ibex: The European, or Alpine, ibex (C. ibex ibex) is typical. Adult males weigh around 100 kg (220 pounds), while females are about 50 kg (110 pounds). Males stand about 90 cm (3 feet) at the shoulder (females are about 10 cm [4 inches] shorter) and have…

ibex: The European, or Alpine, ibex (C. ibex ibex) is typical. Adult males weigh around 100 kg (220 pounds), while females are about 50 kg (110 pounds). Males stand about 90 cm (3 feet) at the shoulder (females are about 10 cm [4 inches] shorter) and have…

ibex: …beard and horns, and the Nubian ibex (C. nubiana), which is smaller and has long, slender horns. Other ibexes include the Spanish ibex (C. pyrenaica) and the walia, or Abyssinian ibex (C. walie), which has been reduced to a single population of about 400 individuals in Ethiopia and whose numbers…

ibex: …the European ibex are the Siberian, or Asiatic, ibex (C. sibirica), which is larger and has a longer beard and horns, and the Nubian ibex (C. nubiana), which is smaller and has long, slender horns. Other ibexes include the Spanish ibex (C. pyrenaica) and the walia, or Abyssinian ibex (C.…

ibex: pyrenaica) and the walia, or Abyssinian ibex (C. walie), which has been reduced to a single population of about 400 individuals in Ethiopia and whose numbers are still declining. Two subspecies of Spanish ibex are now extinct (C. pyrenaica pyrenaica, which lived in the Pyrenees, and C. pyrenaica lusitanica, which…

ibex: …ibex are now extinct (C. pyrenaica pyrenaica, which lived in the Pyrenees, and C. pyrenaica lusitanica, which was found in Portugal) and one is vulnerable (C. pyrenaica victoriae, which lives in the Sierra de Gredos), but another is fairly abundant, with a population of about 9,000 head (C. pyrenaica…

Frank Capra was an American motion-picture director who was the most prominent filmmaker of the 1930s, during which he won three Academy Awards as best director. His most-beloved films, many of which were made during the Great Depression, were patriotic sentimental celebrations of virtuous everymen

Frank Capra was an American motion-picture director who was the most prominent filmmaker of the 1930s, during which he won three Academy Awards as best director. His most-beloved films, many of which were made during the Great Depression, were patriotic sentimental celebrations of virtuous everymen

Andrea Palladio: Visits to Rome and work in Vicenza: …for Giulio Capra, called the Villa Rotonda, near Vicenza. This was a hilltop belvedere, or summer house, with a view, of completely symmetrical plan with hexastyle, or porticoes on each of four sides and central circular halls surmounted by domes. The Villa Trissino at Meledo, of the same type, was…

Capraia Island, (from capra, “wild goat”), island of the Arcipelago Toscano, in the Tyrrhenian Sea, between the Italian mainland and the north point of Corsica. Capraia, mountainous and volcanic, rising to 1,467 feet (447 metres), produces wine and is a centre of anchovy fishing. About one-third of

Giovanni Battista Caprara was a Roman Catholic churchman and diplomat who negotiated between the Vatican and Napoleon Bonaparte. After serving as papal vice legate of Ravenna and nuncio at various places (1767–92), Caprara was named cardinal-priest in 1792 and bishop of Jesi in 1800. Despite his

Capraia Island, (from capra, “wild goat”), island of the Arcipelago Toscano, in the Tyrrhenian Sea, between the Italian mainland and the north point of Corsica. Capraia, mountainous and volcanic, rising to 1,467 feet (447 metres), produces wine and is a centre of anchovy fishing. About one-third of

