Cooper Hewitt, museum in New York, New York, noted for its holdings centred on historical and contemporary design. Cooper Hewitt was founded in 1896 by the granddaughters of American industrialist Peter Cooper and opened to the public the following year. In 1968 it became part of the Smithsonian

Thomas Cooper: …Thesaurus, which became known as Cooper’s Dictionary. Cooper, who had been ordained about 1559, was made dean of Christ Church, Oxford, in 1567. Two years later he became dean of Gloucester, in 1571 bishop of Lincoln, and in 1584 bishop of Winchester. Cooper defended the practice and precept of the…

hawk: …the New World, and by Cooper’s hawk (A. cooperii), a North American species similar in appearance but larger—to 50 cm (20 inches) long. A long tail and short rounded wings give these fast low-flying birds great maneuverability. They feed on birds and small mammals; of all the New World raptors,…

Sir John Denham: …acted in 1641, and with Cooper’s Hill, a poem published in 1642. During the English Civil Wars, he was engaged at home and abroad in the cause of Charles I. Made a knight of the Bath and elected to the Royal Society after the Restoration in 1660, he also served…

Alexander Cooper was an English miniaturist, elder brother of Samuel Cooper. By 1631 or 1632 Cooper was in Holland, where he painted a series of miniatures (now in Berlin) of the king and queen of Bohemia and their seven children. During 1644–46 he was at The Hague and in 1647 went to Stockholm,

Alfred Duff Cooper, 1st Viscount Norwich of Aldwick was a British politician. He served as a Conservative in Parliament (1924–29 and 1931–45). After a stint as secretary of state for war (1935–37), he became first lord of the Admiralty (1937) but resigned to protest the Munich agreement. Later he

Alice Cooper, was an American hard rock band that shared its name with its leader. In addition to producing a string of hits in the 1970s, Alice Cooper was among the first rock groups to infuse their performances with theatrics. The members were Alice Cooper (original name Vincent Furnier; b.

Alice Cooper is an American rock musician who pioneered a theatrical form of heavy metal music performance that fused onstage horror dramatics with a raw dynamic sound and that eventually earned him the sobriquet “the godfather of shock rock.” His shows evolved from frenetic displays culminating in

Alison Cooper is a British business executive who was CEO (2010–20) of the multinational Imperial Brands PLC (formerly Imperial Tobacco). Cooper grew up in Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, and earned (1988) a degree in mathematics and statistics from the University of Bristol. Although she initially

Alison Cooper is a British business executive who was CEO (2010–20) of the multinational Imperial Brands PLC (formerly Imperial Tobacco). Cooper grew up in Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, and earned (1988) a degree in mathematics and statistics from the University of Bristol. Although she initially

Anderson Cooper is an American television journalist and entertainer best known as the anchor of the Cable News Network (CNN) news and commentary program Anderson Cooper 360°. Cooper was born into a prominent New York City family, the son of the heiress Gloria Vanderbilt and the writer Wyatt Emory

Anderson Cooper is an American television journalist and entertainer best known as the anchor of the Cable News Network (CNN) news and commentary program Anderson Cooper 360°. Cooper was born into a prominent New York City family, the son of the heiress Gloria Vanderbilt and the writer Wyatt Emory

Anna Julia Cooper was an American educator and writer whose book A Voice From the South by a Black Woman of the South (1892) became a classic African American feminist text. Cooper was the daughter of a slave woman and her white slaveholder (or his brother). In 1868 she enrolled in the newly

Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury was an English politician and philosopher, grandson of the famous 1st earl and one of the principal English Deists. His early education was directed by John Locke, and he attended Winchester College. He entered Parliament in 1695 and, succeeding as 3rd

Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th earl of Shaftesbury was one of the most effective social and industrial reformers in 19th-century England. He was also the acknowledged leader of the evangelical movement within the Church of England. He was the eldest son of Cropley Cooper (a younger brother of the 5th

James A. Bailey: From 1876 called Cooper, Bailey and Co.’s Circus, it became a serious competitor of P.T. Barnum’s “Greatest Show on Earth” and merged with that enterprise in 1881. Bailey’s managerial astuteness complemented Barnum’s abilities as a promoter and made their circus the most successful enterprise of its kind in…

