acid–base reaction: Reactions of Lewis acids: …bond is termed semipolar or coordinate, as in the reaction of boron trifluoride with ammonia:

coordination compound, any of a class of substances with chemical structures in which a central metal atom is surrounded by nonmetal atoms or groups of atoms, called ligands, joined to it by chemical bonds. Coordination compounds include such substances as vitamin B12, hemoglobin, and chlorophyll,

coordination compound, any of a class of substances with chemical structures in which a central metal atom is surrounded by nonmetal atoms or groups of atoms, called ligands, joined to it by chemical bonds. Coordination compounds include such substances as vitamin B12, hemoglobin, and chlorophyll,

boron group element: Less-common compounds: …gallium, indium, and thallium are coordinated to five or six atoms. These compounds have structures of the following types, M again representing any boron group element, D any donor molecule, and X any halogen (again, the solid lines are bonds in the plane of the screen, the atoms so bonded…

coordination compound: Coordination isomerism: Ionic coordination compounds that contain complex cations and anions can exist as isomers if the ligands associated with the two metal atoms are exchanged, as in the pair of compounds, hexaamminecobalt(3+) hexacyanochromate(3–), [Co(NH3)6][Cr(CN)6], and hexaamminechromium(3+) hexacyanocobaltate(3–), [Cr(NH3)6

coordination number, the number of atoms, ions, or molecules that a central atom or ion holds as its nearest neighbours in a complex or coordination compound or in a crystal. Thus the metal atom has coordination number 8 in the coordination complexes [Mo(CN)8]4- and [Sr(H2O)8]2+; 7 in the complex

John Hay Whitney: Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs. In 1942 he joined the Eighth U.S. Army Air Force as a captain in the Combat Intelligence Division and saw duty in England and the Mediterranean before being captured by the Nazis in southern France. He escaped and…

Kodagu, district, southwestern Karnataka state, southwestern India. It is situated at the southern end of the Western Ghats and is rugged and hilly with ample annual precipitation and a climate tempered by elevation. The thickly forested hills often exceed 5,000 feet (1,500 metres) in elevation and

Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert was a Dutch poet, translator, playwright, and moralist who set down Humanist values for the first time in the vernacular. His clear, unpretentious prose style contrasted with that of the contemporary Rederijkers (rhetoricians) and served as a model to the great

Golden: …is also the site of Coors Brewing Company, founded as the Golden Brewery in 1873 by Adolph Coors and Jacob Schueler. Golden is the seat of the Colorado School of Mines (1874), the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (1977), and the U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Information Center. Inc. town, 1871;…

Colorado Rockies: The change was instantaneous, as Coors Field—the team’s stadium—became a statistically average ballpark. In addition, the Rockies began boasting some of the better pitchers in the NL.

Coos, county, northern New Hampshire, U.S. It consists of a mountainous region bounded by Quebec, Canada, to the north, Maine to the east, the White Mountains to the south, and Vermont to the west. The Connecticut River, rising in the Connecticut lakes in northern Coos county, flows down the length

Coos Bay, city, Coos county, southwestern Oregon, U.S., on Coos Bay (an inlet of the Pacific), adjacent to North Bend, Eastside, and the port of Charleston. The original inhabitants of the region include the Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw peoples, who formed a confederation in 1855. Fur trappers

Penutian languages: Cayuse (extinct), Molale (extinct), Coos, Takelma (extinct), Kalapuya, Chinook (not to be confused with Chinook Jargon, a trade language or lingua franca), Tsimshian, and Zuni, each a family consisting of a single language. All but four of the surviving familes are spoken by fewer than 150 persons.

Coosa River, river flowing through northwestern Georgia and eastern Alabama, U.S. It is formed by the confluence of the Etowah and Oostanaula rivers at Rome, Ga., and flows southward for 286 mi (460 km) through the Appalachian Ridge and Valley region into the Gulf coastal plain at Wetumpka, Ala.

coot, any of ten species of ducklike water-dwelling birds of the genus Fulica in the rail family, Rallidae. Coots are found throughout the world in larger inland waters and streams, where they swim and bob for food, mostly plants, seeds, mollusks, and worms. Coots have greenish or bluish gray feet,

