Sam Cooke was an American singer, songwriter, producer, and entrepreneur who was a major figure in the history of popular music and, along with Ray Charles, one of the most influential Black vocalists of the post-World War II period. If Charles represented raw soul, Cooke symbolized sweet soul. To

Sir William Fothergill Cooke was an English inventor who worked with Charles Wheatstone in developing electric telegraphy. Cooke’s attendance at a demonstration of the use of wire in transmitting messages led to his experimentation in 1836 with telegraphy. Soon afterward, he and Wheatstone, who had

chlorite: Cookeite (with lithium substituted for aluminum) is also a member of the chlorite group.

baking: History: The Egyptians developed the first ovens. The earliest known examples are cylindrical vessels made of baked Nile clay, tapered at the top to give a cone shape and divided inside by a horizontal shelflike partition. The lower section is the firebox, the upper section is the baking chamber. The pieces…

John Lee Hooker was an American blues singer-guitarist, one of the most distinctive artists in the electric blues idiom. Born into a Mississippi sharecropping family, Hooker learned to play the guitar from his stepfather and developed an interest in gospel music as a child. In 1943 he moved to

cooking, the act of using heat to prepare food for consumption. Cooking is as old as civilization itself, and observers have perceived it as both an art and a science. Its history sheds light on the very origins of human settlement, and its variety and traditions reflect unique social, cultural,

cookbook, collection of recipes, instructions, and information about the preparation and serving of foods. At its best, a cookbook is also a chronicle and treasury of the fine art of cooking, an art whose masterpieces—created only to be consumed—would otherwise be lost. Cookbooks have been written

Cookeville, city, seat (1854) of Putnam county, on the Cumberland Plateau in north-central Tennessee, U.S., about halfway between Nashville and Knoxville. Founded as the county seat in 1854, it was named for Major Richard F. Cooke, one of the organizers of Putnam county. It developed as an

cookie, (from Dutch koekje, diminutive of koek, “cake”), primarily in the United States, any of various small sweet cakes, either flat or slightly raised, cut from rolled dough, dropped from a spoon, cut into pieces after baking, or curled with a special iron. In Scotland the term cookie denotes a

cookie, file or part of a file saved to a Web user’s hard disk by a Web site. Cookies are used to store registration data, to make it possible to customize information for visitors to a Web site, to target online advertising, and to keep track of the products a user wishes to order online. Early

Cookie Monster, American television puppet character (one of the Muppets) whose appetite for cookies is legendary. Together with such characters as Oscar the Grouch, Elmo, and Big Bird, he is one of the featured creatures on the long-running children’s public television series Sesame Street. The

Robert Altman: 1980s and ’90s of Robert Altman: Better received was Cookie’s Fortune (1999), a study of the effects of a local woman’s death on a small Southern town populated by eccentric but winning characters, brought to life by one of Altman’s most colourful casts—Glenn Close, Julianne Moore, Charles S. Dutton, Liv Tyler, Ned Beatty, Lyle…

cookiecutter shark, either of two species of living sharks classified as part of the genus Isistius, in the family Dalatiidae, named for their tendency to excise cookie cutter-shaped plugs of flesh from the larger marine animals they feed upon. Whereas the biology and distribution of the smalltooth

cookiecutter shark, either of two species of living sharks classified as part of the genus Isistius, in the family Dalatiidae, named for their tendency to excise cookie cutter-shaped plugs of flesh from the larger marine animals they feed upon. Whereas the biology and distribution of the smalltooth

cooking, the act of using heat to prepare food for consumption. Cooking is as old as civilization itself, and observers have perceived it as both an art and a science. Its history sheds light on the very origins of human settlement, and its variety and traditions reflect unique social, cultural,

fat and oil processing: Deodorization: The common cooking oils of Asia—soybean, rapeseed, peanut, sesame, and coconut—are consumed in their crude form as expressed from oilseeds. In contrast, deodorized oils are in particular demand in the United States and Europe. For many years the only important vegetable oil consumed in the United States…

Elaine Feinstein was a British writer and translator who examined her own eastern European heritage in a number of novels and collections of poetry. Feinstein attended the University of Cambridge (B.A., 1952; M.A., 1955). Her first published work was a collection of poetry, In a Green Eye (1966).