Bradley Cooper is an American actor who first gained fame in comedic films and later had success in action and dramatic roles. Cooper enrolled in the Master of Fine Arts program at the Actors Studio Drama School, then based at the New School, following his graduation (1997) from Georgetown

Bradley Cooper is an American actor who first gained fame in comedic films and later had success in action and dramatic roles. Cooper enrolled in the Master of Fine Arts program at the Actors Studio Drama School, then based at the New School, following his graduation (1997) from Georgetown

New York Rens: The world’s best team: …included John (“Boy Wonder”) Isaacs, Charles (“Tarzan”) Cooper, William (“Wee Willie”) Smith, Eyre (“Bruiser”) Saitch, Zach Clayton, and player-manager Clarence (“Fat”) Jenkins.

Chris Cooper is an American character actor who, because of his rugged visage and calm yet tough demeanour, is frequently cast in outdoorsman or military roles. Cooper’s first involvement in theatre came when he was in high school and consisted of doing set construction for a local theatre. After

Chris Cooper is an American character actor who, because of his rugged visage and calm yet tough demeanour, is frequently cast in outdoorsman or military roles. Cooper’s first involvement in theatre came when he was in high school and consisted of doing set construction for a local theatre. After

Cynthia Cooper-Dyke is an American basketball player who was the first Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA). In the WNBA’s inaugural season (1997), Cooper-Dyke led the league in scoring while leading her team, the Houston Comets, to the championship. She

D.B. Cooper, was a criminal who in 1971 hijacked a commercial plane traveling from Portland, Oregon, to Seattle, Washington, and later parachuted out of the aircraft with the ransom money. An extensive manhunt ensued, but the hijacker was never identified or caught, resulting in one of the greatest

Dame Gladys Cooper was a popular British actress-manager who started her 66-year theatrical career as a Gaiety Girl and ended it as a widely respected mistress of her craft. She accepted her first role in a touring production of Bluebell in Fairyland at the age of 16 (1905). After her London debut

D.B. Cooper, was a criminal who in 1971 hijacked a commercial plane traveling from Portland, Oregon, to Seattle, Washington, and later parachuted out of the aircraft with the ransom money. An extensive manhunt ensued, but the hijacker was never identified or caught, resulting in one of the greatest

Gary Cooper was an American motion-picture actor whose portrayal of homespun characters established him as a glamorized image of the average man. He was one of Hollywood’s most consistently popular and beloved stars. The son of a Montana Supreme Court justice, Cooper left Grinnell College, Iowa, in

Gary Cooper was an American motion-picture actor whose portrayal of homespun characters established him as a glamorized image of the average man. He was one of Hollywood’s most consistently popular and beloved stars. The son of a Montana Supreme Court justice, Cooper left Grinnell College, Iowa, in

Giles Cooper was one of the most original and prolific writers in Britain for the modern mass communications media. Educated at Lancing College near Brighton and in France, Cooper then studied at drama school and, after military service during World War II, was an actor for several years. In radio,

Giles Cooper was one of the most original and prolific writers in Britain for the modern mass communications media. Educated at Lancing College near Brighton and in France, Cooper then studied at drama school and, after military service during World War II, was an actor for several years. In radio,

Gordon Cooper was one of the original team of seven U.S. astronauts. On May 15–16, 1963, he circled Earth 22 times in the space capsule Faith 7, completing the sixth and last of the Mercury crewed spaceflights. At the end of his 34-hour 20-minute flight, when the automatic control system had broken

Gordon Cooper was one of the original team of seven U.S. astronauts. On May 15–16, 1963, he circled Earth 22 times in the space capsule Faith 7, completing the sixth and last of the Mercury crewed spaceflights. At the end of his 34-hour 20-minute flight, when the automatic control system had broken

cryosurgery: neurosurgeon, Irving Cooper, in 1961. Cooper used liquid nitrogen to destroy brain tumours. Cryosurgery is now used in the removal of skin lesions, control of gynecologic and urologic tumours, lens extractions in ophthalmology, elimination of hemorrhoids, and other conditions involving diseased tissue.