Island of Capri, island near the southern entrance to the Bay of Naples, Campania regione (region), southern Italy. It lies opposite the Sorrento peninsula, to which it was joined in prehistoric times. The island is a single block of limestone 3.9 miles (6.25 km) long, with a maximum width of 1.8

skeleton shrimp, any of certain marine crustaceans of the family Caprellidae (order Amphipoda), particularly of the genera Caprella and Aeginella. The common name derives from the slender body structure. Most species are predators on other small animals, but some feed on organic debris. Aeginella

deer: New World deer: The New World deer came from a separate radiation that colonized North and South America and Eurasia. Among the grotesque giants that evolved in the Ice Age are the moose (Alces alces), the largest of all deer, standing 2 metres (7 feet)…

roe deer, (genus Capreolus), small, graceful Eurasian deer of the family Cervidae (order Artiodactyla). There are two species of roe deer: the European, or western, roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and the larger Siberian roe deer (C. pygargus). Despite their Old World distribution, roe deer are more

roe deer: …species of roe deer: the European, or western, roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and the larger Siberian roe deer (C. pygargus). Despite their Old World distribution, roe deer are more closely related to New World deer than to Old World deer. They are well adapted to cold environments, and they range…

roe deer: … (Capreolus capreolus) and the larger Siberian roe deer (C. pygargus). Despite their Old World distribution, roe deer are more closely related to New World deer than to Old World deer. They are well adapted to cold environments, and they range from northern Europe and Asia into the high mountains of…

Jean Capréolus was a Dominican scholar whose Four Books of Defenses of the Theology of St. Thomas Aquinas (written 1409–33), generally known as the Defensiones, contributed to a revival of Thomistic theology and won for the author the sobriquet Prince of the Thomists. He began the project while

Caprera Island, island in the Tyrrhenian Sea (of the Mediterranean) off northeastern Sardinia, Italy. Administratively part of La Maddalena comune (commune), it has an area of 6 square miles (16 square km) and is connected by causeway with the adjacent island of Maddalena. The Italian nationalist

ancient Rome: Caracalla: …Alamanni, as well as the Capri of the middle Danube, appeared for the first time; he often prudently mixed military operations with negotiation and gave important subsidies and money (in sound currency) to the barbarians, thus arousing much discontent. His ambition was to triumph in the East like his hero…

Italian literature: Other writings: …Le lettere da Capri (1953; The Capri Letters) and Le due città (1964; “The Two Cities”)—and in a later novel, L’incendio (1981; “The Fire”), which takes a quizzical look at the modern art business—showed himself to be a consistently skilled and entertaining narrator. There are many other accomplished authors who…

Island of Capri, island near the southern entrance to the Bay of Naples, Campania regione (region), southern Italy. It lies opposite the Sorrento peninsula, to which it was joined in prehistoric times. The island is a single block of limestone 3.9 miles (6.25 km) long, with a maximum width of 1.8

Island of Capri, island near the southern entrance to the Bay of Naples, Campania regione (region), southern Italy. It lies opposite the Sorrento peninsula, to which it was joined in prehistoric times. The island is a single block of limestone 3.9 miles (6.25 km) long, with a maximum width of 1.8

Jennifer Capriati is an American tennis player who first achieved success as a teenage prodigy. Her play later suffered amid various personal issues, but she staged a comeback, winning the Australian Open (2001 and 2002) and the French Open (2001). Capriati was born in New York City and lived in

Jennifer Capriati is an American tennis player who first achieved success as a teenage prodigy. Her play later suffered amid various personal issues, but she staged a comeback, winning the Australian Open (2001 and 2002) and the French Open (2001). Capriati was born in New York City and lived in

carboxylic acid: Saturated aliphatic acids: decanoic (capric) acids, respectively. Common names for these three acids are derived from the Latin caper, meaning “goat.” Some hard cheeses (e.g., Swiss cheese) contain natural propanoic acid. The higher even-numbered saturated acids, from C12 to C18 (lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic

Niccolò Paganini: …1807 he wrote the 24 Capricci for unaccompanied violin, displaying the novel features of his technique, and the two sets of six sonatas for violin and guitar. He reappeared in Italy as a violinist in 1805 and was appointed director of music at Piombino by Napoleon’s sister, Élisa Bonaparte Baciocchi.…

veduta: …another form of veduta, the capriccio, in which architectural elements, though correct, are combined in a rather strange fashion—e.g., Canaletto’s drawing in which St. Peter’s in Rome is shown rising above the Doge’s Palace in Venice, or the etching by William Marlow (1740–1813) of “St. Paul’s Cathedral in London with…

opera: Later opera in Germany and Austria: Capriccio (1942), his last opera, is an absorbing work that reanimates the old argument of whether words or music should take precedence in opera.

