aesthetics: Medieval aesthetics: 1304–07; The Banquet). In this piece, generally considered one of the first sustained works of literary criticism in the modern manner, the poet analyzes the four levels of meaning contained in his own poems.

study of religion: Theories of the Renaissance and Reformation: …of the interlocutors in his Convivium religiosum suggests that it would be better to lose the Scholastic theologian Duns Scotus than the ancient Roman thinkers Cicero or Plutarch, and another speaker restrains himself with difficulty from praying to the Greek philosopher Socrates (c. 470–399 bce) as if he were a…

sedimentary rock: Deformation structures: …founder and load structures, (2) convoluted structures, (3) slump structures, (4) injection structures, such as sandstone dikes or sills, and (5) organic structures.

Broca area, region of the brain that contains neurons involved in speech function. This area, located in the frontal part of the left hemisphere of the brain, was discovered in 1861 by French surgeon Paul Broca, who found that it serves a vital role in the generation of articulate speech. The Broca

telecommunication: Convolutional encoding: The Hamming code is called a block code because information is blocked into bit sequences of finite length to which a number of redundant bits are added. When k information bits are provided to a block encoder, n − k redundancy bits are…

telecommunication: Convolutional encoding: The Hamming code is called a block code because information is blocked into bit sequences of finite length to which a number of redundant bits are added. When k information bits are provided to a block encoder, n − k redundancy bits are…

Convolvulaceae, the morning glory family of flowering plants (order Solanales), which includes some 59 genera and about 1,600 species. The family is widespread in both tropical and temperate areas, and its members are widely cultivated for their colourful funnel-shaped flowers. Most are twining and

bindweed: … of the closely related genera Convolvulus and Calystegia (morning glory family; Convolvulaceae), mostly twining, often weedy, and producing handsome white, pink, or blue funnel-shaped flowers.

bindweed: The weedy perennial field bindweed (C. arvensis) is native to Europe but is widely naturalized in North America and twines around crop plants and along roadsides. It bears long-stalked clusters of fragrant pink, white, or striped blooms 2 cm across among arrow-shaped leaves. Scammony, a purgative, is derived…

bindweed: …derived from the rhizomes of C. scammonia, a trailing perennial with white to pink flowers, native in western Asia.

convoy, vessels sailing under the protection of an armed escort. Originally, convoys of merchant ships were formed as a protection against pirates. Since the 17th century, neutral powers have claimed the “right of convoy”—that is, immunity from search for neutral merchant vessels sailing under the

Sam Peckinpah: Later films: Peckinpah next made Convoy (1978), which was a radical departure for the director, who was searching for a commercial hit. (Because of poor health, Peckinpah reportedly directed little of the film, instead relying on second-unit directors.) Based on a pop song by C.W. McCall, the action drama featured…

convulsion, condition characterized by violent, uncontrolled spasmodic contractions and relaxations of the voluntary muscles. Convulsions may be a symptom resulting from various conditions and diseases, such as epilepsy, uremia, eclampsia, rabies, tetanus, strychnine poisoning, and cerebral tumour.

Indian pipe, (Monotropa uniflora), nonphotosynthetic perennial herb of the heath family (Ericaceae). The plant is mycoheterotrophic, meaning it lives in close association with a fungus from which it acquires most of its nutrition. The fungus, in turn, lives in association with neighbouring beeches

epilepsy, chronic neurological disorder characterized by sudden and recurrent seizures which are caused by an absence or excess of signaling of nerve cells in the brain. Seizures may include convulsions, lapses of consciousness, strange movements or sensations in parts of the body, odd behaviours,

Cabaret: Plot and characters: …writer, Clifford (Cliff) Bradshaw (Bert Convy), as he arrives in 1929 Berlin. On the train, he meets Ernst Ludwig (Edward Winter), a German who helps him find a room to rent at a boardinghouse owned by Fraulein Schneider (Lotte Lenya). At the nearby Kit Kat Klub, Cliff watches vivacious…

Conway, city, seat of Faulkner county, central Arkansas, U.S., 25 miles (40 km) north of Little Rock. Primarily a community of educational institutions, it is the home of the University of Central Arkansas (1907), Hendrix College (which moved there from Altus in 1890), and Central Baptist College

Conwy, town, Conwy county borough, historic county of Caernarvonshire (Sir Gaernarfon), northwestern Wales. The town lies on the west bank of the River Conwy’s estuary, near the river’s mouth on Conwy Bay of the Irish Sea. It is the administrative centre of the county borough. Conwy was founded by

Thomas Conway: …event has been called the Conway Cabal.

