Roscommon, county in the province of Connaught, north-central Ireland. It is bounded by Counties Sligo (north), Leitrim (northeast), Longford and Westmeath (east), Offaly (southeast), Galway (southwest), and Mayo (west). The town of Roscommon, in the central part of the county, is the county town

Roscommon, market and county town (seat), County Roscommon, Ireland, lying northwest of Dublin. A monastery and school were established on the site in the 7th century by St. Coman. In the town and its environs are the remains of a Dominican abbey founded in 1253 by Felim O’Connor, king of Connacht,

New Braunfels: …at a point where the Comal River (3 miles [5 km] long and within city limits) flows into the Guadalupe River, 30 miles (50 km) northeast of San Antonio. The community was established in 1845 by a group of German immigrants led by Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels and sponsored by…

Komuz languages, a branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family formed by a group of related languages spoken in the border area that separates Ethiopia from Sudan and South Sudan. The Komuz group consists of Koma, Twampa (Uduk), Kwama, and Opo (Opo-Shita). Another variety of Komuz, known as Gule

Nilo-Saharan languages: Linguistic characteristics: …consonants—are found, for example, in Koma, a Komuz language of western Ethiopia; comparable consonant distinctions occur in such Omotic (Afro-Asiatic) languages as Maale (southwestern Ethiopia). Several Central Sudanic languages, most of which are situated along the southern fringe of the Nilo-Saharan zone, share the presence of complex consonant systems with…

Comana, ancient city of Cappadocia, on the upper course of the Seyhan (Sarus) River, in southern Turkey. Often called Chryse to distinguish it from Comana in Pontus, it was the place where the cult of Ma-Enyo, a variant of the great west Asian mother goddess, was celebrated with orgiastic rites.

Hebat: …Hebat had cult centres at Kummanni (classical Comana Cappadociae) and at Aleppo (Ḥalab) and other cities in the region of the Taurus Mountains. Hebat is represented as a matronly figure either standing on a lion or seated on a throne. She survived during Hellenistic times as Hipta, a goddess of…

Tokat: …near the site of ancient Comana of Pontus, one of the most important cities of the Pontus district during the Roman period. Tokat rose to prominence after Comana’s decline in Byzantine times. During the 11th–13th century it was an important city of a Turkmen principality and later of the Seljuq…

Comanche, Indigenous North American group of equestrian nomads whose 18th- and 19th-century territory comprised the southern Great Plains. The name Comanche is derived from a Ute word meaning “anyone who wants to fight me all the time.” The Comanche had previously been part of the Wyoming Shoshone.

Budd Boetticher: Westerns: …last picture in the cycle, Comanche Station, was released. The solid western found Scott’s lone hero searching for a woman who has been kidnapped by Comanches.

Michael Curtiz: Last films of Michael Curtiz: … and Wayne in the western The Comancheros as a Texas Ranger. The Comancheros was arguably the best film Curtiz had made in 10 years; it was also his last motion picture, as he died a year later.

Oliver Stone: …documentaries about Latin American politics: Comandante (2003), about Cuban dictator Fidel Castro, and South of the Border (2009), which focused on several other left-wing leaders, notably Venezuelan Pres. Hugo Chávez. He revisited both leaders in the documentaries Castro in Winter (2012) and Mi amigo Hugo (2014; “My Friend Hugo”). With…

Dilma Rousseff: Early life and political career: …associated with the militant group National Liberation Command (Comando de Libertação Nacional; Colina), and she married fellow activist Cláudio Galeno Linhares in 1968. After a raid on a Colina safe house resulted in police fatalities, the pair went into hiding in Rio de Janeiro. She and Galeno later fled Rio…

Patricio Aylwin: …became the spokesperson for the Coalition of Parties for Democracy (Concertación de los Partidos por la Democracia; CPD). The CPD was a grouping of political parties created in February 1988, originally under the name Command for No (Comando por el No). After the resounding “no” vote that paved the way…

bastard toadflax: …name bastard toadflax refers to Comandra umbellata, the sole member of its genus. The plant is sometimes parasitic on the roots of other plants and has creeping roots, small white flowers clustered at the top of each plant, and one-seeded fruits.