capriccio: Bach wrote keyboard capriccios displaying strictly fugal as well as whimsical characteristics. Bach’s earliest dated keyboard work is his Capriccio “on the Departure of His Beloved Brother,” which cites among other musical references a coachman’s horn calls.

capriccio, lively, loosely structured musical composition that is often humorous in character. As early as the 16th century the term was occasionally applied to canzonas, fantasias, and ricercari (often modelled on vocal imitative polyphony). Baroque composers from Girolamo Frescobaldi to J.S. Bach

Giacomo Puccini: Early life and marriage: …presented as his graduation composition Capriccio sinfonico, an instrumental work that attracted the attention of influential musical circles in Milan. In the same year, he entered Le villi in a competition for one-act operas. The judges did not think Le villi worthy of consideration, but a group of friends, led…

caricature and cartoon: Spain: His “Caprichos” (1796–98), etchings prepared by some of the most simple and trenchant brush drawings ever made, appeared in the last years of the 18th century and can be called comedies of manners only insofar as they are related to folk sayings and the bittersweet Spanish…

Capricorn, in astrology, the 10th sign of the zodiac, considered as governing the period from about December 22 to about January 19. One explanation of the fishtail with which the goat is often represented is found in the Greek myth of Pan, who, to avoid the monster Typhon, jumped into the water

Capricorn and Bunker groups, island clusters at the southern extremity of the Great Barrier Reef off the eastern coast of Queensland, Australia, on the Tropic of Capricorn between Capricorn Channel and Keppel Bay. They are true coral cays, comprising sandy detritus on coral platforms with typical

Southern rock: …the rise of Phil Walden’s Capricorn Records in the early 1970s that Southernness itself was celebrated as a rock and roll virtue. Walden, who got his start managing Otis Redding, signed the Allman Brothers Band in 1969. Once the Allmans caught on, Walden capitalized on the notion of Southern rock…

Tropic of Capricorn, latitude approximately 23°27′ S of the terrestrial Equator. This latitude corresponds to the southernmost declination of the Sun’s ecliptic to the celestial equator. At the winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, around December 21, the Sun is directly over the Tropic of

Australian literature: Nationalism and expansion: By apt coincidence, Xavier Herbert’s Capricornia (1938) was published at this time. Herbert’s sprawling comic anarchy, his maverick vision, and the sense of remoteness from regulated society all derive from his Northern Territory milieu. But Capricornia also displays all the themes important to the Jindyworobak movement: concern for the Aboriginal,…

serow, (genus Capricornis), any of five species of goatlike mammals that range from Japan and Taiwan to western India, through eastern China, Southeast Asia, and the Himalayan region. Serows belong either to the tribe Rupicaprini (goat antelopes) or, according to another view, to their own tribe

serow: The Japanese serow (36–38 kg [79–84 pounds] and about 75 cm [30 inches] at shoulder height) is endemic to the Japanese islands of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. Once severely threatened because of overhunting and habitat loss, it was designated as a “special natural monument” in 1955.…

serow: mainland serow is extremely variable. The head, neck, and long mane are grizzled black, and the fur may turn rusty red on the shoulders, flanks, and lower thighs. There is a varying amount of white on the muzzle, throat, chest, and mane. Weight is about…

serow: The Formosan serow, a much smaller species (25–30 kg [55–66 pounds]), is from Taiwan and has woollier and softer pelage than the mainland serow. Its body coloration is brown to reddish and is yellowish on the chin, throat, and neck. The Formosan serow occurs widely across…

Capricorn, in astrology, the 10th sign of the zodiac, considered as governing the period from about December 22 to about January 19. One explanation of the fishtail with which the goat is often represented is found in the Greek myth of Pan, who, to avoid the monster Typhon, jumped into the water

fig: Physical description: …of tree, known as a caprifig, produces inedible figs that house the fig wasp young. It has short-styled female flowers that are adapted to the egg-laying habits of the fig wasp (Blastophaga) and also contains male flowers near the apex. Pollen from the caprifigs is carried by the fig wasps…

