Camiguin, mountainous island in the Bohol (Mindanao) Sea, 6 miles (10 km) off the northern coast of Mindanao, Philippines. Located near Macajalar and Gingoog bays, the island is often considered the most beautiful of the Philippine archipelago. Since 1948, eruptions of volcanic Mount Hibok-Hibok

Pia Camil is a Mexican performance and multimedia artist noted for work that showcased commerce, clothing, and collaboration in a fluid and participatory manner. Camil was raised in Mexico City. She earned a B.F.A. in 2003 from the Rhode Island School of Design and an M.F.A. in 2008 from the Slade

Camilla, in Roman mythology, legendary Volscian maiden who became a warrior and was a favourite of the goddess Diana. According to the Roman poet Virgil (Aeneid, Books VII and XI), her father, Metabus, was fleeing from his enemies with the infant Camilla when he encountered the Amisenus (Amazenus)

Camilla, queen of the United Kingdom is the queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (2023– ), wife of Charles III. While her affair with Charles during his marriage (1981–96) to Princess Diana caused controversy, Camilla eventually gained public acceptance. She is known

Camilla, queen of the United Kingdom is the queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (2023– ), wife of Charles III. While her affair with Charles during his marriage (1981–96) to Princess Diana caused controversy, Camilla eventually gained public acceptance. She is known

Frances Burney: …1796 she published the novel Camilla; or, A Picture of Youth, and on its proceeds the d’Arblays built a house in Surrey, where they moved in 1797. While on a visit to France with her husband and son in 1802, she was forced by the renewal of the Napoleonic Wars…

Ida Rubinstein: …in title roles such as Camille by Alexandre Dumas fils. Rubinstein’s troupe was most influential during the 1928–29 season. Though she revived the company in 1931 and again in 1934, she gave it up in 1935, retiring in seclusion on the French Riviera, where she lived until 1960. The many…

Frances Marion: >Camille (1937).

Camille, fictional character, the protagonist of La Dame aux camélias (1848; staged 1852) by Alexandre Dumas fils. Camille made her way in life as a courtesan, and her byname referred to the camellias she carried as a signal of her availability. Camille gives up her way of life after falling in

Alla Nazimova: …movies include the romantic drama Camille (1921), in which she costarred with Rudolph Valentino, and Salomé (1922), an adaptation of an Oscar Wilde play about the beheading of John the Baptist. Nazimova also directed (with Charles Bryant) the latter film.

Hurricane Camille, hurricane (tropical cyclone), one of the strongest of the 20th century, that hit the United States in August 1969. After entering the Gulf of Mexico, the hurricane struck the Mississippi River basin. As the storm moved inland across much of the southeastern United States and

Saint Camillus of Lellis ; canonized 1746; feast day July 14) was the founder of the Ministers of the Sick. Along with St. John of God, Camillus became patron of the sick. The son of an impoverished nobleman, Camillo became a soldier of fortune and an inveterate gambler. In 1575 he was converted

Don Camillo, fictional character, a pugnacious Italian village priest whose confrontations with his equally belligerent adversary, the local communist mayor Peppone, formed the basis for a series of popular, humorous short stories by Italian author Giovanni Guareschi. The character also figured in

Alexander Hamilton was a New York delegate to the Constitutional Convention (1787), major author of the Federalist papers, and first secretary of the treasury of the United States (1789–95), who was the foremost champion of a strong central government for the new United States. He was killed in a

Saint Camillus of Lellis ; canonized 1746; feast day July 14) was the founder of the Ministers of the Sick. Along with St. John of God, Camillus became patron of the sick. The son of an impoverished nobleman, Camillo became a soldier of fortune and an inveterate gambler. In 1575 he was converted

Marcus Furius Camillus was a Roman soldier and statesman who came to be honoured after the sack of Rome by the Gauls (c. 390) as the second founder of the city. Camillus celebrated four triumphs and served five times as dictator of Rome. His greatest victory was as dictator in 396 bce, when he

Boca Juniors: …Cichero Stadium, which was renamed Alberto J. Armando Stadium in 2000 in honour of a former club president. Fans know it as La Bombonera (“the Chocolate Box”) because of its unusual structure, with curving, steeply banked stands on three sides and one underdeveloped stand on the final side. The ground…

Mann Act: …prosecute such consensual sex following Caminetti v. United States (1917), in which the Supreme Court held that “illicit fornication,” even when consensual, constituted an immoral purpose under the Mann Act.