Cootamundra, town, south-central New South Wales, Australia. It is located in the Western Slopes region of the fertile Riverina. Cootamundra was founded in 1830 as a livestock station. Its name (Cootamundry until 1952) is Aboriginal for “swamp with turtles.” The town, proclaimed in 1861, was made a

dictionary: From Classical times to 1604: ” Another schoolmaster, Edmund Coote, of Bury St. Edmund’s, in 1596 brought out The English Schoolmaster, Teaching All His Scholars of What Age Soever the Most Easy Short & Perfect Order of Distinct Reading & True Writing Our English Tongue, with a table that consisted of about 1,400…

Sir Eyre Coote was a tempestuous yet effective British soldier who served as commander of the East India Company forces in Bengal and as commander in chief in India. Born the sixth son of an Irish Protestant clergyman, Coote served first in the uprising in 1745 of the Jacobites (those who favoured

human louse: humanus humanus, the body louse, or cootie.

Robert Coover was an American writer of avant-garde fiction, plays, poetry, and essays whose experimental forms and techniques mix reality and illusion, frequently creating otherworldly and surreal situations and effects. Coover attended Southern Illinois University, Indiana University (B.A. in

Robert Coover was an American writer of avant-garde fiction, plays, poetry, and essays whose experimental forms and techniques mix reality and illusion, frequently creating otherworldly and surreal situations and effects. Coover attended Southern Illinois University, Indiana University (B.A. in

Bob Cousy is an American basketball player and coach, who was one of the greatest ball-handling guards in the National Basketball Association (NBA), expert both at scoring and at playmaking. Cousy played collegiate basketball at the College of the Holy Cross (Worcester, Massachusetts; 1949–50),

conference of the parties (COP), a generic term that refers to the governing body of an international treaty or framework convention, bringing together its members to review and update the treaty’s implementation. Although the United Nations hosts several such conferences on various topics,

Sylvester Stallone: …reviews for the 1997 drama Cop Land, for which he temporarily shed his sculpted physique and gained weight for his role as a powerless sheriff. In a comedic take on boxing, Stallone starred opposite Robert De Niro in Grudge Match (2013), about aging rivals who stage a rematch. In the…

Bruce Willis: … (2006); and the buddy comedy Cop Out (2010). He also appeared in the action franchises Red (2010, 2013), as a retired CIA agent, and The Expendables (2010, 2012), as an active one. The latter series brought together several aging stars of the genre. Among Willis’s other roles in 2012 were…

John Calvin: Life and works: …a public address delivered by Nicolas Cop, rector of the university, found it prudent to leave Paris. Eventually he made his way to Basel, then Protestant but tolerant of religious variety. Up to that point, however, there is little evidence of Calvin’s conversion to Protestantism, an event difficult to date…

John Guare: … who have television contracts, and Cop-Out (1968)—satirize the American media.

Paris Agreement: Background: At the 18th Conference of the Parties (COP18), held in Doha, Qatar, in 2012, delegates agreed to extend the Kyoto Protocol until 2020. They also reaffirmed their pledge from COP17, which had been held in Durban, South Africa, in 2011, to create a new, comprehensive, legally binding…

Paris Agreement, international treaty, named for the city of Paris, France, in which it was adopted in December 2015, which aimed to reduce the emission of gases that contribute to global warming. The Paris Agreement set out to improve upon and replace the Kyoto Protocol, an earlier international

Copa América, quadrennial South American football (soccer) tournament that is the continent’s premier competition in that sport. The Copa América is the world’s oldest international football tournament. The event was first held in 1916 in honor of the 100th anniversary of Argentina’s

Copacabana, sector of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, occupying a narrow strip of land between the mountains and the sea. It is famous for its magnificent 2 1 2 -mile (4-km) curved beach. Skyscraper hotels, apartment houses, cafés, nightclubs, restaurants, theaters, and bars line the

Chile: The Chilean Andes: Among them are Copahue, Llaima, Osorno, and the highest, Mount Tronador, at an elevation of 11,453 feet. Their perfect conical shapes reflecting on the quiet waters in the Lake District provide some of the most splendid scenery in temperate South America. In southern Chile, below latitude 42° S,…