Caprifoliaceae, the honeysuckle family of the order Dipsacales, comprising about 42 genera and 890 species. The family is well known for its many ornamental shrubs and vines. It is primarily composed of north temperate species but also includes some tropical mountain plants. The phylogeny (history

Henrique Capriles is a Venezuelan politician who ran as the united opposition presidential candidate against Venezuela’s longtime leader Hugo Chávez in 2012 and lost. When Chávez died in March 2013, the opposition again united behind Capriles as its candidate in the special election to replace the

Henrique Capriles is a Venezuelan politician who ran as the united opposition presidential candidate against Venezuela’s longtime leader Hugo Chávez in 2012 and lost. When Chávez died in March 2013, the opposition again united behind Capriles as its candidate in the special election to replace the

horsemanship: Military horsemanship: Federico Caprilli, an Italian cavalry instructor, made a thorough study of the psychology and mechanics of locomotion of the horse. He completely revolutionized the established system by innovating the forward seat, a position and style of riding in which the rider’s weight is centred forward…

caprimulgiform: Annotated classification: Suborder Caprimulgi Dorsal vertebrae heterocoelous (saddle-shaped); deeply cleft gape; rostrum fixed; plumage soft. Family Podargidae (frogmouths) Confined to Australasian (except New Zealand) and southern Oriental regions (including extreme southern India). Desmognathous palate; palatines broad throughout, slightly expanded posteriorly; wide,

Caprimulgidae, bird family of the order Caprimulgiformes. Birds of this family are commonly called nightjars, from their jarring cries, or goatsuckers, from the ancient superstition that they used their very wide mouths to milk goats. They are insectivorous birds that take flying insects on the

caprimulgiform, (order Caprimulgiformes), any of about 120 species of soft-plumaged birds, the major groups of which are called nightjars, nighthawks, potoos, frogmouths, and owlet-frogmouths. The order also includes the aberrant oilbird of South America. Most are twilight- or night-flying birds.

caprimulgiform, (order Caprimulgiformes), any of about 120 species of soft-plumaged birds, the major groups of which are called nightjars, nighthawks, potoos, frogmouths, and owlet-frogmouths. The order also includes the aberrant oilbird of South America. Most are twilight- or night-flying birds.

nightjar, any of about 60 to 70 species of birds that make up the subfamily Caprimulginae of the family Caprimulgidae and sometimes extended to include the nighthawks, subfamily Chordeilinae (see nighthawk). The name nightjar is sometimes applied to the entire order Caprimulgiformes. (See

caprimulgiform: …name of the type genus Caprimulgus, goatsucker, derives from an ancient belief that the birds seen flitting about the goats at dusk were taking milk from the goats’ udders, a misconception no doubt fortified by the birds’ uncommonly large mouths. In actuality, caprimulgiforms prey on the insects disturbed or attracted…

chuck-will’s-widow, (species Caprimulgus carolinensis), nocturnal bird of the family Caprimulgidae, found in the swamps, rocky uplands, and pine woods of the southeastern United States, migrating to the West Indies, Central America, and northwestern South America. This nightjar is named for its

nightjar: The common nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus) is representative of some 35 similar species making up the largest genus in the order Caprimulgiformes. It is characterized by its flat head, wide mouth fringed with bristles, large eyes, and soft plumage that results in noiseless flight, and it is…

migration: In intertropical regions: The plain nightjar (Caprimulgus inornatus), on the other hand, nests in a dry belt from Mali in the west to the Red Sea and Kenya in the east during the rains and then migrates southward to Cameroon and the northern Congo region during the dry season.

whippoorwill, (Caprimulgus vociferus), nocturnal bird of North America belonging to the family Caprimulgidae (see caprimulgiform) and closely resembling the related common nightjar of Europe. It is named for its vigorous deliberate call (first and third syllables accented), which it may repeat 400

Donato Bramante: Roman period of Donato Bramante: …design was that of the Palazzo Caprini (House of Raphael; later destroyed) in the Borgo, which became the model for many 16th-century palaces. This palazzo was later acquired by Raphael. According to Vasari, Bramante, about 1509, had designed the architectural background for the School of Athens by Raphael (1508–11; Vatican,…

dressage: …at the levade; and the capriole, in which the horse jumps straight upward, with its forelegs drawn in, kicking back with its hind legs horizontal, and lands again in the same spot from which it took off.