Nadia Comăneci is a Romanian gymnast who was the first gymnast to be awarded a perfect score of 10 in an Olympic event. Comăneci was discovered by Bela Karolyi, later the Romanian gymnastics coach, when she was six years old. She first competed in the national junior championships in 1969, placing

tapestry: 17th and 18th centuries: …van den Planken; 1573–1627) and Marc de Comans (1563–before 1650). Satisfactory working conditions were found for them in the old Gobelins family dyeworks on the outskirts of the city, and so began the establishment commonly known by that name that has lasted ever since. One of its first ambitious productions…

sex therapy: Comarital therapy refers to the Masters and Johnson model, in which both members of the couple are treated by a team consisting of one male and one female therapist. The couple approach recognizes that sexual dysfunctions take place in the context of the interaction between…

feather star, any of the 550 living species of crinoid marine invertebrates (class Crinoidea) of the phylum Echinodermata lacking a stalk. The arms, which have feathery fringes and can be used for swimming, usually number five. Feather stars use their grasping “legs” (called cirri) to perch on

feather star, any of the 550 living species of crinoid marine invertebrates (class Crinoidea) of the phylum Echinodermata lacking a stalk. The arms, which have feathery fringes and can be used for swimming, usually number five. Feather stars use their grasping “legs” (called cirri) to perch on

Comayagua, city, west-central Honduras, on the right bank of the Humuya River in a fertile valley. Founded in 1537 as Valladolid de Santa María de Comayagua, the city served as the Spanish colonial capital of Honduras province. A variation of its name, Comayaguela, is used for the government

comb, a toothed implement used for cleaning and arranging the hair and also for holding it in place after it has been arranged. The word is also applied, from resemblance in form or in use, to various appliances employed for dressing wool and other fibrous substances, to the indented fleshy crest

fern: Annotated classification: …thickened cells; 2 genera (Schizaea and Actinostachys) with about 30 species, mostly tropical. Family Lygodiaceae Rhizomes long-creeping, hairy; leaves indeterminate in growth, climbing and often twining, the primary divisions alternate along the elongating stemlike rachis; sporangia often in 2 rows, densely spaced along specialized slender lobes of the

beekeeping: Comb honey: In production of honey in the comb, or comb honey, extreme care is necessary to prevent the bees’ swarming. The colony must be strong, and the bees must be crowded into the smallest space they will tolerate without swarming. New frames or sections…

ctenophore, any of the numerous marine invertebrates constituting the phylum Ctenophora. The phylum derives its name (from the Greek ctene, or “comb,” and phora, or “bearer”) from the series of vertical ciliary combs over the surface of the animal. The body form resembles that of the cnidarian

comb pottery, main pottery type of the Korean Neolithic Period (c. 3000–700 bce). Derived from a Siberian Neolithic prototype, the pottery is made of sandy clay, and its colour is predominantly reddish brown. The vessel form found in early comb pottery is a simple V-shape with a pointed or rounded

ctenophore: Form and function.: …their beautifully iridescent rows of comb plates. Most of the comb jellies are bioluminescent; they exhibit nocturnal displays of bluish or greenish light that are among the most brilliant and beautiful known in the animal kingdom.

scallop, any of the marine bivalve mollusks of the family Pectinidae, particularly species of the genus Pecten. The family, which includes about 50 genera and subgenera and more than 400 species, is worldwide in distribution and ranges from the intertidal zone to considerable ocean depths. The two

comb-clawed beetle, (subfamily Alleculinae), any of numerous insects in the order Coleoptera that are known for the comblike appearance of their claws. Their oval bodies are typically a glossy brown or black in colour. The adults are usually found on flowers or leaves and the larvae in rotten wood

comb-footed spider, (family Theridiidae), any of more than 2,500 species and around 130 genera of spiders distributed around the world. The webs of comb-footed spiders consist of an irregular network of threads from which the spider often hangs. The common name of the group is derived from a row of

Combahee River, river formed in southern South Carolina, U.S., by the confluence of the Salkehatchie and Little Salkehatchie rivers. It flows 40 miles (64 km) southeast to join the Coosaw River near its mouth on Saint Helena Sound. Combahee is derived from the name of a Muskogean-speaking Native