Brazilian literature: Emergence of the republic: …time are Aluízio Azevedo and Adolfo Caminha. Azevedo’s naturalist and somewhat melodramatic novels deal primarily with environmental determinism and denounce social evils. Three novels are representative of Azevedo’s contribution to Brazilian literature: O mulato (1881; “The Mulatto”), on racial prejudice, Casa de pensão (1884; “The Boarding House”), on the effects…

Rachel de Queiroz: Her third novel, Caminho de pedras (1937; “Rocky Road”), is the story of a woman rejecting her traditional role and embracing a new sense of independence. As três Marias (1939; The Three Marias), her first work to be written in the first person, follows the lives of three…

Antonio Banderas: Later films: The Legend of Zorro and Pain and Glory: …camino de los ingleses (Summer Rain), an adaptation of an Antonio Soler novel about a group of teenage boys who have a memorable summer vacation. In 2010 he portrayed a dissatisfied art-gallery owner in Woody Allen’s light relationship drama You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger. Banderas worked again…

The Camino de Santiago, also known as the “Way of St. James,” is one of the most famous pilgrimages in Christianity. Since the Middle Ages pilgrims have traveled the network of routes throughout western Europe leading to the purported tomb of St. James the Greater in Santiago de Compostela in

León Felipe was a Spanish poet known chiefly as a poet of the Spanish Civil War. After performing across Spain with a traveling theatre company, Felipe published his first book, Versos y oraciones de caminante (1919; “Verses and Prayers of a Traveler”), in Madrid. He worked for an extended period

John Grisham: Other novels: The crime thrillers Camino Island (2017) and Camino Winds (2020) center on a female writer in Florida. In 2024 Grisham published Camino Ghosts, the third book in his Camino Series.

Tennessee Williams: In 1953 Camino Real, a complex work set in a mythical, microcosmic town whose inhabitants include Lord Byron and Don Quixote, was a commercial failure, but his Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955), which exposes the emotional lies governing relationships in the family of a wealthy…

Camino Real, (Spanish: Royal Road), highway that in the 16th century connected the cities of Gijón, León, and Madrid, Spain; in Spain it has come to mean any important highway. In California a coastal highway called El Camino Real was built during the Spanish period (1542–1821) and finally extended

Camino Real: …California a coastal highway called El Camino Real was built during the Spanish period (1542–1821) and finally extended 600 miles (970 km) from San Diego to Sonoma. It connected the 21 missions and 4 presidios (forts) built beside or near it from c. 1769 to c. 1823. The present Pacific…

John Grisham: Other novels: …thrillers Camino Island (2017) and Camino Winds (2020) center on a female writer in Florida. In 2024 Grisham published Camino Ghosts, the third book in his Camino Series.

Carlos Arruza was a Mexican bullfighter, the dominant Mexican matador and one of the greatest of any nationality in modern times. Born in Mexico of Spanish parents, he began as a professional torero at the age of 14 in Mexico City. He went to Spain in 1944 billed as “El Ciclón” and soon was ranked

Irving Cummings was an American film director best known for his musicals, many of which featured Betty Grable or Shirley Temple. While a teenager, Cummings began appearing onstage, and he became a sought-after actor, frequently cast in productions that starred Lillian Russell. In the early 1910s

Camisard, any of the Protestant militants of the Bas-Languedoc and Cévennes regions of southern France who, in the early 18th century, organized an armed insurrection in opposition to Louis XIV’s persecution of Protestantism. Camisards were so called probably because of the white shirts

Hurricane: …Hurricane emerged from efforts by Sydney Camm, Hawker’s chief designer, to develop a high-performance monoplane fighter and from a March 1935 Air Ministry requirement calling for an unprecedented heavy armament of eight wing-mounted 0.303-inch (7.7-mm) machine guns. Designed around a 1,200-horsepower, 12-cylinder, in-line Rolls-Royce engine soon to be dubbed the…

Émile Cammaerts was a Belgian poet and writer who, as a vigorous royalist, interpreted Belgium to the British public. In 1908, when he was 30, Cammaerts settled in England, and his writings on English and Belgian themes included translations of works by John Ruskin and G.K. Chesterton into French.