repeating rifle: By the 18th century the Cookson repeating rifle was in use in North America, having separate tubular magazines in the stock for balls and powder and a lever-activated breech mechanism that selected and loaded a ball and a charge, also priming the flash pan and setting the gun on half…

lighthouse: Rectangular and drum lenses: …light, in 1836 English glassmaker William Cookson modified Fresnel’s principle by producing a cylindrical drum lens, which concentrated the light into an all-around fan beam. Although not as efficient as the rectangular panel, it provided a steady, all-around light. Small drum lenses, robust and compact, are widely used today for…

Pridoli Series: …land plants, of the genus Cooksonia, typically occur in the lower portions of the Pridoli Series in many parts of the world. The Pridoli Series is overlain by the Lochkovian Stage, the first stage of the Devonian System. The base of the Lochkovian and the base of the Devonian System…

Cookstown: The former district of Cookstown was bordered by the former districts of Magherafelt to the north, Omagh to the west, and Dungannon to the south. The outer limits of the Sperrin Mountains, constituting most of its northwestern portion, slope gradually eastward to the Ballinderry River valley and the flat…

Cookstown, town and former district (1973–2015) astride the former counties of Londonderry and Tyrone, now in Mid Ulster district, west of Lough (lake) Neagh, Northern Ireland. The town, a 17th-century Plantation of Ulster (English colonial) settlement, was named after its founder, Alan Cook. The

Cooktown, town and port, northeastern Queensland, Australia. It is situated at the mouth of the Endeavour River on the east coast of Cape York Peninsula, facing the Great Barrier Reef. The town and nearby Mount Cook (1,415 feet [431 metres]) are named after the British navigator Capt. James Cook,

William Cookworthy was a china manufacturer who first produced an English true hard-paste porcelain similar to that of the Chinese and Germans. Cookworthy was apprenticed at 14 to a London apothecary, who later set him up in a business, Bevans and Cookworthy, at Plymouth. He became interested in

exercise: Warm-up/cool down: It is equally important to cool down—that is, to gradually reduce exercise intensity—at the end of each session. The abrupt cessation of vigorous exercise may cause blood to pool in the legs, which can cause fainting or, more seriously, can sometimes precipitate cardiac complications. Slow walking and stretching for five…

greenhouse: In a cool greenhouse, the nighttime temperature falls to about 7–10 °C (45–50 °F). Among the plants suited to cool greenhouses are azaleas, cinerarias, cyclamens, carnations, fuchsias,

Cool Hand Luke, American film drama, released in 1967, featuring Paul Newman in one of his most highly regarded performances, as a convict who refuses to kowtow to his sadistic jailers. Newman’s antihero role was especially popular amid the anti-establishment currents of the 1960s. Sentenced to a

cool jazz, a style of jazz that emerged in the United States during the late 1940s. The term cool derives from what journalists perceived as an understated or subdued feeling in the music of Miles Davis, the Modern Jazz Quartet, Gerry Mulligan, Lennie Tristano, and others. Tone colours tended

Nathanael West: In A Cool Million (1934), West effectively mocks the American success dream popularized by Horatio Alger by portraying a hero who slides from bad to worse while doing the supposedly right thing. In his last years West worked as a screenwriter in Hollywood. The Day of…

Michael Ritchie: Later work: …credit on the sleeper hit Cool Runnings (1993), a comedy inspired by the Jamaican bobsled team.

machine tool: Cutting fluids: In many machine-tool operations, cutting fluids or coolants are used to modify the harmful effects of friction and high temperatures. In general, the major functions of a coolant are to lubricate and cool. When cutting a screw thread, either on a lathe or with…

nuclear reactor: Coolants and moderators: A variety of substances, including light water, heavy water, air, carbon dioxide, helium, liquid sodium, liquid sodium-potassium alloy, and hydrocarbons (oils), have been

Ina Donna Coolbrith was a popular American poet of moderate talent who nonetheless became a major figure in literary and cultural circles of 19th- and early 20th-century San Francisco. Coolbrith, a niece of Joseph Smith (the founder of Mormonism), was born in the first major Mormon settlement.