Henry Seymour Conway was a military commander and prominent British politician who urged moderate treatment of the American colonies. Conway began his military career while still in his teens and fought in the War of the Austrian Succession. After receiving the command of a regiment in 1749, he

Jack Conway was an American filmmaker who worked primarily for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), where he became known as a reliable and efficient director. (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.) Conway was a high-school dropout and worked as a railroad labourer before pursuing an

Jack Conway was an American filmmaker who worked primarily for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), where he became known as a reliable and efficient director. (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.) Conway was a high-school dropout and worked as a railroad labourer before pursuing an

Jill Ker Conway was an Australian-born American scholar, the first woman president of Smith College (1975–85), whose research as a historian focused on the role of feminism in American history. Jill Ker grew up in Coorain, a remote grasslands locale where her parents ran a sheep ranch. After her

United States Presidential Election of 2016: General election campaign: …News, and new campaign manager Kellyanne Conway.

List of Influential Women and Nonbinary People in Computing: Lynn Conway (1938–2024): An alum of Xerox PARC, Lynn Conway helped to revolutionize microchip design in the 1970s. She was also one of the first Americans to undergo a medical gender transition, helping to usher in more queer and transgender computer scientists in the following years. When she transitioned, she was fired from…

Moncure Daniel Conway was an American clergyman, author, and vigorous abolitionist. Conway was born of Methodist slaveholding parents and educated at Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, graduating in 1849. While serving in the Methodist ministry he was converted to Unitarianism, but

Thomas Conway was a general during the American Revolution who advocated that George Washington be replaced by Horatio Gates as the army’s commander in chief. Conway moved from Ireland to France at age six. In 1749 he joined the French army, and by 1772 he held the rank of colonel. In 1776 Conway

The Carol Burnett Show: Lawrence, Harvey Korman, and Tim Conway (first as a guest star, then as a regular after 1975). These entertainers combined the spontaneity and energy of live performance (including question-and-answer segments with the studio audience) with meticulous attention to detail and the advantages of two weekly tapings to create a…

United Kingdom: Edward’s wars: …and exacted from Llywelyn the Treaty of Conway. Llywelyn agreed to perform fealty and homage, to pay a large indemnity (from which he was soon excused), and to surrender certain districts of North Wales. There was considerable Welsh resentment after 1277 at the manner in which Edward imposed his jurisdiction…

William Martin Conway, Baron Conway was a British mountain climber, explorer, and art historian whose expeditions ranged from Europe to South America and Asia. Conway began his climbing career in 1872 with an ascent of Breithorn in the Alps. In 1892 he mapped 2,000 square miles (5,180 square km) of

William Martin Conway, Baron Conway was a British mountain climber, explorer, and art historian whose expeditions ranged from Europe to South America and Asia. Conway began his climbing career in 1872 with an ascent of Breithorn in the Alps. In 1892 he mapped 2,000 square miles (5,180 square km) of

Russell Conwell was an American lawyer, author, clergyman, and educator whose lecture “Acres of Diamonds,” which expressed his formula for success, brought him fame and wealth on the Chautauqua circuit. In 1862 Conwell began law study at Yale but left a few weeks later to raise a company for

Russell Conwell was an American lawyer, author, clergyman, and educator whose lecture “Acres of Diamonds,” which expressed his formula for success, brought him fame and wealth on the Chautauqua circuit. In 1862 Conwell began law study at Yale but left a few weeks later to raise a company for

Conwy, county borough, northwestern Wales, along the Irish Sea. Conwy’s coast includes the rugged headlands of Penmaenmawr and Great Orme’s Head along with a low-lying strip reaching east to the mouth of the River Clwyd. From the coast the county borough extends inland along both sides of the River