Il trovatore: Salvatore Cammarano, with additions by Leone Emanuele Bardare) that premiered at the Teatro Apollo in Rome on January 19, 1853. Verdi prepared a revised version in French, Le Trouvère, with added ballet music, which premiered at the Paris Opéra on January 12, 1857. Based on…

baseball: Professional baseball: In 1862 William Cammeyer of Brooklyn constructed an enclosed baseball field with stands and charged admission to games. Following the Civil War, this practice quickly spread, and clubs soon learned that games with rival clubs and tournaments drew larger crowds and brought prestige to the winners. The…

Ermanno Olmi: …1980s included Cammina cammini (1983; Keep Walking), an allegory based on the legend of the Magi; Milano ’83 (1983), a documentary tribute to the city he often used as the setting for his films; and, for television, Le sette ultime parole del nostro Redentore in croce (1985; “The Seven Last…

short-horned grasshopper: Major genera and species: The clear-winged grasshopper (Camnula pellucida) is a major crop pest in North America.

Luís de Camões was Portugal’s great national poet, author of the epic poem Os Lusíadas (1572; The Lusiads), which describes Vasco da Gama’s discovery of the sea route to India. Camões had a permanent and unparalleled impact on Portuguese and Brazilian literature alike, due to not only his epic but

Luís de Camões was Portugal’s great national poet, author of the epic poem Os Lusíadas (1572; The Lusiads), which describes Vasco da Gama’s discovery of the sea route to India. Camões had a permanent and unparalleled impact on Portuguese and Brazilian literature alike, due to not only his epic but

Rachel de Queiroz: …1993 she was awarded the Camões Prize, the most prestigious and remunerative award given for Portuguese-language literature. In 1977 de Queiroz became the first woman to be elected to the Brazilian Academy of Letters. She was a member of the Federal Council of Culture from 1967 to 1985 and in…

Luís de Camões was Portugal’s great national poet, author of the epic poem Os Lusíadas (1572; The Lusiads), which describes Vasco da Gama’s discovery of the sea route to India. Camões had a permanent and unparalleled impact on Portuguese and Brazilian literature alike, due to not only his epic but

Luís de Camões was Portugal’s great national poet, author of the epic poem Os Lusíadas (1572; The Lusiads), which describes Vasco da Gama’s discovery of the sea route to India. Camões had a permanent and unparalleled impact on Portuguese and Brazilian literature alike, due to not only his epic but

hurling, outdoor stick-and-ball game somewhat akin to field hockey and lacrosse and long recognized as the national pastime of Ireland. There is considerable reference to hurling (iomáin in Gaelic) in the oldest Irish manuscripts describing the game as far back as the 13th century bc; many heroes

chamomile, any of various daisylike plants of the aster family (Asteraceae). Chamomile tea, used as a tonic and an antiseptic and in many herbal remedies, is made from English, or Roman, chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) or German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla). Several species are cultivated as

Alps: Settlement: …and in the Aosta and Camonica Valleys in Italy. The latter valley is noted for some 20,000 rock engravings that leave an invaluable picture of more than 2,000 years of habitation.

Camorra, Italian secret society of criminals that grew to power in Naples during the 19th century. Its origins are uncertain, but it may have existed in Spain as early as the 15th century and been transported thence to Italy. As the Camorra grew in influence and power, its operations included

Nicobar Islands: …islands of Car Nicobar (north), Camorta (Kamorta) and Nancowry (central group), and Great Nicobar (south).

camouflage, in military science, the art and practice of concealment and visual deception in war. It is the means of defeating enemy observation by concealing or disguising installations, personnel, equipment, and activities. Conventional camouflage is restricted to passive defensive measures. The

concealing coloration, in animals, the use of biological coloration to mask location, identity, and movement, providing concealment from prey and protection from predators. Background matching is a type of concealment in which an organism avoids recognition by resembling its background in

materials science: Photoresist films: …solution is to use the chemically amplified photoresist, or CAMP. The sensitivity of a photoresist is measured by its quantum efficiency, or the number of chemical events that occur when a photon is absorbed by the material. In CAMP material, the number of events is dramatically increased by subsequent chemical…

aging: Aging of neural and endocrine systems: A normal chemical in cells, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP), is thought to be a transmitter of hormonal information across cell membranes. It may be possible to identify the specific sites in the membrane or the cell interior at which communication breaks down.