William Butler Yeats: …summers at Lady Gregory’s home, Coole Park, County Galway, and he eventually purchased a ruined Norman castle called Thoor Ballylee in the neighbourhood. Under the name of the Tower, this structure would become a dominant symbol in many of his latest and best poems.

Alec Baldwin: Stardom: Beetlejuice, The Hunt for Red October, and The Aviator: …owner in the dark comedy The Cooler (2003). Later that year he had a supporting role in Martin Scorsese’s The Aviator, a biopic about Howard Hughes.

blood disease: Thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies: Thalassemia major (Cooley anemia) is characterized by severe anemia, enlargement of the spleen, and body deformities associated with expansion of the bone marrow. The latter presumably represents a response to the need for greatly accelerated red cell production by genetically defective red cell precursors, which…

aphid: Types of aphids: The cooley spruce gall adelgid (Adelges cooleyi) causes formation of conelike galls about 7 cm (3 inches) long on the tips of spruce twigs. In midsummer when the galls open, adults migrate to Douglas firs to lay eggs. However, the life cycle may proceed on either…

commerce clause: Interpretation of the commerce clause in United States Supreme Court cases: ” In Cooley v. Board of Wardens of Port of Philadelphia (1851), the Supreme Court agreed with the state of Pennsylvania that it had the right, under an act of Congress in 1789, to regulate matters concerning pilots on its waterways, including the port of Philadelphia. The…

thalassemia, group of blood disorders characterized by a deficiency of hemoglobin, the blood protein that transports oxygen to the tissues. Thalassemia (Greek: “sea blood”) is so called because it was first discovered among peoples around the Mediterranean Sea, among whom its incidence is high.

Charles Horton Cooley was an American sociologist who employed a sociopsychological approach to the understanding of society. Cooley, the son of Michigan Supreme Court judge Thomas McIntyre Cooley, earned his Ph.D. at the University of Michigan in 1894. He had started teaching at the university in

Denton Cooley was an American surgeon and educator who was one of the most-renowned heart surgeons in the world, admired for his technical brilliance and his dexterity. He performed the first successful heart transplant in the United States and was also the first to implant an artificial heart in a

Denton Cooley was an American surgeon and educator who was one of the most-renowned heart surgeons in the world, admired for his technical brilliance and his dexterity. He performed the first successful heart transplant in the United States and was also the first to implant an artificial heart in a

rights of privacy: …what Louis Brandeis, citing Judge Thomas Cooley, described in an 1890 paper (cowritten with Samuel D. Warren) as “the right to be let alone.” The right of privacy is a legal concept in both the law of torts and U.S. constitutional law. The tort concept is of 19th-century origin. Subject…

Boyz II Men: Cooleyhighharmony: …Motown records with the album Cooleyhighharmony, which went on to sell more than seven million copies and won a Grammy Award. In 1992 their recording of “End of the Road,” from the movie soundtrack of Boomerang, spent 13 consecutive weeks in the number one slot on Billboard’s pop chart, eclipsing…

Coolgardie, town, south-central Western Australia. It was founded in 1892 with the discovery of quartz gold in the vicinity, which marked the beginning of a rush to the East Coolgardie field. Known consecutively as Gnaralbine, Bayley’s Reward, and Fly Flat, it was finally renamed Coolgardie, an

greenhouse: In a cool greenhouse, the nighttime temperature falls to about 7–10 °C (45–50 °F). Among the plants suited to cool greenhouses are azaleas, cinerarias, cyclamens, carnations, fuchsias,

Gila River: Coolidge Dam (1928) on the Gila near Globe, Arizona, is used for irrigation in the Casa Grande Valley; the dam, together with Roosevelt Dam on the Salt, stores all available surface water, so the Gila River bed is dry and barren down to the Colorado.…

Calvin Coolidge was the 30th president of the United States (1923–29). Coolidge acceded to the presidency after the death in office of Warren G. Harding, just as the Harding scandals were coming to light. He restored integrity to the executive branch of the federal government while continuing the

Elizabeth Penn Sprague Coolidge was an American philanthropist, herself a trained pianist, who is remembered for her generous support of musicians and the world of music. Elizabeth Sprague was of a wealthy family that early encouraged her to study music. In her youth she appeared on a few occasions

Grace Coolidge was the American first lady (1923–29), the wife of Calvin Coolidge, 30th president of the United States. Grace Goodhue was the only child of Andrew Issachar Goodhue, a mechanical engineer, and Lemira Barrett Goodhue. After attending local schools, Grace enrolled at the University of

Christopher Guest: Filmmaking career: , Jennifer Coolidge, John Michael Higgins, Jane Lynch, Chris O’Dowd, Catherine O’Hara, Jim Piddock, Parker Posey, and Willard.