Combahee River Collective, Black, feminist, lesbian, socialist group primarily based in Boston, Massachusetts. The group, created in response to racism within the feminist movement and sexism and homophobia within the civil rights movement, operated from 1974 to 1980. Barbara Smith, a founder of

Combahee River Collective: The statement: Historians credit “The Combahee River Collective Statement” as a formative text in developing the contemporary Black feminist movement. The statement begins with a short account of the group’s purpose and proceeds to discuss the history of contemporary Black feminism, the collective’s political beliefs, the problems they faced…

history of Europe: Planning the peace: …was the masthead slogan of Combat, the left-wing French Resistance newspaper founded in 1941 but after the war edited as a Paris daily by the novelist Albert Camus. The words could well have been endorsed by others, especially the radical Action Party in Italy and many socialists there and elsewhere.

Delta Force, tier-one special missions unit within the U.S. armed forces. It has also been referred to as the Combat Applications Group (CAG), Army Compartmented Elements (ACE), Task Force Green, and simply “the Unit,” as well as a host of cover names. Delta Force is primarily devoted to

armour: Modern body armour systems: …the late 1980s a lightweight Combat Body Armour (CBA) was introduced, consisting of a vest with soft ballistic filler capable of protecting against fragments and 9-mm pistol rounds. The Enhanced Body Armour (EBA) version could be reinforced with ceramic plates for greater protection against higher-velocity projectiles. In response to combat…

military unit: A combat brigade, for example, usually has infantry, armour, artillery, and reconnaissance units.

snake: Mating: The combat dance engaged in by two males is believed to be a competitive behaviour for the acquisition of females during the breeding season. As in the courtship dance, the front of the bodies entwine and are raised higher and higher off the ground until finally…

dance: Defining according to function: …as descendants of the tribal war and hunting dances that have also been integral to many cultures. War dances, often using weapons and fighting movements, were used throughout history as a way of training soldiers and preparing them emotionally and spiritually for battle. Many hunting tribes performed dances in which…

drill: …types: close-order and extended-order, or combat drill. Close-order drill comprises the formal movements and formations used in marching, parades, and ceremonies. Combat drill trains a small unit in the looser, extended formations and movements of battle.

combat effectiveness, the readiness of a military unit to engage in combat based on behavioral, operational, and leadership considerations. Combat effectiveness measures the ability of a military force to accomplish its objective and is one component of overall military effectiveness. The

combat fatigue, a neurotic disorder caused by the stress involved in war. This anxiety-related disorder is characterized by (1) hypersensitivity to stimuli such as noises, movements, and light accompanied by overactive responses that include involuntary defensive jerking or jumping (startle

naval warfare: The age of the aircraft carrier: …of modern C2 was the Combat Information Center, which centralized radar information and voice radio communications. By 1944 the tactical doctrine of coordinating fighter air defenses, along with the now much strengthened antiaircraft firepower on ships of the fleet, was so effective that in the Battle of the Philippine Sea…

intelligence: Levels of intelligence: Tactical intelligence, sometimes called operational or combat intelligence, is information required by military field commanders. Because of the enormous destructive power of modern weaponry, the decision making of political leaders often must take into account information derived from tactical as well as strategic intelligence; major…

Perugino: Late work: …is certainly true that the Combat of Love and Chastity was commissioned in 1503 by Isabella d’Este and was delivered only in 1505, after a great many letters had passed between all concerned, at which time Isabella expressed herself as satisfied but only moderately so. Perugino left Florence about 1505…

Claudio Monteverdi: Three decades in Venice: …found in his dramatic cantata, The Combat of Tancredi and Clorinda (1624), a setting of a section of Tasso’s Gerusalemme liberata. In this work, the rapid reiteration of single notes in strict rhythms and the use of pizzicato—plucking strings—to express the clashing of swords show important steps forward in the…

Joe Strummer: Combat Rock (1982) featured the popular anthem “Rock the Casbah,” but it was the beginning of the end for the group, which disbanded in 1985.