Zambezi River: Plant life: Mopane woodland (Colophospermum mopane) is predominant on the alluvial flats of the low-lying river valleys and is highly susceptible to fire. Grass, when present, is typically short and sparse. Forestland with species of the genus Baikiaea, found extensively on sandy interfluves between drainage channels, is…

copal, any of various varnish resins, consisting of the exudates obtained from various tropical trees. The name copal was probably derived from the Nahuatl copalli, “resin.” When hard, copal is lustrous, varying in hue from almost colourless and transparent to a bright yellowish brown. It dissolves

tree of heaven, (Ailanthus altissima), rapid-growing tree, in the family Simaroubaceae, native to China but widely naturalized elsewhere. It has been planted as a yard and street tree in urban centres, because of its resistance to pollution, freedom from insects and disease, and ability to grow in

Copán, ruined ancient Maya city, in extreme western Honduras near the Guatemalan border. It lies on the west bank of the Copán River, about 35 miles (56 km) west of the modern town of Santa Rosa de Copán. The site was added to the World Heritage List in 1980. Copán began as a small agricultural

Amuzgo: The compadrazgo, or godparent relationship, is widely practiced, godparents being chosen at baptism and marriage. Children owe great respect to godparents, and parents and godparents participate in various rituals of kinship. Nominally Roman Catholic, the Amuzgo celebrate their community’s patron saint’s day and practice baptism and…

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), progressive respiratory disease characterized by the combination of signs and symptoms of emphysema and bronchitis. It is a common disease, affecting tens of millions of people and causing significant numbers of deaths globally. Sources of noxious

cope, liturgical vestment worn by Roman Catholic and some Anglican clergy at non-eucharistic functions. It is a full-length cloak—usually made of silk or other rich material in various colors—formed from a semicircular piece of cloth with a hood attached to the neck. Unlike the similar chasuble,

Congress of the People (COPE), South African political party founded in 2008 by Mbhazima Shilowa, Mluleki George, and Mosiuoa Lekota, former high-ranking members of South Africa’s ruling party, the African National Congress (ANC), who disagreed with the direction of that organization. The new party

Edward Drinker Cope was a paleontologist who discovered approximately a thousand species of extinct vertebrates in the United States and led a revival of Lamarckian evolutionary theory, based largely on paleontological views. After a brief period at Haverford College, Pennsylvania, as professor of

Jack Cope was a South African writer best known for his short stories and novels about South African life. Cope became a journalist in Durban and then in London. Unwelcome in England by 1940 because of his pacifism, he returned to South Africa to farming, shark fishing, and writing fiction. The

Pittsburgh Steelers: …radio broadcaster for 35 years, Myron Cope—that fans would wave during home games. Pittsburgh faded slightly in the 1980s, with four postseason berths in the decade, and Noll retired in 1991.

Jack Cope was a South African writer best known for his short stories and novels about South African life. Cope became a journalist in Durban and then in London. Unwelcome in England by 1940 because of his pacifism, he returned to South Africa to farming, shark fishing, and writing fiction. The

Jacques Copeau was a French actor, literary critic, stage director, and dramatic coach who led a reaction against realism in early 20th-century theatre. After a brief career as an art dealer, Copeau became drama critic for L’Ermitage (1904–06) and La Grand Revue (1907–10). In 1909, with André Gide,

Luis Herrera Campíns: …party, also known as the Christian Democrats, became the second largest political party in Venezuela (after the Democratic Action party) in the decades after World War II. In 1952 Herrera Campíns was arrested and sent into exile as a result of his activities against the dictatorial regime of President Marcos…

characin: …among aquatic plants, but the spraying characin (Copeina arnoldi), placed in a separate family, Lebiasinidae, deposits its spawn out of water on an overhanging leaf or other suitable object, the male keeping the eggs moist by periodically splashing water on them with his tail.

Copeland, borough (district), administrative county of Cumbria, historic county of Cumberland, northwestern England, in the southwestern part of the county along the Irish Sea coast. Copeland is a scenic mountain-and-lake region coextensive with the southwestern part of the Lake District in the

pottery: Porcelain: …biscuit porcelain, was introduced by Copeland & Garrett (formerly Spode), and a great many figures, some of them extremely large, were made in that medium. Most of them were either sentimental subjects or quasi-erotic nudes, which were popular subjects of Victorian art. Parian ware had some success in America, where…

Charles Townsend Copeland: His The Copeland Reader (1926), an anthology of selections from his favourite works, indicated the scope of his interests and was extremely popular.