Conwy, town, Conwy county borough, historic county of Caernarvonshire (Sir Gaernarfon), northwestern Wales. The town lies on the west bank of the River Conwy’s estuary, near the river’s mouth on Conwy Bay of the Irish Sea. It is the administrative centre of the county borough. Conwy was founded by

Conwy: Conwy Castle (1283), built on the River Conwy estuary by Edward I of England, was a vital link in a chain of English strongholds in the then newly invaded North Wales. The castle guarded the entrance to the once-navigable River Conwy at the town of…

Thomas Telford: …suspension bridges over the River Conwy and the Menai Strait (Wales).

hyrax, (order Hyracoidea), any of six species of small hoofed mammals (ungulates) native to Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Hyraxes and pikas are sometimes called conies or rock rabbits, but the terms are misleading, as hyraxes are neither lagomorphs nor exclusively rock dwellers. The term

pika, (genus Ochotona), small short-legged and virtually tailless egg-shaped mammal found in the mountains of western North America and much of Asia. Despite their small size, body shape, and round ears, pikas are not rodents but the smallest representatives of the lagomorphs, a group otherwise

cony, any of certain unrelated animals, including two mammals and two fishes. The mammalian cony is a small, guinea pig-like relative to the rabbit; it is more commonly known by the name pika (q.v.). The name cony was once applied to the rabbit and is still sometimes used in the fur business to

William Daniel Conybeare was an English geologist and paleontologist, known for his classic work on the stratigraphy of the Carboniferous (280,000,000 to 345,000,000 years ago) System in England and Wales. Conybeare was vicar of Axminster from 1836 until 1844, when he became dean of Llandaff, in

John Conyers, Jr. was an American politician who served as a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from the state of Michigan from 1965 to 2017. He was the longest-serving African American member of the U.S. Congress. Conyers’s father was a labour organizer and an international

Gustavus Conyngham was an American naval officer who fought the British in their own waters during the American Revolution. Conyngham was taken to America in his youth and apprenticed to a captain in the West Indian trade. Advancing to shipmaster, he was stranded in the Netherlands at the outbreak

archaeology: The Mediterranean and the Middle East: …1875 to 1881; and of Alexander Conze at Samothrace in 1873 and 1875. Conze was the first person to include photographs in the publication of his report. Schliemann had intended to dig in Crete but did not do so, and it was left to Arthur Evans to begin work at…

Arizona Cardinals: …team from 1940 to 1942, Jimmy Conzelman was rehired in 1946, and he oversaw a Cardinals victory in the 1947 NFL championship game behind the play of the team’s famed “Million-Dollar Backfield.” This feat was followed by a franchise-best 11–1 record and another trip to the title game in 1948,…

Cos, island off the southwestern coast of Turkey, the third largest of the Dodecanese Islands, Greece. A ragged limestone ridge runs along the southern coast. The highest point of the island, Mount Dhíkaios (2,776 feet [846 metres]), divides the island near its centre. A fertile lowland stretches

Coober Pedy, town and mining field in central South Australia, 590 miles (950 km) northwest of Adelaide, on the Stuart Highway. Most of the total world production of opals comes from the mining site, located in the Stuart Range on the edge of the Great Victoria Desert. Opals were discovered there

Cooch Behar, town, eastern West Bengal state, northeastern India. It lies just east of the Torsa River. The town is an agricultural market centre, has major road and rail connections, and is linked by air with Kolkata. Leather-goods manufacture is an important industry. Once the seat of a princely

Koch: …chief established the state of Koch Bihar, and they now call themselves Rajbanshi (“Of Royal Blood”), resent being called by the old tribal name, and follow Hindu customs. But their claim to the high status of the Kshatriya class of Hindus is not generally admitted, and many of the endogamous…

Ry Cooder is an American guitarist and singer whose influence far outweighed his limited commercial success. Introduced to the guitar at age three, adept at the instrument by age eight, and a teenage habitué of the Los Angeles blues scene, Cooder formed the Rising Sons with Taj Mahal and played in