Calvin Coolidge was the 30th president of the United States (1923–29). Coolidge acceded to the presidency after the death in office of Warren G. Harding, just as the Harding scandals were coming to light. He restored integrity to the executive branch of the federal government while continuing the

Julian Lowell Coolidge was a U.S. mathematician and educator who published numerous works on theoretical mathematics along the lines of the Study-Segre school. Coolidge was born to a family of well-established Bostonians; his paternal grandmother was Thomas Jefferson’s granddaughter. Following the

Martha Coolidge is an American filmmaker who achieved commercial success directing films often underlain by a feminist perspective. Coolidge’s father was a professor of architecture at Yale University (and third cousin of U.S. Pres. Calvin Coolidge), and her parents encouraged her to be an artist.

Kris Kristofferson: Music career: …were collaborations with country singer Rita Coolidge, to whom he was married from 1973 to 1979. Their first album, Full Moon (1973), went gold (achieved sales of half a million copies).

Sarah Chauncey Woolsey was an American children’s author whose vivacious and mischievous heroines presented a popular contrast to the norm of her day. Woolsey displayed a love for reading and writing stories at an early age. In 1855 she moved with her family to New Haven, Connecticut (her uncle,

William Augustus Brevoort Coolidge was an American-born British historian and mountaineer who, in the course of about 1,750 ascents, made one of the first systematic explorations of the Swiss, French, and Italian Alps. A graduate of Oxford University, where he taught for some years, he was also

William D. Coolidge was an American engineer and physical chemist whose improvement of tungsten filaments was essential in the development of the modern incandescent lamp bulb and the X-ray tube. After teaching at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge; 1897, 1901–05) and the

William D. Coolidge was an American engineer and physical chemist whose improvement of tungsten filaments was essential in the development of the modern incandescent lamp bulb and the X-ray tube. After teaching at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge; 1897, 1901–05) and the

Amitabh Bachchan: Hits, misses, and politics: …the set of his film Coolie in 1982 touched off a national prayer vigil for his recovery. His subsequent films, however, did poorly at the box office, with a few exceptions such as Shahenshah (1988; “Emperor of Emperors”) and Hum (1991; “Us”). Bachchan entered politics at the encouragement of his…

Mulk Raj Anand: Notable works: …his novels Untouchable (1935) and Coolie (1936), both of which examined the problems of poverty in Indian society. Untouchable is considered a landmark work in Indian literature for its raw portrayal of the harsh realities faced by the so-called “untouchables” in Indian society. Anand’s depiction of Bakha’s struggles in Untouchable…

dating: Multiple ages for a single rock: the thermal effect: …age then is called a cooling age. It is even possible by using a series of minerals with different blocking temperatures to establish a cooling history of a rock body—i.e., the times since the rock body cooled below successively lower temperatures. Such attempts can be complicated by the fact that…

embalming: Development of modern embalming: …or laying them on “cooling boards,” with a concave, ice-filled box fitted over the torso and head. Some of the more enterprising entrepreneurs exhibited well-preserved “cases” in the windows of shops, or took them on tour so that persons in rural areas and small towns could see the latest…

cooling system, apparatus employed to keep the temperature of a structure or device from exceeding limits imposed by needs of safety and efficiency. If overheated, the oil in a mechanical transmission loses its lubricating capacity, while the fluid in a hydraulic coupling or converter leaks under

climate change: Cenozoic climates: intervals of global warming and cooling. Earth has experienced both extreme warmth and extreme cold during this period. These changes have been driven by tectonic forces, which have altered the positions and elevations of the continents as well as ocean passages and bathymetry. Feedbacks between different components of the Earth…

fluid mechanics: Convection: Newton’s law of cooling, which postulates a linear relationship, is obeyed only in circumstances where convection is prevented or in circumstances where it is forced (when a radiator is fan-assisted, for example).