formation flying: …a formation known as “combat spread.” Whereas airplanes in close formations may be a metre or so apart, in a combat spread formation modern jet-engine fighters may be several hundred metres apart.

military unit: …different types of combat and support units into a functional organization. A combat brigade, for example, usually has infantry, armour, artillery, and reconnaissance units.

battlefield medicine: …facility they reach is the Combat Support Hospital (CSH). The CSH staff includes specialists such as orthopedic and oral surgeons and psychiatrists. The CSH is modular in design and can be configured in sizes from 44 to 248 beds as needed. It is assembled from metal shelters and climate-controlled tents,…

military unit: …to integrate different types of combat and support units into a functional organization. A combat brigade, for example, usually has infantry, armour, artillery, and reconnaissance units.

electronic vehicle game: Combat games: One of the earliest combat vehicle games was Atari’s Tank (1974), a black-and-white arcade game for two people in which the players each used two joysticks to maneuver their tanks around an obstacle-strewn field while shooting at each other. Atari also produced two…

Robert Altman: Early years: …for years, directing episodes of Combat, Bonanza, and Alfred Hitchcock Presents, among many other programs.

William Dollar: …originally staged in 1949 as Le Combat for Roland Petit’s Ballets de Paris. His later works included The Leaf and the Wind (1954) and Mendelssohn Concerto (1958). He worked with ballet companies in Brazil, Japan, and Monte Carlo.

ordeal: In ordeal by combat, or ritual combat, the victor is said to win not by his own strength but because supernatural powers have intervened on the side of the right, as in the duel in the European Middle Ages in which the “judgment of God” was…

ordeal: In ordeal by combat, or ritual combat, the victor is said to win not by his own strength but because supernatural powers have intervened on the side of the right, as in the duel in the European Middle Ages in which the “judgment of God” was…

Unified Command Plan: …joint commands are known as Combatant Commands (COCOMS) and receive their missions, planning, training, and operational responsibilities from the UCP.

bullfighting, the national spectacle of Spain and many Spanish-speaking countries, in which a bull is ceremoniously fought in a sand arena by a matador and usually killed. Bullfighting is also popular in Portugal and southern France, though in the former, where the bull is engaged by a bullfighter

Claudio Monteverdi: Three decades in Venice: …found in his dramatic cantata, The Combat of Tancredi and Clorinda (1624), a setting of a section of Tasso’s Gerusalemme liberata. In this work, the rapid reiteration of single notes in strict rhythms and the use of pizzicato—plucking strings—to express the clashing of swords show important steps forward in the…

Queyras: …slim canyon known as the Combe de Queyras is bounded by limestone precipices about 650 feet (200 metres) high and narrows occasionally to a mere fissure. The Queyras Regional Park, created in 1977, encompasses some 150,000 acres (60,000 hectares).

phrenology: …Johann Kaspar Spurzheim (1776–1832) and George Combe (1788–1858). Phrenology enjoyed great popular appeal well into the 20th century but has been wholly discredited by scientific research.

Lyon faience: In about 1733 Joseph Combe tried to revive the manufacture of more sumptuous wares, but Lyon’s faience remained derivative, this time of Moustiers, the birthplace of Combe. Later in the century it was almost indistinguishable from that of Turin; it had the same medley of Chinese and architectural…

William Combe was a prolific English writer of miscellaneous prose and satirical verse who is best remembered for the popular Dr. Syntax series of books, published between 1812 and 1821, for which he supplied text and Thomas Rowlandson provided drawings. Combe was educated at Eton College. He was

Émile Combes was a French premier (1902–05) who presided over the separation of church and state in the wake of the Dreyfus affair. A seminarian in his youth, Combes published his doctoral thesis, La Psychologie de saint Thomas d’Acquin, in 1860, but before ordination he left the church. He studied

Émile Combes was a French premier (1902–05) who presided over the separation of church and state in the wake of the Dreyfus affair. A seminarian in his youth, Combes published his doctoral thesis, La Psychologie de saint Thomas d’Acquin, in 1860, but before ordination he left the church. He studied

permutations and combinations: combinations, the various ways in which objects from a set may be selected, generally without replacement, to form subsets. This selection of subsets is called a permutation when the order of selection is a factor, a combination when order is not a factor. By considering…

Combination Acts, British acts of 1799 and 1800 that made trade unionism illegal. The laws, as finally amended, sentenced to three months in jail or to two months’ hard labour any workingman who combined with another to gain an increase in wages or a decrease in hours or who solicited anyone else

hormone replacement therapy: Combination HRT typically contains a synthetic form of progesterone called progestin.

hormone replacement therapy: Combination HRT typically contains a synthetic form of progesterone called progestin.