Ry Cooder is an American guitarist and singer whose influence far outweighed his limited commercial success. Introduced to the guitar at age three, adept at the instrument by age eight, and a teenage habitué of the Los Angeles blues scene, Cooder formed the Rising Sons with Taj Mahal and played in

Jackie Coogan: …the California legislature enacted the Child Actors Bill, popularly called the “Coogan Law,” ensuring child movie actors such rights as having their contracts approved by the courts and their income governed by financial institutions. During World War II Coogan served in the U.S. Army Air Force. In later years he…

Coogan’s Bluff, American crime drama, released in 1968, that marks the first teaming of Clint Eastwood and director Don Siegel, who later collaborated on the popular Dirty Harry movies. Deputy Sheriff Walt Coogan (played by Eastwood) is a tough lawman from Arizona who travels to New York City to

Jackie Coogan was the first major Hollywood child star, who rose to fame in the silent-film era and was best known as the sad-eyed waif of The Kid (1921) and similar movies. The son of a vaudevillian and an actress, Coogan appeared in his first film, Skinner’s Baby (1916), when he was 18 months

Black Panther: Black Panther in film and other media: Director Ryan Coogler helmed Black Panther (2018), a dazzling spectacle that saw Boseman return to the screen in the role of T’Challa. Perhaps the MCU’s best-reviewed film to date, Black Panther examined race, gender, and power issues through an Afrofuturist lens and featured an ensemble cast…

Chicago: Health: The system is anchored by John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County (formerly Cook County Hospital), one of the largest such public institutions in the country with one of the busiest emergency rooms; it also operates a branch at Provident Hospital, a historic African American institution. Stroger Hospital is…

Linda Gilbert: …school took her past the Cook County Jail. She eventually developed an acquaintance with one of the prisoners and discovered from him that there was no reading material in the jail. Her resolve to establish a library in the jail was fulfilled in 1864 when she donated some 4,000 miscellaneous…

Amy Coney Barrett: And in dissent in Cook County v. Wolf (2020), she argued that the Trump administration’s proposed redefinition of the term “public charge” in the Immigration and Nationality Act (1952), which would greatly reduce the number of immigrants granted admission to or legal permanent residency in the United States, was…

Cook Inlet, branch of the Gulf of Alaska, Alaska, U.S. Situated in the North Pacific Ocean, it is bounded by the Kenai Peninsula on the east and extends northeast for 220 miles (350 km), narrowing from 80 to 9 miles (130 to 14 km). The inlet is fed by the Susitna, Matanuska, and Kenai rivers. The

Cook Islands, self-governing island state in free association with New Zealand, located in the South Pacific Ocean. Its 15 small atolls and islands have a total land area comparable to that of a medium-sized city, but they are spread over about 770,000 square miles (2,000,000 square km) of sea—an

Cook Islands: Ethnic groups and languages: The latter, known as Cook Islands Maori, is an official language, as is English.

New Zealand territorial flag consisting of a royal-blue field with a Union Jack in the upper hoist quadrant and a circle of 15 white five-pointed stars in the centre of the fly portion. The flag’s width-to-length ratio is 1 to 2.The earliest flag identified with the Cook Islands was in use on the

Cook Strait, strait separating the North and South islands of New Zealand, extending northwest to southeast from the Tasman Sea to the south Pacific Ocean. About 14 miles (23 km) wide at its narrowest point, it averages 420 feet (128 m) in depth. Both shores are lined with steep cliffs, and that of

The Cook’s Tale, an incomplete story in The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, published in 1387–1400. This 58-line fragment of a tale of “harlotrie,” as the poet described it, tells of a womanizing, gambling apprentice cook who is dismissed from his job. He moves in with a fellow reveler and

Alicia Keys is an American singer-songwriter, pianist, and actress who achieved enormous success in the early 2000s with her blend of R&B and soul music. Her notable songs include “Fallin’” (2001), “No One” (2007) and “Empire State of Mind” (2009), the latter of which was a collaboration with

Arthur James Cook was a British labour leader, an impassioned orator who had a great following among British coal miners and who came, in the 1920s, to symbolize the miners’ determined but ineffective struggle against the mineowners’ insistence on lower wages and longer hours. A coal miner from age