Charles Townsend Copeland was an American journalist and teacher, who was preeminent as a mentor of writers and as a public reciter of poetry. Copeland was educated at Harvard University (A.B., 1882), and, after a year as a teacher at a boys’ school in New Jersey and another at Harvard Law School,

life: Classification and microbiota: …Haeckel and the American biologists Herbert F. Copeland and Robert H. Whittaker, has now thoroughly abandoned the two-kingdom plant-versus-animal dichotomy. Haeckel proposed three kingdoms when he established “Protista” for microorganisms. Copeland classified the microorganisms into the Monerans (prokaryotes) and the Protoctista (which included fungi with the rest of the eukaryotic…

Misty Copeland is an American ballet dancer who, in 2015, became the first African American female principal dancer with the American Ballet Theatre (ABT). Misty Copeland and her siblings grew up with a single mother whose several failed marriages resulted in financial instability. When young,

the Police: …2, 1951, Wallsend, Northumberland, England), Stewart Copeland (b. July 16, 1952, Alexandria, Virginia, U.S.), and Andy Summers (original name Andrew Somers; b. December 31, 1942, Poulton-le-Fylde, Lancashire, England).

Spode porcelain: About 1813 William Copeland, who had run the company’s London warehouse and had been a partner since about 1797, was succeeded by his son, William Taylor Copeland. When Josiah Spode III died in 1829, the firm continued under various combinations of the name Copeland. In 1846 Copeland introduced…

Copenhagen, capital and largest city of Denmark. It is located on the islands of Zealand (Sjælland) and Amager, at the southern end of The Sound (Øresund). A small village existed on the site of the present city by the early 10th century. In 1167 Bishop Absalon of Roskilde built a castle on an

Michael Frayn: …Play in Two Acts (1993), Copenhagen (1998), Democracy (2003), and Afterlife (2008).

Solvay Conferences: …be known as the “Copenhagen interpretation” of quantum mechanics, which postulated that the indeterminacy in the theory (i.e., that only the probability of a result could be predicted) was fundamental and should be accepted by scientists. There was no underlying deterministic order to be found. Some physicists, most notably…

Copenhagen University Botanical Garden, one of the notable botanical gardens of Europe. Founded in 1759 on part of the ancient fortifications of Copenhagen, the garden occupies more than 9 hectares (24 acres) and has about 15,000 kinds of plants, both under glass and outdoors. The outdoor plantings

Copenhagen Zoo, zoological garden founded in 1859 in Copenhagen. Though privately owned, the zoo receives financial support from the Danish government. More than 2,000 specimens of about 250 species are exhibited on the 10-hectare (25-acre) grounds. Included are many rare species, such as the musk

Copenhagen Zoo, zoological garden founded in 1859 in Copenhagen. Though privately owned, the zoo receives financial support from the Danish government. More than 2,000 specimens of about 250 species are exhibited on the 10-hectare (25-acre) grounds. Included are many rare species, such as the musk

Battle of Copenhagen, British naval victory over Denmark in the Napoleonic Wars, fought on April 2, 1801. There were several reasons for the animosity between the countries. The armed-neutrality treaty of 1794 between Denmark and Sweden, to which Russia and Prussia adhered in 1800, was considered a

Battle of Copenhagen, an engagement during the Napoleonic Wars that occurred August 15–September 7, 1807. Fearful that Napoleon Bonaparte’s defeat of Russia and Prussia might lead to French control of Baltic fleets, Britain acted decisively to neutralize the substantial Danish navy, which was

Christian III: …Catholic bishops and organized the Diet of Copenhagen (October 1536), which confiscated episcopal property and established the state Lutheran Church. The Diet also confirmed the constitutional rights of the nobles’ Rigsråd, which thereafter ruled in alliance with the King. The continuing decline of Norway was indicated by the abolition of…

Treaty of Copenhagen, (1660), treaty between Sweden and Denmark-Norway that concluded a generation of warfare between the two powers. Together with the Treaty of Roskilde, the Copenhagen treaty largely fixed the modern boundaries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. In the Roskilde treaty (signed Feb.