James Fenimore Cooper was the first major American novelist. He wrote the series of novels of frontier adventure known as the Leatherstocking Tales, featuring the wilderness scout called Natty Bumppo, or Hawkeye. The series consists of The Pioneers (1823), The Last of the Mohicans (1826), The

John M. Cooper was a U.S. Roman Catholic priest, ethnologist, and sociologist, who specialized in studies of the “marginal peoples” of southern South America, northern North America, and other regions. He viewed these peoples as having been pushed back into less desirable territories by later

John M. Cooper was a U.S. Roman Catholic priest, ethnologist, and sociologist, who specialized in studies of the “marginal peoples” of southern South America, northern North America, and other regions. He viewed these peoples as having been pushed back into less desirable territories by later

Warren Commission: Russell of Georgia and John Sherman Cooper of Kentucky; two members of the U.S. House of Representatives, Hale Boggs of Louisiana and Gerald Ford of Michigan; and two private citizens, Allen W. Dulles, former director of the Central Intelligence Agency, and John J. McCloy, former president of the International

aerobics: …the United States by physician Kenneth H. Cooper and popularized in his books Aerobics (1968) and The Aerobics Way (1977). Cooper’s system uses point charts to rate the aerobic value of various exercises for different age-groups. As individuals progressively upgrade the quantity and quality of their exercise, they can gauge…

Kent Cooper was an American journalist who achieved prominence as executive director of the Associated Press (AP). Cooper’s father was a successful Democratic politician. As a youth Cooper had an after-school reporting job at the local newspaper. After he spent two years at Indiana University, the

Gordon Cooper was one of the original team of seven U.S. astronauts. On May 15–16, 1963, he circled Earth 22 times in the space capsule Faith 7, completing the sixth and last of the Mercury crewed spaceflights. At the end of his 34-hour 20-minute flight, when the automatic control system had broken

Leon N. Cooper was an American physicist and winner of the 1972 Nobel Prize for Physics, along with John Bardeen and John Robert Schrieffer, for his role in developing the BCS (for their initials) theory of superconductivity. The concept of Cooper electron pairs was named after him. Cooper was

Gordon Cooper was one of the original team of seven U.S. astronauts. On May 15–16, 1963, he circled Earth 22 times in the space capsule Faith 7, completing the sixth and last of the Mercury crewed spaceflights. At the end of his 34-hour 20-minute flight, when the automatic control system had broken

Malcolm Cooper was a British marksman who, at the 1984 Los Angeles Games, became the first Olympic competitor from Britain to win a gold medal for rifle shooting since the 1908 Games in London. Cooper earned his medal in the small-bore rifle (three positions) event. When he repeated at the 1988

Martin Cooper is an American engineer who led the team that in 1972–73 built the first mobile cell phone and made the first cell phone call. He is widely regarded as the father of the cellular phone. Cooper graduated from the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) in Chicago with a bachelor’s

Martin Cooper is an American engineer who led the team that in 1972–73 built the first mobile cell phone and made the first cell phone call. He is widely regarded as the father of the cellular phone. Cooper graduated from the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) in Chicago with a bachelor’s

Ernest B. Schoedsack: …most in collaboration with producer-director Merian C. Cooper, of which the most notable was King Kong (1933).

Peter Cooper was an American inventor, manufacturer, and philanthropist who built the “Tom Thumb” locomotive and founded The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York City. Son of a Revolutionary War army officer who went into a succession of businesses in New York, Cooper

United States presidential election of 2020: Conventions: …when North Carolina’s Democratic governor, Roy Cooper, balked at allowing the event to be held at full scale without social distancing, the convention site was switched to Jacksonville, Florida. Ultimately, the move to Jacksonville was canceled, and the GOP mirrored the Democrats in opting to conduct the bulk of the…

Samuel Cooper was a painter, one of the finest English miniaturists, and perhaps the most celebrated of all English artists in his own day. Cooper was the younger brother of the miniaturist Alexander Cooper and, like his brother, a pupil of their uncle, John Hoskins. He worked for Oliver Cromwell

Sarah Brown Ingersoll Cooper was an American educator, a vital force in the 19th-century kindergarten movement, who promulgated her own model in numerous U.S. schools and internationally. Sarah Ingersoll, a cousin of orator and agnostic Robert G. Ingersoll, was educated at Cazenovia Seminary in

Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st earl of Shaftesbury was an English politician, a member of the Council of State (1653–54; 1659) during the Commonwealth, and a member of Charles II’s “Cabinet Council” and lord chancellor (1672–73). Seeking to exclude the Roman Catholic duke of York (the future James II)

Sir Astley Paston Cooper, 1st Baronet was an English surgeon who, in 1816, was the first to tie the abdominal aorta as a means of treating an aneurysm. Among the records of the remarkable variety of successful operations he performed, all of them accomplished before the days of antiseptic surgery,

Susan Augusta Fenimore Cooper was a 19th-century American writer and philanthropist, remembered for her writing and essays on nature and the rural life. Born at Heathcote Hill, the maternal De Lancey manor, Susan was the daughter of James Fenimore Cooper, whom she served as devoted companion and

New York Rens: The world’s best team: …included John (“Boy Wonder”) Isaacs, Charles (“Tarzan”) Cooper, William (“Wee Willie”) Smith, Eyre (“Bruiser”) Saitch, Zach Clayton, and player-manager Clarence (“Fat”) Jenkins.

Thomas Cooper was an English writer whose political epic The Purgatory of Suicides (1845) promulgated in verse the principles of Chartism, Britain’s first specifically working-class national movement, for which Cooper worked and suffered imprisonment. While working as a shoemaker, Cooper read

Thomas Cooper was an English bishop and author of a famous dictionary. (Read H.L. Mencken’s 1926 Britannica essay on American English.) Educated at the University of Oxford, Cooper became master of Magdalen College school and afterward practiced as a physician in Oxford. In 1565 appeared the first

Vera Rubin was an American astronomer known for her research on galaxy rotation rates, which provided evidence for the existence of dark matter. Dark matter is a component of the universe whose presence is discerned from its gravitational attraction rather than its luminosity, and it accounts for

Wilhelmina Cooper was a Dutch-born fashion model and businesswoman who, with her husband, founded the modeling agency Wilhelmina Models Inc. In many eyes, Cooper epitomized the high society look of the 1950s and ’60s with her 5-foot 11-inch (1.8-metre) curvaceous figure, large brown eyes, high

William Cooper was an Australian activist who fought for civil rights for Australian Aboriginal people. He founded the Australian Aborigines’ League (AAL), which became one of the most important Aboriginal organizations in the 1930s. Cooper’s father was a white labourer, and his mother was from the

Gloria Vanderbilt: …in 1963 Vanderbilt married writer Wyatt Emory Cooper, to whom she remained married until his death in 1978. With him she had two of her four sons—one of whom, Anderson Cooper, became a prominent news anchor for CNN.

Ed Balls: …Balls married fellow Labour MP Yvette Cooper.

Frank Church: In 1970 he coauthored the Cooper-Church Amendment, which would have restricted President Richard Nixon’s authority to wage war in Cambodia without the consent of Congress. The amendment passed in the Senate, but the House rejected it. The amendment passed in a revised form in 1971; however, provisions prohibiting air combat…

Cynthia Cooper-Dyke is an American basketball player who was the first Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA). In the WNBA’s inaugural season (1997), Cooper-Dyke led the league in scoring while leading her team, the Houston Comets, to the championship. She

Cooper Hewitt, museum in New York, New York, noted for its holdings centred on historical and contemporary design. Cooper Hewitt was founded in 1896 by the granddaughters of American industrialist Peter Cooper and opened to the public the following year. In 1968 it became part of the Smithsonian

Cooper Hewitt, museum in New York, New York, noted for its holdings centred on historical and contemporary design. Cooper Hewitt was founded in 1896 by the granddaughters of American industrialist Peter Cooper and opened to the public the following year. In 1968 it became part of the Smithsonian