camp, in military service, an area for temporary or semipermanent sheltering of troops. In most usage the word camp signifies an installation more elaborate and durable than a bivouac but less so than a fort or billet. Historically, the camps of the Roman legions are especially noteworthy. However

camp, style and aesthetic sentiment that values the extravagant, the ironic, and the flamboyant and typically bridges the gap between high and popular culture. Blending artifice and affectation with the absurd and outrageous, camp subverts conventional ideas about artistic taste, seriousness, and

Mayfield: …monument marks the site of Camp Beauregard (1861), a Confederate base during the American Civil War evacuated (1862) and then captured by Union forces after an epidemic killed more than a thousand Confederate troops. In December 2021 a tornado of at least EF3 intensity devastated a large portion of the…

furniture: Bed: …a campaign, however, collapsible iron camp beds were more practical. Napoleon owned several and died in one on St. Helena in 1821. As a furniture form, the iron bed was a neutral framework built to support bedclothes and equipped with stanchions (upright supports) for curtains; it was light, transportable, and…

Michael Moorcock: Atrocity Exhibition (1970); Thomas Disch’s Camp Concentration (1968), about an American military camp where political prisoners are subjected to experiments to increase their intelligence; and Brian Aldiss’s Barefoot in the Head (1969), about the aftermath of a war in which Europe had been bombarded with psychedelic drugs.

Camp David, rural retreat of U.S. presidents in Catoctin Mountain Park, a unit of the National Park Service on a spur of the Blue Ridge Mountains in Frederick county, northern Maryland, U.S. Camp David lies just west of Thurmont and 64 miles (103 km) northwest of Washington, D.C. The retreat, which

Camp David Accords, agreements between Israel and Egypt signed on September 17, 1978, that led in the following year to a peace treaty between those two countries, the first such treaty between Israel and any of its Arab neighbors. Brokered by U.S. Pres. Jimmy Carter (this author) between Israeli

Jean-Jacques Bernard: Bernard’s nondramatic writings include Le Camp de la mort lente (1944; The Camp of Slow Death), a description of the German concentration camp at Compiègne, in which he, as a Jew, was interned, and Mon ami le théâtre (1958; “My Friend the Theatre”).

Ousmane Sembène: Camp de Thiaroye (1987; “The Camp at Thiaroye”) depicts an event in 1944 in which French troops slaughtered a camp of rebellious African war veterans. Guelwaar (1993), a commentary on the fractious religious life of Senegal, tells of the confusion that arises when the bodies…

typhus: Epidemic typhus: Epidemic typhus has also been called camp fever, jail fever, and war fever, names that suggest overcrowding, underwashing, and lowered standards of living. It is caused by the bacterium Rickettsia prowazekii and is conveyed from person to person by the body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus.…

camping: Youth camping: …Great Britain in 1910), the Camp Fire Boys and Girls (U.S., 1910), and the Girl Scouts (U.S., 1912; patterned after the Girl Guides). Most other organizations concerned with young people, such as the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA), and many others, also undertook camp…

camping: Youth camping: …Great Britain in 1910), the Camp Fire Boys and Girls (U.S., 1910), and the Girl Scouts (U.S., 1912; patterned after the Girl Guides). Most other organizations concerned with young people, such as the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA), and many others, also undertook camp…

Camp Grant massacre, the mass murder of more than a hundred members of the Apache people, on the morning of April 30, 1871, by a vigilante group from Tucson, Arizona, consisting of a mix of Anglo-Americans, Mexican Americans, and members of the Indigenous Tohono O’odham people. The attack occurred

camp meeting, type of outdoor revival meeting that was held on the American frontier during the 19th century by various Protestant denominations. Camp meetings filled an ecclesiastical and spiritual need in the unchurched settlements as the population moved west. Their origin is obscure, but

Jean-Jacques Bernard: Bernard’s nondramatic writings include Le Camp de la mort lente (1944; The Camp of Slow Death), a description of the German concentration camp at Compiègne, in which he, as a Jew, was interned, and Mon ami le théâtre (1958; “My Friend the Theatre”).