Cooma, town, southeastern New South Wales, Australia. It is situated on the rolling Monaro grassland plateau in the Southern Tablelands. Cooma, established in 1849, derives its name from the Aboriginal word coombah, variously meaning “lake,” “sandbank,” “one,” or “big swamp.” The town grew during

Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy was a pioneer historian of Indian art and foremost interpreter of Indian culture to the West. He was concerned with the meaning of a work of art within a traditional culture and with examining the religious and philosophical beliefs that determine the origin and

Kumasi, city, south-central Ghana. Carved out of a dense forest belt among hills rising to 1,000 feet (300 metres), Kumasi has a humid, wet climate. Osei Tutu, a 17th-century Asante king, chose the site for his capital and conducted land negotiations under a kum tree, whence came the town’s name.

Henry Morton Stanley: Relief of Livingstone: … and in 1874 published his Coomassie and Magdala: The Story of Two British Campaigns in Africa.

blood group: Coombs test: Coombs serum (also called antihuman globulin) is made by immunizing rabbits with human gamma globulin. The rabbits respond by making antihuman globulin (i.e., antibodies against human gamma globulin and complement) that is then purified before use. The antihuman globulin usually contains antibodies against IgG and…

blood group: Coombs test: When an incomplete antibody reacts with the red cells in saline solution, the antigenic sites become coated with antibody globulin (gamma globulin), and no visible agglutination reaction takes place. The presence of gamma globulin on cells can be detected by the Coombs test,…

Napa: Another early pioneer, Nathan Coombs, arrived in the area in 1845. He worked for Nicolas Higuera, who had received a land grant from General Vallejo in 1835, and in exchange for his labor on Higuera’s rancho Coombs received the parcel of land from which he laid out the…

raccoon: …common and well-known is the North American raccoon (Procyon lotor), which ranges from northern Canada and most of the United States southward into South America. It has a conspicuous black “mask” across the eyes, and the tail is ringed with 5 to 10 black bands.

Meteor Crater, rimmed, bowl-shaped pit produced by the impact of a large meteorite in the rolling plain of the Canyon Diablo region, 19 miles (30 km) west of Winslow, Arizona, U.S. The crater is 4,000 feet (1,200 metres) in diameter and about 600 feet (180 metres) deep inside its rim, which rises

Carleton S. Coon was an American anthropologist who made notable contributions to cultural and physical anthropology and archaeology. His areas of study ranged from prehistoric agrarian communities to contemporary tribal societies in the Middle East, Patagonia, and the hill country of India. Coon

Carleton S. Coon was an American anthropologist who made notable contributions to cultural and physical anthropology and archaeology. His areas of study ranged from prehistoric agrarian communities to contemporary tribal societies in the Middle East, Patagonia, and the hill country of India. Coon

Ghostbusters: Reboots: …centers on Callie Spengler (Carrie Coon), the estranged daughter of Egon Spengler. After being informed of her father’s death, Callie travels from her home in Chicago to Oklahoma to tie up the loose ends of his estate, bringing along her 15-year-old son Trevor (Finn Wolfhard) and 12-year-old daughter Phoebe…

Coonabarabran, town, east-central New South Wales, Australia. It lies along the Castlereagh River, near the Pilliga Scrub district. Coonabarabran was surveyed in 1859 and gazetted a shire in 1906, its name derived from an Aboriginal word meaning “inquisitive person.” Lying along the Newell and

Coonamble, town, north-central New South Wales, Australia. It lies along the Castlereagh River, at the western edge of the Pilliga Scrub district. It was proclaimed a town in 1861 and a municipality in 1880. The Shire of Coonamble (1906) was merged with the Shire of Wingadee in 1957 and is now part

Australian literature: Nationalism and expansion: …Working Bullocks (1926) and in Coonardoo (1929), her sympathetic portrait of an Aboriginal woman, was of a more romantic nature. For others, such as Kylie Tennant and Eleanor Dark, realism served social and historical ends.

pan: It developed from conquian, the ancestor of rummy games.