Linus Yale: …1862 he had introduced the combination lock.

keyboard instrument: Stop and key mechanisms: …others; in order that these combinations can be readily available, the console may be provided with several short pedals disposed above the pedal keyboard, or pedalboard. Each of these short pedals, called combination (or composition) pedals, is connected to one commonly needed combination of stops. When a combination pedal is…

keyboard instrument: Stop and key mechanisms: …a series of buttons, or pistons, placed below each manual, where they are conveniently operated by the organist’s thumbs. The pistons may easily be made adjustable so that the organist can quickly alter the combination of stops controlled by each one.

figure skating: Spins: A combination spin combines several spins as the skater changes feet and position. Even though the spins last for many seconds, a skater recovers quickly from dizziness after years of practice.

combination tone, in musical acoustics, faint tone produced in the inner ear by two simultaneously sounded musical tones. Because such tones are caused by the ear rather than by the external source of the sound, they are sometimes called subjective, or resultant, tones. There are two varieties:

pharmaceutical industry: Combinatorial chemistry: Combinatorial chemistry was a development of the 1990s. It originated in the field of peptide chemistry but has since become an important tool of the medicinal chemist. Traditional organic synthesis is essentially a linear process with molecular building blocks being assembled in a…

combinatorics, the field of mathematics concerned with problems of selection, arrangement, and operation within a finite or discrete system. Included is the closely related area of combinatorial geometry. One of the basic problems of combinatorics is to determine the number of possible

combinatorics, the field of mathematics concerned with problems of selection, arrangement, and operation within a finite or discrete system. Included is the closely related area of combinatorial geometry. One of the basic problems of combinatorics is to determine the number of possible

Etruscan language: Records and scholarship: The procedure sometimes called the combinatory method now appears to be the most efficacious if not indeed the only useful one. It requires, first, that note be made of anything unusual in the provenance of the object on which Etruscan writing is found (such as that the mummy wrapping came…

combine, complex farm machine that both cuts and threshes grains and certain other crops. Combines are used in the harvesting and cleaning of cereals such as wheat, barley, corn (maize), oats, rice, rye, and sorghum, as well as a number of non-grain crops, including flax, rapeseed, soybeans, and

Robert Rauschenberg: …stuffed birds, calling them “combine” paintings. In 1955 Rauschenberg became associated with the Merce Cunningham Dance Company, first as a designer of costumes and sets and later as a technical director. He also produced theatrical pieces in collaboration with composer John Cage.

radio telescope: Radio telescope arrays: …interferometers and arrays are the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA) near Big Pine, California, the IRAM Plateau de Bure facility in France, and the Japanese Nobeyama Radio Observatory. In 2003 the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, in collaboration with the Academia Sinica of Taiwan, completed the Submillimeter Array…

World War II: Allied strategy and controversies, 1940–42: …created the machinery of the Combined Chiefs of Staff, where the British Chiefs of Staff Committee was to be linked continuously, through delegates in Washington, D.C., with the newly established U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff Organization, so that all aspects of the war could be studied in concert. It was…

police: DNA fingerprinting: The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), developed by the U.S. Department of Justice and the FBI, combines computer technology with forensics, enabling investigators to compare DNA samples against a database of DNA records of convicted offenders and others. CODIS is used worldwide for sharing and comparing…

tactics: Limitations of the tank: …that better knew how to combine armour with other arms such as artillery, antitank artillery, infantry, and, paradoxically, the very engineers whose efforts armour had originally been designed to overcome. From at least 1942, combined-arms warfare became the order of the day, and it remained so for decades to come.