The Incredible Mr. Limpet: Cast:

American Idol: Winners: Fantasia Barrino, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, and Kris Allen. Proving that success on the show was not necessarily a prerequisite to success in show business, Jennifer Hudson was voted off in season three but went on to win an Academy Award for her performance in Dreamgirls (2006), and Chris…

sabermetrics: Early analytic efforts: In 1964 Earnshaw Cook’s book Percentage Baseball was published, and his work, or at least the broadest outlines of it, reached a wide audience via a profile in Sports Illustrated. Not many people within the game would admit to paying Cook much mind, but longtime executive Lou…

Frederick Albert Cook was an American physician and explorer whose claim that he had discovered the North Pole in 1908 made him a controversial figure. His fellow American explorer Robert E. Peary, who is generally credited with having achieved this feat in 1909, denounced Cook’s claim. Cook began

George Cram Cook was a novelist, poet, and playwright who, with his wife, Susan Glaspell (q.v.), established the Provincetown Players in 1915, which gave a forward thrust to the U.S. theatre. After completing his B.A. degree at Harvard in 1893, he studied at Heidelberg in 1894 and the Université de

James Cook was a British naval captain, navigator, and explorer who sailed the seaways and coasts of Canada (1759 and 1763–67) and conducted three expeditions to the Pacific Ocean (1768–71, 1772–75, and1776–79), ranging from the Antarctic ice fields to the Bering Strait and from the coasts of North

Joseph Cook was an early prime minister (1913–14) of a federated Australia who helped found the nation’s military institutions. Cook emigrated to New South Wales in 1885 and worked as a coal miner until 1891, when he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as a member of the Labor

Mitch McConnell: Early life and education: Marlow Cook. He later served as deputy assistant U.S. attorney general in the administration of Pres. Gerald R. Ford (1974–75) and as judge/executive (chief judge) of Jefferson county, Kentucky (1978–85).

the Wiggles: … (blue), Greg Page (yellow), and Murray Cook (red).

Howard Staunton: …and patented in 1849 by Nathaniel Cook. Following Staunton’s endorsement and extensive promotion of the design, it became known as the Staunton pattern.

the Sex Pistols: May 3, 1955, London), drummer Paul Cook (b. July 20, 1956, London), and bassist Glen Matlock (b. August 27, 1956, London). A later member was bassist Sid Vicious (byname of John Simon Ritchie; b. May 10, 1957, London—d. February 2, 1979, New York, New York, U.S.).

Peter Cook was a British entertainer who gained international fame in the 1960s in the hit satirical revue Beyond the Fringe (with Alan Bennett, Jonathan Miller, and Dudley Moore) and for his longtime comedy partnership with Moore on stage, screen, television, and comedy records. He also founded

Peter Cook was a British entertainer who gained international fame in the 1960s in the hit satirical revue Beyond the Fringe (with Alan Bennett, Jonathan Miller, and Dudley Moore) and for his longtime comedy partnership with Moore on stage, screen, television, and comedy records. He also founded

Robin Cook was a British politician who served as foreign secretary in the United Kingdom for four years following the Labour Party’s return to power in 1997. He was recognized as having one of the sharpest minds in British politics, and he wielded influence far beyond his official post. Cook was

Robin Cook was a British politician who served as foreign secretary in the United Kingdom for four years following the Labour Party’s return to power in 1997. He was recognized as having one of the sharpest minds in British politics, and he wielded influence far beyond his official post. Cook was

Sam Cooke was an American singer, songwriter, producer, and entrepreneur who was a major figure in the history of popular music and, along with Ray Charles, one of the most influential Black vocalists of the post-World War II period. If Charles represented raw soul, Cooke symbolized sweet soul. To

Intuit Inc.: …in 1983 by American entrepreneurs Scott Cook and Tom Proulx. The company headquarters is in Mountain View, California

Stephen Arthur Cook is an American computer scientist and winner of the 1982 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honour in computer science, for his “advancement of our understanding of the complexity of computation in a significant and profound way.” Cook earned a bachelor’s degree (1961) in computer

Creedence Clearwater Revival: ), Stu Cook (b. April 25, 1945, Oakland, Calif.), and Doug Clifford (b. April 24, 1945, Palo Alto, Calif.).

