web site, usually under a permanent title and devoted to comment on some aspect of the contemporary scene. The column may be humorous or serious, on one subject or on life in general, frivolous in tone or

Mitla: …structures—Grupo de las Columnas (Columns Group), Grupo de las Iglesias (Churches Group), Grupo del Arroyo (Arroyo Group), Grupo de los Adobes (Adobe Group), and Grupo del Sur (Southern Group)—of which only the first two had been fully excavated and restored by the early 1980s. Each group has several rectangular…

Madgaon: …city is not far from Colva, considered to have one of India’s most beautiful beaches. Pop. (2001) town, 78,382; urban agglom., 94,383; (2011) city, 87,650; urban agglom., 106,484.

Alaskan mountains: Physiography of the northern ranges: …east-flowing upper portion of the Colville River, most drainage is northward. The tundra-covered area, called the North Slope, is underlain by permafrost, which is permanently frozen sediment and rock; only a shallow surface zone thaws during the short summer, producing a vast number of small ephemeral lakes and ponds. That…

Alex Colville was a Canadian painter whose detailed works depicted everyday subject matter and possessed a mysterious, mythic quality that belied psychological acuity. Though he worked during the heyday of the abstract art movement, Colville never deviated from his figurative style. Upon graduating

Alex Colville was a Canadian painter whose detailed works depicted everyday subject matter and possessed a mysterious, mythic quality that belied psychological acuity. Though he worked during the heyday of the abstract art movement, Colville never deviated from his figurative style. Upon graduating

Nanaimo, city, southwestern British Columbia, Canada, on Vancouver Island and the Georgia Strait. Founded as Colvilletown around a Hudson’s Bay Company trading post, it developed after 1849 when coalfields were discovered nearby by local Indigenous people. In 1860 the settlement was renamed

Claudette Colvin is an American woman who was arrested as a teenager in 1955 for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white woman. Her protest was one of several by Black women challenging segregation on buses in the months before Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat. Parks’s

Steve Earle: …Colvin for a folk-oriented collection, Colvin & Earle (2016).

Robert Louis Stevenson: Early life: …Suffolk, England, where he met Sidney Colvin, the English scholar, who became a lifelong friend, and Fanny Sitwell (who later married Colvin). Sitwell, an older woman of charm and talent, drew the young man out and won his confidence. Soon Stevenson was deeply in love, and on his return to…

Colwyn Bay, seaside resort town and urban area (from 2011 built-up area), Conwy county borough, historic county of Denbighshire (Sir Ddinbych), northern Wales. It lies on the North Wales coast of the Irish Sea. The town, which dates from the 19th century, grew rapidly after World War I to become

coly, any member of the genus Colius, a group of African birds that, because of their long, drooping tails, look much like mice when seen running along branches. The single genus (Colius) and six species constitute the family Coliidae, order Coliiformes. The body is sparrow sized, but the tail

Colymbiformes, former taxonomic order that included the water birds known as loons and grebes. Later scholarship determined that these two groups were not related, and ornithologists devised new and separate classifications for them: Gaviiformes (loons) and Podicipediformes (sometimes spelled

rapeseed, (Brassica napus, variety napus), plant of the mustard family (Brassicaceae) grown for its seeds, which yield canola, or rapeseed, oil. Canola oil is variously used in cooking, as an ingredient in soap and margarine, and as a lamp fuel (colza oil). The esterified form of the oil is used as

optics: Coma: The S2 term in the OPD expression represents the aberration called coma, in which the image of a point has the appearance of a comet. The x′ and y′ components are as follows:

comet: …comet nucleus known as a coma. As dust and gas in the coma flow freely into space, the comet forms two tails, one composed of ionized molecules and radicals and one of dust. The word comet comes from the Greek κομητης (kometes), which means “long-haired.” Indeed, it is the appearance…

coma, state of unconsciousness, characterized by loss of reaction to external stimuli and absence of spontaneous nervous activity, usually associated with injury to the cerebrum. Coma may accompany a number of metabolic disorders or physical injuries to the brain from disease or trauma. Different

Coma Berenices, constellation in the northern sky at about 13 hours right ascension and 20° north in declination. Its brightest star is Beta Comae Berenices, with a magnitude of 4.3. This constellation contains the Coma cluster of galaxies, the nearest rich galaxy cluster at a distance of 33

Coma cluster, nearest rich cluster of galaxies containing thousands of systems. The Coma cluster lies about 330 million light-years away, about seven times farther than the Virgo cluster, in the direction of the constellation Coma Berenices. The main body of the Coma cluster has a diameter of about

death: Evolution of the concept of brain-stem death: …described a condition they called coma dépassé (literally, “a state beyond coma”). Their patients all had primary, irremediable, structural brain lesions; were deeply comatose; and were incapable of spontaneous breathing. They had not only lost their ability to react to the external world, but they also could no longer control…