wastewater treatment: Combined systems: …and storm sewage are called combined sewers. Combined sewers typically consist of large-diameter pipes or tunnels, because of the large volumes of storm water that must be carried during wet-weather periods. They are very common in older cities but are no longer designed and built as part of new sewerage…

wastewater treatment: Combined systems: These combined sewer overflows, containing untreated domestic sewage, cause recurring water pollution problems and are very troublesome sources of pollution.

textile: Treatment of raw fibre: …desired, carding is followed by combing, a process that removes short fibres, leaving a sliver composed entirely of long fibres, all laid parallel, and both smoother and more lustrous than uncombed types. Slivers may be loosely twisted together, forming roving. Hackling, a process applied to straighten and separate flax, is…

Myrtales: Family distributions and abundance: Combretaceae, the white mangrove or Indian almond family, has about 500 species in 14 genera of mostly trees and shrubs. The family is especially important along tropical seacoasts, in African savannas, and in Asiatic monsoon forests. It comprises mangrove species of muddy shores or estuaries,…

savanna: Flora: acacias (Acacia) and bushwillows (Combretum) are the most-common savanna trees, with thick-trunked baobabs (Adansonia digitata), sturdy palms (Borassus), or succulent species of spurge (Euphorbia) being conspicuous in some areas. In the drier savannas in particular there is often a wide diversity of spiny shrubs. Among the most-prevalent grasses…

burning bush: bush (see Bassia), as is Combretum microphyllum, the flame creeper of Mozambique, a rambling shrub with scarlet flower spikes.

outlaw music: New generations of outlaw musicians: including Miranda Lambert, Luke Combs, Brandi Carlile, Jason Isbell, Alison Krauss, Rhiannon Giddens, Chris Stapleton, Jamey Johnson, and Sturgill Simpson, many of whom have accompanied Nelson on an annual outlaw music tour.

Sean Combs is an American rapper, record producer, actor, and clothing designer who founded an entertainment empire in the 1990s. Beginning in 2023, he was the subject of several lawsuits accusing him of rape, physical abuse, and sex trafficking, culminating in his arrest in New York City in

Sean Combs is an American rapper, record producer, actor, and clothing designer who founded an entertainment empire in the 1990s. Beginning in 2023, he was the subject of several lawsuits accusing him of rape, physical abuse, and sex trafficking, culminating in his arrest in New York City in

Sean Combs is an American rapper, record producer, actor, and clothing designer who founded an entertainment empire in the 1990s. Beginning in 2023, he was the subject of several lawsuits accusing him of rape, physical abuse, and sex trafficking, culminating in his arrest in New York City in

perciform: Annotated classification: Family Blenniidae (combtooth blennies) Eocene to present. Resemble clinids in fins and body shape but differ in being scaleless and in having a steep forehead and only a single row of teeth in both jaws, the teeth being close-set, long, comblike. Sometimes a pair of large to…

combustion, a chemical reaction between substances, usually including oxygen and usually accompanied by the generation of heat and light in the form of flame. The rate or speed at which the reactants combine is high, in part because of the nature of the chemical reaction itself and in part because

compression ratio: …the maximum volume of the combustion chamber (with the piston farthest out, or bottom dead centre) divided by the volume with the piston in the full-compression position (with the piston nearest the head of the cylinder, or top dead centre). A compression ratio of six means that the mixture is…

advanced ceramics: Combustion synthesis: A modification of the Pechini process is combustion synthesis. One version of this process involves a reaction between nitrate solutions and the amino acid glycine. The glycine, in addition to complexing with the metal cations and increasing their solubility, serves as a fuel…

heat of reaction: …standard heats of formation and heats of combustion. The standard heat of formation is defined as the amount of heat absorbed or evolved at 25° C (77° F ) and at one atmosphere pressure when one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent elements, each substance being in…

comb pottery, main pottery type of the Korean Neolithic Period (c. 3000–700 bce). Derived from a Siberian Neolithic prototype, the pottery is made of sandy clay, and its colour is predominantly reddish brown. The vessel form found in early comb pottery is a simple V-shape with a pointed or rounded