Andersonville National Historic Site, Confederate military prison for captured Union soldiers during the American Civil War, located in Andersonville, southwest-central Georgia, U.S. It was established as a national historic site in 1970 to honour all U.S. prisoners of war. The site preserves the

nervous system: Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators: Another system is the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) system. In this chain reaction, receptor proteins activate linking proteins, which then activate the enzymes that synthesize cAMP. The cAMP molecules activate other enzymes that, in turn, activate ion channels.

Camp X, training school for covert agents and radio communications centre in Canada that operated close to Whitby, Ontario, during World War II. It was the first such purpose-built facility constructed in North America. Known officially as STS (Special Training School) 103, Camp X was one of

Madeleine L’Engle was an American author of imaginative juvenile literature that is often concerned with such themes as the conflict of good and evil, the nature of God, individual responsibility, and family life. L’Engle attended boarding schools in Europe and the United States and graduated with

Maria Theresa Kemble was an English singer, dancer, and actress who married the actor and theatrical manager Charles Kemble. The daughter of a French family of musicians, Maria Theresa was taken to England as a small child. In 1786 she found an acting part at the Drury Lane Theatre. She continued

Maxime Du Camp was a French writer and photographer who is chiefly known for his vivid accounts of 19th-century French life. He was a close friend of the novelist Gustave Flaubert. An outgoing, adventurous man, Du Camp also pioneered in photography and published works in virtually every literary

Walter Camp was a sports authority best known for having selected the earliest All-America teams in American college football. More importantly, Camp played a leading role in developing the American game as distinct from rugby football. (Read Walter Camp’s 1903 Britannica essay on inventing

Walter Camp was a sports authority best known for having selected the earliest All-America teams in American college football. More importantly, Camp played a leading role in developing the American game as distinct from rugby football. (Read Walter Camp’s 1903 Britannica essay on inventing

Champa, city of ancient India, the capital of the kingdom of Anga (a region corresponding with the eastern part of present-day Bihar state). It is identified with two villages of that name on the south bank of the Ganges (Ganga) River east of Munger. Champa is often mentioned in early Buddhist

Arawak: These Campa Arawak, however, remained isolated from influences of the Andean civilizations.

Campagna di Roma, lowland plain surrounding the city of Rome in Lazio (Latium) regione, central Italy. Occupying an area of about 800 square miles (2,100 square km), it is bounded on the northwest by the Tolfa and Sabatini mountains, on the northeast by the Sabini Mountains, on the southeast by the

pottery: Porcelain: …Campaña vases (more properly spelled Campagna), distantly derived from Italianate copies of the Greek krater, were often decorated with landscapes by the brothers Robert and John Brewer and others. The Brewers were pupils of the topographical painter Paul Sandby.

dressage: …divided into elementary training (campagne) and the much more advanced haute école. Elementary training consists of teaching the young horse obedience, balance, and relaxation. Starting with the horse on a longe line, or training rope, and then under the saddle, the horse is taught basic and natural movements, especially…

Domenico Campagnola was an Italian painter and printmaker and one of the first professional draftsmen. A pupil of the Paduan engraver Giulio Campagnola, Domenico did not follow Giulio’s stipple technique in his own work, preferring a looser touch and picturesque effect. Early in his career, he is

Giulio Campagnola was an Italian painter and engraver who anticipated by over two centuries the development of stipple engraving. Much of his significance derives from this technique: a system of delicate flicks and dots with the engraving tool, by which he achieved subtle nuances in his modeling.

United States campaign-finance laws: …to 2002, when FECA regulated campaigns; the era following the enactment of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) of 2002; and the era following Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010), the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that struck down crucial provisions of the BCRA.