Joan Ganz Cooney is an American television producer. Cooney worked as a journalist before becoming a producer at a public television station in New York City (1962–67). In 1968 she cofounded the Children’s Television Workshop (now Sesame Workshop), producing such educational children’s programs as

Laurette Taylor was an American actress who was perhaps best known for her roles in plays written by her second husband, J. Hartley Manners. Most notable was her comedic performance in Peg O’ My Heart (1912). Under the name La Belle Laurette, Taylor made her childhood stage debut in Lynn,

coonhound, any of several breeds of dogs used primarily in hunting raccoons by scent. Coonhounds are noted for the melodious quality of their voices. The black and tan coonhound was bred in the United States from strains of bloodhound and black and tan foxhound. It is a short-haired, bloodhoundlike

Chris Coons is an American politician who was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate in 2010 and began representing Delaware later that year. Coons grew up in Hockessin, a suburb of Wilmington, Delaware. After attending preparatory school, he went to Amherst College, where he received a

Chris Coons is an American politician who was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate in 2010 and began representing Delaware later that year. Coons grew up in Hockessin, a suburb of Wilmington, Delaware. After attending preparatory school, he went to Amherst College, where he received a

coontail, aquatic plant of the genus Ceratophyllum in the angiosperm family

Zamia: …of certain species, among them coontie, or comfortroot (Zamia integrifolia), found in the southeastern United States and the West Indies. Several species, notably the cardboard palm (Z. furfuracea), are cultivated as ornamentals. Many Zamia species are listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as endangered or critically endangered.

Coop Himmelblau, avant-garde architecture firm that rose to prominence in the 1980s and ’90s. The two central members were Wolf D. Prix (b. December 13, 1942, Vienna, Austria) and Helmut Swiczinsky (b. January 13, 1944, Poznań, Poland). Coop Himmelblau was founded in 1968 by Prix, Swiczinsky, and

Coop Himmelblau, avant-garde architecture firm that rose to prominence in the 1980s and ’90s. The two central members were Wolf D. Prix (b. December 13, 1942, Vienna, Austria) and Helmut Swiczinsky (b. January 13, 1944, Poznań, Poland). Coop Himmelblau was founded in 1968 by Prix, Swiczinsky, and

Cooper Basin, arid topographical depression and site of natural gas and oil fields in northeastern South Australia. It underlies the Eromanga Basin and covers an area of almost 50,000 square miles (130,000 square km). The Gidgealpa natural gas field in Cooper Basin was discovered in 1963, and a

Cooper Creek, intermittent stream, east central Australia, in the Channel Country (wide floodplains, grooved by rivers). Rising as the Barcoo on the northern slopes of the Warrego Range, Queensland, it flows northwest to Blackall. Joined by the Alice River, it continues southwest past Isisford and

BCS theory: …grouped in pairs, now called Cooper pairs, and that the motions of all of the Cooper pairs within a single superconductor are correlated; they constitute a system that functions as a single entity. Application of an electrical voltage to the superconductor causes all Cooper pairs to move, constituting a current.…

Cooper Hewitt, museum in New York, New York, noted for its holdings centred on historical and contemporary design. Cooper Hewitt was founded in 1896 by the granddaughters of American industrialist Peter Cooper and opened to the public the following year. In 1968 it became part of the Smithsonian

Cooper Hewitt, museum in New York, New York, noted for its holdings centred on historical and contemporary design. Cooper Hewitt was founded in 1896 by the granddaughters of American industrialist Peter Cooper and opened to the public the following year. In 1968 it became part of the Smithsonian

superconductivity: Thermal properties of superconductors: …ordering of the electrons, called Cooper pairing, involves the momenta of the electrons rather than their positions. The energy per electron that is associated with this ordering is extremely small, typically about one thousandth of the amount by which the energy per electron changes when a chemical reaction takes place.…

Santee-Wateree-Catawba river system: …Lake Moultrie, and by the Cooper River to Charleston, S.C.

Cooper Union, private institution of higher learning in New York, New York, U.S. It was endowed in 1859 by merchant and philanthropist Peter Cooper for the “advancement of science and art,” and its financial resources were later increased by the Hewitt and Carnegie families. Green Camp, a

Cooper Union, private institution of higher learning in New York, New York, U.S. It was endowed in 1859 by merchant and philanthropist Peter Cooper for the “advancement of science and art,” and its financial resources were later increased by the Hewitt and Carnegie families. Green Camp, a