copepod, (subclass Copepoda), any member of the widely distributed crustacean subclass Copepoda. Copepods are of great ecological importance, providing food for many species of fish. Most of the 13,000 known species are free-living marine forms, occurring throughout the world’s oceans. Copepods are

copepod, (subclass Copepoda), any member of the widely distributed crustacean subclass Copepoda. Copepods are of great ecological importance, providing food for many species of fish. Most of the 13,000 known species are free-living marine forms, occurring throughout the world’s oceans. Copepods are

Hans Coper was a German-born British potter who was a dominant figure in European pottery and who perpetuated a distinctly European tradition, in contrast to the Asian-influenced ceramics produced by the British potter Bernard Leach and his school. Coper studied engineering in Germany before

Copernican Revolution, shift in the field of astronomy from a geocentric understanding of the universe, centred around Earth, to a heliocentric understanding, centred around the Sun, as articulated by the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century. This shift marked the start of a

Thomas S. Kuhn: In his first book, The Copernican Revolution (1957), Kuhn studied the development of the heliocentric theory of the solar system during the Renaissance. In his landmark second book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, he argued that scientific research and thought are defined by “paradigms,” or conceptual world-views, that consist…

Copernican system, in astronomy, model of the solar system centred on the Sun, with Earth and other planets moving around it, formulated by Nicolaus Copernicus, and published in 1543. It appeared with an introduction by Rhäticus (Rheticus) as De revolutionibus orbium coelestium libri VI (“Six Books

palm: Economic importance: …Attalea; the carnauba wax palm, Copernicia; Euterpe; Mauritia; and the babassu palm) was more than $100 million. Entrepreneurs recognized during the 1980s that several genera that have been utilized only from natural stands might be enhanced by the selection, cultivation, and mechanical harvesting that could be afforded them as major…

palm: Distribution: The carnauba wax palm (Copernicia alba) occurs in solid stands hundreds of square kilometres in extent in the northeastern section of the Paraguayan Chaco Boreal and adjacent Bolivia and Brazil, the largest stands in this region alone containing possibly 500 million plants.

carnauba wax: The carnauba palm is a fan palm of the northeastern Brazilian savannas, where it is called the “tree of life” for its many useful products. After 50 years, the tree can attain a height of over 14 metres (45 feet). It has a dense, large crown…

copernicium (Cn), artificially produced transuranium element of atomic number 112. In 1996 scientists at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung [GSI]) in Darmstadt, Ger., announced the production of atoms of copernicium from fusing zinc-70 with lead-208. The

Copernicus, one of the most prominent craters on the Moon. It constitutes a classic example of a relatively young, well-preserved lunar impact crater. Located at 10° N, 20° W, near the southern rim of the Imbrium Basin (Mare Imbrium) impact structure, Copernicus measures 93 km (58 miles) in

Orbiting Astronomical Observatory: Copernicus (OAO-3) was equipped with more powerful instruments, including a reflecting telescope with a 32-inch (81-cm) mirror. Launched Aug. 21, 1972, this satellite was primarily used to study ultraviolet emissions from interstellar gas and stars in the far reaches of the Milky Way. Copernicus also…

Nicolaus Copernicus Polish astronomer who proposed that the planets have the Sun as the fixed point to which their motions are to be referred; that Earth is a planet which, besides orbiting the Sun annually, also turns once daily on its own axis; and that very slow long-term changes in the

pottery: Majolica: …of clear lead glaze called coperta. The range of colours was comparatively limited: cobalt blue, copper green, manganese purple, antimony yellow, and iron red formed the basic palette, while white was provided by the tin-glaze material. When white was used for painting, it was applied onto a bluish-white glaze (bianco…

frog and toad: Annotated classification: …genera, 306 species; 10 subfamilies: Cophylinae (Madagascar), Dyscophinae (Madagascar), Scaphiophryninae (Madagascar), Asterophryinae (New Guinea and Sulu Archipelago), Genyophryninae (Philippines, eastern Indo-Australian archipelago, New Guinea, northern Australia), Brevicipitinae (Africa), Microhylinae (North and South

Copiapó, city, northern Chile. At 35 miles (56 km) inland from the Pacific coast in the fertile Copiapó River valley, this irrigated oasis (usually regarded as the southern limit of the Atacama Desert) in an extremely arid territory has been farmed since the pre-Inca period. The community was