American presidential election held on November 4, 2008, in which, after a campaign that lasted nearly two years, Americans elected Democrat Barack Obama their 44th president. The result was historic, as Obama, a first-term U.S. senator from Illinois, became, when he was inaugurated on January 20,

American voters went to the polls on November 6, 2012, to determine—for the 57th time—their country’s president for the next four years. Incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama’s reelection bid was, from the outset, expected to be closely contested as the United States faced a number of

American presidential election held on November 4, 2008, in which, after a campaign that lasted nearly two years, Americans elected Democrat Barack Obama their 44th president. The result was historic, as Obama, a first-term U.S. senator from Illinois, became, when he was inaugurated on January 20,

American voters went to the polls on November 6, 2012, to determine—for the 57th time—their country’s president for the next four years. Incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama’s reelection bid was, from the outset, expected to be closely contested as the United States faced a number of

Television in the United States: The political commercial: Some optimists in the early 1950s saw television as a potentially powerful force in achieving the Jeffersonian ideal of an informed electorate. The medium held the possibility of educating the entire voting population on the candidates’ stance on the issues of the day. Citizens…

campaign finance, raising and spending of money intended to influence a political vote, such as the election of a candidate or a referendum. Political parties and candidates require money to publicize their electoral platforms and to pursue effective campaigns. Attempts to regulate campaign finance

John McCain: Political career: …McCain became a champion of campaign finance reform; he collaborated with the liberal Democratic senator Russ Feingold of Wisconsin, and, after a seven-year battle, the pair saw the McCain-Feingold Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act signed into law in 2002. The legislation, which restricted the political parties’ use of funds not subject…

campaign furniture, in Europe, variety of portable furniture made for travel. Most of the surviving examples date from the 19th century and were made for Napoleon’s campaigns; they include such items as small chests, folding seats, and washstands in three tiers resting on metal supports that could

Ernest Meissonier: …III at Solferino (1863) and Campaign of France, 1814 (1864), both of which celebrate heroic military campaigns, but he also captured the horrors of conflict in works such as Le Siège de Paris 1870–1871 (c. 1884) and Remembrance of Civil War (1848–49), the latter of which depicts the moment when…

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA), U.S. legislation that was the first major amendment of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (FECA) since the extensive 1974 amendments that followed the Watergate scandal. The primary purpose of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) was to

Roderick P. Hart: In Campaign Talk, Hart employed his DICTION program to analyze the political voices of presidential candidates, journalists, and citizens as they appeared in campaign discourse (speeches, debates, television advertisements, television and print news coverage, and letters to the editor in local newspapers) over the course of…

Joseph Addison: Government service: The Campaign, addressed to Marlborough, was published on December 14 (though dated 1705). By its rejection of conventional classical imagery and its effective portrayal of Marlborough’s military genius, it was an immediate success that perfectly expressed the nation’s great hour of victory.

Will Ferrell: Step Brothers and Anchorman 2: …Mexican telenovelas; the political satire The Campaign (2012); and Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues (2013). The production company was also behind Funny or Die (funnyordie.com), a Web site that first garnered notice with a short video of Ferrell being intimidated by his landlady, a beer-swigging potty-mouthed toddler.

Latin American literature: Post-boom writers: …instance, published La campaña (1990; The Campaign), an excellent novel about the independence period in Latin America, and Vargas Llosa wrote La fiesta del chivo (2000; The Feast of the Goat), dealing with Rafael Trujillo’s dictatorship in the Dominican Republic. Both are remarkable not only because of their literary quality…

United States campaign-finance laws, in the United States, laws that regulate the amounts of money political candidates or parties may receive from individuals or organizations and the cumulative amounts that individuals or organizations can donate. Such laws also define who is eligible to make

Western painting: France: But Philippe de Campaigne evolved a grave and sober Baroque style that had its roots in the paintings of Rubens and Van Dyck rather than in Italy. Clear lighting and cool colours with an austere naturalism provided an alternative to the intellectual and archaeological classicism of…

Battle of Campaldino, (June 11, 1289), in Italian history, a battle between Florence and Arezzo, an episode in the struggles among rival Tuscan towns and in the contest between the Guelfs and Ghibellines (pro-papal and pro-imperial parties in Italy). The battle marked the beginning of the hegemony

Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Genest Campan was a preeminent educator of Napoleonic France and champion of a broader curriculum for women students. Madame Campan served as lady-in-waiting to Marie-Antoinette from 1774 to 1792. But it was her friendship with Napoleon and especially her reputation as a