Jean Paul Gaultier: …a number of films, including The Cook, the Thief, His Wife, and Her Lover (1989), The Fifth Element (1997), and Bad Education (2004). In 2011 he launched his first international exhibition, “The Fashion World of Jean Paul Gaultier: From the Sidewalk to the Catwalk,” in Montreal. The exhibition, which made…

Thomas Cook was an English innovator of the conducted tour and founder of Thomas Cook and Son, a worldwide travel agency. Cook can be said to have invented modern tourism. Cook left school at the age of 10 and worked at various jobs until 1828, when he became a Baptist missionary. In 1841 he

Tim Cook is an American technology executive who has been the chief executive officer (CEO) of the technology company Apple Inc. since 2011. Cook grew up in Robertsdale, Alabama. He graduated from Auburn University in Alabama with a bachelor’s degree in industrial engineering in 1982, and in 1988

Tim Cook is an American technology executive who has been the chief executive officer (CEO) of the technology company Apple Inc. since 2011. Cook grew up in Robertsdale, Alabama. He graduated from Auburn University in Alabama with a bachelor’s degree in industrial engineering in 1982, and in 1988

Mumia Abu-Jamal is an American journalist and political activist who was sentenced to death and then to life in prison for the 1981 murder of a police officer, Daniel Faulkner, in Philadelphia. Wesley Cook established his status as a political activist while still a teenager. At age 14, he took

nuclear weapon: Thermonuclear weapons: …first step was to put William Cook in charge of the program. Cook, chief of the Royal Naval Scientific Service and a mathematician, was transferred to Aldermaston, a government research and development laboratory and manufacturing site in Berkshire, where he arrived in September to be deputy director to William Penney.…

Antony Tudor was a British-born American dancer, teacher, and choreographer who developed the so-called psychological ballet. He began his dance studies at 19 years of age with Marie Rambert and for her company choreographed his first ballet, Cross-Gartered (1931), based on an incident in

cookbook, collection of recipes, instructions, and information about the preparation and serving of foods. At its best, a cookbook is also a chronicle and treasury of the fine art of cooking, an art whose masterpieces—created only to be consumed—would otherwise be lost. Cookbooks have been written

circus: Circus families: The Cooke family, which traveled from Scotland to New York City in the early 1800s, was an equestrian group that intermarried with the Coles and the Ortons, both well-known American circus families. As a family expanded, branches were established in numerous areas, and members often went…

Alistair Cooke was a British-born American journalist and commentator, best known for his lively and insightful interpretations of American history and culture. The son of a Wesleyan Methodist lay preacher, Cooke pursued literary and theatrical interests at Jesus College, Cambridge, and graduated

Alistair Cooke was a British-born American journalist and commentator, best known for his lively and insightful interpretations of American history and culture. The son of a Wesleyan Methodist lay preacher, Cooke pursued literary and theatrical interests at Jesus College, Cambridge, and graduated

music: Contextualist theories: Deryck Cooke, the British musicologist and the author of The Language of Music (1959), who may be classified as a referential expressionist, offered a sophisticated argument for the notion of music as language. Concepts, however, may not be rendered by this language, only feelings. Cooke…

Henry Cooke was a composer, bass singer, and outstanding English choirmaster of his era. As a child Cooke was a chorister in the Chapel Royal. During the English Civil Wars (1642–51) he fought for Charles I, whence his title, “Captain” Cooke. After the Restoration (1660) he became master of the

Jay Cooke was an American financier and fund-raiser for the federal government during the American Civil War. At 18 Cooke entered the Philadelphia banking house of E.W. Clark and Co., and three years later he became a member of the firm. In 1861 he opened his own banking house in Philadelphia and

Rose Terry Cooke was an American poet and author, remembered chiefly for her stories that presaged the local-colour movement in American literature. Cooke was born of a well-to-do family. She graduated from the Hartford Female Seminary in 1843 and for some years thereafter taught school and was a