Abbas Kiarostami: Copie conforme (2010; Certified Copy) was Kiarostami’s first narrative feature film since Ten and the first he shot outside Iran. In Tuscany a gallery owner (played by Juliette Binoche, who appeared in Shīrīn) invites an art historian (William Shimell) to tour the countryside with her. However, the true…

copier, a device for producing copies of text or graphic material by the use of light, heat, chemicals, or electrostatic charges. The method most widely used by modern office copiers is called xerography (from the Greek words meaning “dry writing”). Although developed by the U.S. physicist Chester

saw: …wood or other materials, the coping, or jeweler’s, saw, which is basically a hacksaw with a deeper U-shaped frame and a much narrower blade, is well-suited.

cone-headed grasshopper, any insect of the subfamily Copiphorinae within the long-horned grasshopper family Tettigoniidae (order Orthoptera). These green- or brown-coloured grasshoppers have a cone-shaped head, long antennae, and a slender body about 4 cm (1.6 inches) long. They may use their

jota: The singing consists of coplas, improvised verses of satire, love, or piety. The verse form varies but is frequently a four- or seven-line stanza of eight-syllable lines. The music is in 34 or 38 time.

Aaron Copland was an American composer who achieved a distinctive musical characterization of American themes in an expressive modern style. Copland, the son of Russian-Jewish immigrants, was born in New York City and attended public schools there. An older sister taught him to play the piano, and

Thomas Chippendale: …in the Rococo style, notably Henry Copland, who had published designs earlier, and Matthias Lock, whom Chippendale had hired to provide special designs for clients.

Jorge Manrique: …by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow as Coplas de Don Jorge Manrique (1833). Selections of Manrique’s poetry appeared in Hernando de Castillo’s anthology Cancionero general (1511).

Judaism: Judeo-Persian and Judeo-Spanish (Ladino) tales: …appear in Judeo-Spanish (Ladino) in Coplas de Yoçef (“Song of Joseph”), composed in 1732 by Abraham de Toledo and embodying a certain amount of traditional Haggadic material. From a revival of literary activity in the 18th century comes a comprehensive “legendary Bible” called Me-ʿam LoʿḥḲ ą, “From a People of…

Jorge Manrique: …by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow as Coplas de Don Jorge Manrique (1833). Selections of Manrique’s poetry appeared in Hernando de Castillo’s anthology Cancionero general (1511).

Leigh Creek, town and coalfield, east-central South Australia, 350 miles (563 km) by rail north of Adelaide. The original town was named for Harry Leigh, an employee at the local sheep station in the 1850s. Lignite coal, discovered there in 1888, was mined underground from 1892 to 1908 and then

Copley Medal, the most prestigious scientific award in the United Kingdom, given annually by the Royal Society of London “for outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science.” The Copley Medal is named for Sir Godfrey Copley, 2nd Baronet (c. 1653–1709), a member of the Royal Society

John Singleton Copley was an American painter of portraits and historical subjects, generally acclaimed as the finest artist of colonial America. Little is known of Copley’s boyhood. He gained familiarity with graphic art from his stepfather, the limner and engraver Peter Pelham, and developed an

Copley Medal: …Copley Medal is named for Sir Godfrey Copley, 2nd Baronet (c. 1653–1709), a member of the Royal Society and longtime member of Parliament from Yorkshire who left a bequest of £100 to be used to fund experiments that would benefit the Society and further scientific knowledge. The first grant was…

copolyester elastomer, a synthetic rubber consisting of hard polyester crystallites dispersed in a soft, flexible matrix. Because of this twin-phase composition, copolyester elastomers are thermoplastic elastomers, materials that have the elasticity of rubber but also can be molded and remolded

copolyester elastomer, a synthetic rubber consisting of hard polyester crystallites dispersed in a soft, flexible matrix. Because of this twin-phase composition, copolyester elastomers are thermoplastic elastomers, materials that have the elasticity of rubber but also can be molded and remolded

copolymer, any of a diverse class of substances of high molecular weight prepared by chemical combination, usually into long chains, of molecules of two or more simple compounds (the monomers forming the polymer). The structural units derived from the different monomers may be present in regular

Mahlon Pitney: …of his earlier opinion in Coppage v. Kansas, in which the court struck down a Kansas statute prohibiting an employer from preventing union membership among his employees by force or coercion. Another memorable opinion, in Frank v. Mangum, drew vigorous dissent from Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes on the grounds that…