Cooper Hewitt, museum in New York, New York, noted for its holdings centred on historical and contemporary design. Cooper Hewitt was founded in 1896 by the granddaughters of American industrialist Peter Cooper and opened to the public the following year. In 1968 it became part of the Smithsonian

barrel, large, bulging cylindrical container of sturdy construction traditionally made from wooden staves and wooden or metal hoops. The term is also a unit of volume measure, specifically 31 gallons of a fermented or distilled beverage, or 42 gallons of a petroleum product. According to the

library: Interlibrary lending: …interest in various forms of interlibrary cooperation. Cooperation probably originated informally, with readers referring to union catalogs to locate libraries that contained the books they wanted. One of the earliest formal organizations began with the Central Library for Students, founded in London by Albert Mansbridge in 1916. This was transformed…

opportunism: …argue that humans consistently exhibit cooperative and altruistic behaviours, which belie an overreliance on the assumption of opportunism found in much economic literature. Moreover, they argue that opportunism is greatly reduced when individuals are part of an organization with a shared purpose, such as a firm. Indeed, some of the…

cooperative, organization owned by and operated for the benefit of those using its services. Cooperatives have been successful in a number of fields, including the processing and marketing of farm products, the purchasing of other kinds of equipment and raw materials, and in the wholesaling,

library: Cooperative acquisition and storage: An ambitious program for cooperative acquisition of foreign materials by American libraries was conceived in the Library of Congress in 1942. This was the Farmington Plan: it involved the recruitment of purchasing agents in many countries, whose task was to buy…

animal social behaviour: Social interactions involving cooperative breeding and eusociality: Cooperative breeding occurs when more than two individuals contribute to the care of young within a single brood. This behaviour is found in birds, mammals, amphibians, fish, insects, and arachnids; however, cooperative breeding is generally rare because it requires parental care, which is itself an…

library: Cooperative cataloging: A number of important organizations facilitating library cooperation have been established to store and retrieve catalog records. In the United States, a library cooperative in Ohio grew into the OCLC Online Computer Library Center, a not-for-profit company with a database of millions of…

Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), left-wing political party prominent in Canada from the 1930s to the 1960s. Founded at Calgary, Alta., on Aug. 1, 1932, by a federation of various farmer, labour, and socialist parties in western Canada plus one labour union (the Canadian Brotherhood of

CARE, international aid and development organization that operates in some 35 countries worldwide. CARE was formed in 1945 as an umbrella organization for a group of U.S. and Canadian associations working to help rebuild war-torn western Europe. Rather than disband after Europe had recovered, the

CARE, international aid and development organization that operates in some 35 countries worldwide. CARE was formed in 1945 as an umbrella organization for a group of U.S. and Canadian associations working to help rebuild war-torn western Europe. Rather than disband after Europe had recovered, the

CARE, international aid and development organization that operates in some 35 countries worldwide. CARE was formed in 1945 as an umbrella organization for a group of U.S. and Canadian associations working to help rebuild war-torn western Europe. Rather than disband after Europe had recovered, the

cooperative foraging, in biology, the process by which individuals in groups benefit by working together to gain access to food and other resources. Such cooperation ranges from the use of “pack tactics” that involve elaborate signals to corral individual animals from large herds of prey to

game theory: Classification of games: …further distinguished as being either cooperative or noncooperative. In cooperative games players can communicate and, most important, make binding agreements; in noncooperative games players may communicate, but they cannot make binding agreements, such as an enforceable contract. An automobile salesperson and a potential customer will be engaged in a cooperative…

animal social behaviour: Cooperative foraging: …cooperate (such as in the hunting practices of lions, hyenas, and wolves), they can corner and bring down prey more easily.

animal social behaviour: Social interactions involving sex: …pattern is referred to as cooperative polygamy or polygynandry. Examples of this type of mating system include the acorn woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus) in western North America, the dunnock (Prunella modularis) in Europe, a few primate societies including chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and at least one human society, the

pragmatics: The implicature theory of H.P. Grice: Cooperative principle: “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”

The Pennsylvania Study: …Corporation (IBM) collaborated with the Cooperative Test Service and developed means for scoring the Pennsylvania Study’s exam sheets electronically. The Cooperative Test Service, formed in 1930, became a factory for the standardized objective achievement test and provided high school and college tests for the Pennsylvania Study.

Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR), plan developed by U.S. Senators Sam Nunn (Democrat, Georgia) and Richard Lugar (Republican, Indiana) to assist Russia and other former Soviet states in dismantling and disposing of their nuclear weapons during the 1990s. In August 1991 a military coup nearly

cooperativity, in enzymology, a phenomenon in which the shape of one subunit of an enzyme consisting of several subunits is altered by the substrate (the substance upon which an enzyme acts to form a product) or some other molecule so as to change the shape of a neighbouring subunit. The result is

Opus Dei: Membership and activities: …is also financially assisted by cooperators, who are not members and, by permission of the Holy See, need not be Christians. Ordained priests constitute only a tiny percentage of the organization; in 2021 they numbered some 2,000 of the almost 94,000 members worldwide.

Cooper Creek, intermittent stream, east central Australia, in the Channel Country (wide floodplains, grooved by rivers). Rising as the Barcoo on the northern slopes of the Warrego Range, Queensland, it flows northwest to Blackall. Joined by the Alice River, it continues southwest past Isisford and

Cooperstown, village in Otsego and Middlefield towns (townships), seat (1791) of Otsego county, central New York, U.S. Cooperstown is situated at the southern tip of Otsego Lake, where the Susquehanna River emerges, 38 miles (61 km) southeast of Utica. The site was settled in the late 1780s by

raspy cricket: …raspy cricket (Apotrechus illawarra), the Canberra raspy cricket (Cooraboorama canberrae), and the thick-legged raspy cricket (Ametrus tibialis). A species belonging to the genus Glomeremus is endemic to the wet forests on the Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean. This particular raspy cricket is known to act as a pollinator for…

adjective: Types of adjectives: Coordinate adjectives are two or more adjectives that modify the same noun in a sentence to the same degree and are typically separated by a comma or the word and (The smart, witty teacher had the whole class laughing).

acid–base reaction: Reactions of Lewis acids: …bond is termed semipolar or coordinate, as in the reaction of boron trifluoride with ammonia:

coordination compound, any of a class of substances with chemical structures in which a central metal atom is surrounded by nonmetal atoms or groups of atoms, called ligands, joined to it by chemical bonds. Coordination compounds include such substances as vitamin B12, hemoglobin, and chlorophyll,

analytic geometry, mathematical subject in which algebraic symbolism and methods are used to represent and solve problems in geometry. The importance of analytic geometry is that it establishes a correspondence between geometric curves and algebraic equations. This correspondence makes it possible

chess: Algebraic notation: Individual moves and entire games can be recorded using one of several forms of notation. By far the most widely used form, algebraic (or coordinate) notation, identifies each square from the point of view of the player with the light-coloured pieces, called White.…

coordinate system, Arrangement of reference lines or curves used to identify the location of points in space. In two dimensions, the most common system is the Cartesian (after René Descartes) system. Points are designated by their distance along a horizontal (x) and vertical (y) axis from a

vector: …as the origin of a coordinate system. Vectors are usually indicated by a boldface letter, such as v. A vector’s magnitude, or length, is indicated by |v|, or v, which represents a one-dimensional quantity (such as an ordinary number) known as a scalar. Multiplying a vector by a scalar changes…

United Steelworkers: …with the USWA—an approach called coordinated bargaining. In a fast-changing market, it was no longer possible for steel companies to operate collectively in negotiating long-term labour agreements. Instead, each steel company began to bargain separately with the union. The result was a period of difficult negotiations with USX Corporation (former…

Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), international basis of civil and scientific time, which was introduced on January 1, 1960. The unit of UTC is the atomic second, and UTC is widely broadcast by radio signals. These signals ultimately furnish the basis for the setting of all public and private

coordinate system, Arrangement of reference lines or curves used to identify the location of points in space. In two dimensions, the most common system is the Cartesian (after René Descartes) system. Points are designated by their distance along a horizontal (x) and vertical (y) axis from a

linguistics: Syntax: …into two types: subordinating and coordinating. If attention is confined, for simplicity, to constructions composed of no more than two immediate constituents, it can be said that subordinating constructions are those in which only one immediate constituent is of the same form class as the whole construction, whereas coordinating constructions…

nervous system disease: Coordination: Tests employed to assess cerebellar function in the limbs include asking the subject to touch, successively, the physician’s finger held before him and his own nose, to run one heel down the opposite shin, or to perform piano-playing movements with the fingers. The patient…