Carlo Caproli was an Italian composer, violinist, and organist, considered by Angelo Berardi and others to be one of the best composers of cantatas of his time. Caproli wrote his earliest datable cantata about the time that he was working as an organist at the German College in Rome (1643–45). He

Italian literature: Women writers: …of many successful books by Paola Capriolo. Best-selling and widely translated author Susanna Tamaro achieved overnight commercial success with the sentimental Va’ dove ti porta il cuore (1994; Follow Your Heart), which she adapted for a film of the same name directed by Cristina Comencini.

Koper, seaport in Slovenia, just southwest of Trieste (Italy). Formerly an island in the Adriatic Sea, it was connected to the mainland by a causeway (1825) and drainage works. It was known to the Romans as Capris (3rd century bce–6th century ce). From 932 until 1797 Koper was linked to the

Caprivi Strip, long, narrow extension of Namibia, running about 280 miles (450 km) from the northeast corner of the main block of the country eastward to the Zambezi River. Its width varies from about 20 to 65 miles (32 to 105 km). The physical geography of the region is an extremely flat plain,

Caprivi Strip, long, narrow extension of Namibia, running about 280 miles (450 km) from the northeast corner of the main block of the country eastward to the Zambezi River. Its width varies from about 20 to 65 miles (32 to 105 km). The physical geography of the region is an extremely flat plain,

Leo, count von Caprivi was a distinguished soldier who was Bismarck’s successor as Germany’s imperial chancellor during 1890–94. Caprivi was educated in Berlin and entered the army in 1849; he took part in the Austrian campaign of 1866, being attached to the staff of the I Army. In 1870–71, in the

Leo, count von Caprivi was a distinguished soldier who was Bismarck’s successor as Germany’s imperial chancellor during 1890–94. Caprivi was educated in Berlin and entered the army in 1849; he took part in the Austrian campaign of 1866, being attached to the staff of the I Army. In 1870–71, in the

Caprock Escarpment: Caprock Canyons State Park and Trailway, near the city of Quitaque in Briscoe county, opened in 1982. Ten years later a 65-mile (105-km) multiuse trail was developed as a rail-to-trail project. Clarity Tunnel, on the trail, is home to one of the state’s largest colonies…

Caprock Escarpment, geological feature, Texas, U.S., that forms a natural transition between the High Plains (west) and the western edge of the North Central Plains (east). It forms the eastern border of the semiarid Llano Estacado (Spanish: “Staked Plain”) and is a prominent feature of Borden,

carboxylic acid: Saturated aliphatic acids: …6-, 8-, and 10-carbon acids: hexanoic (caproic), octanoic (caprylic), and decanoic (capric) acids, respectively. Common names for these three acids are derived from the Latin caper, meaning “goat.” Some hard cheeses (e.g., Swiss cheese) contain natural propanoic acid. The higher even-numbered saturated acids, from C12 to C18 (lauric,

boarfish, (family Caproidae), any of six species of fishes (order Zeiformes) characterized by red coloration and a laterally compressed body that is as high as it is long. All six species live in deep marine waters, occurring in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. The two genera, Antigonia

rabbit: …whereas the rockhares and the hispid hare are rabbits. Rabbits differ from hares in size, life history, and preferred habitat. In general, rabbits are smaller and have shorter ears than hares. They are born without fur and with closed eyes after a gestation period of 30–31 days. They prefer habitats…

Carlo Caproli was an Italian composer, violinist, and organist, considered by Angelo Berardi and others to be one of the best composers of cantatas of his time. Caproli wrote his earliest datable cantata about the time that he was working as an organist at the German College in Rome (1643–45). He

hutia, (family Capromyidae), any of 26 living and recently extinct species of Caribbean rodents. The surviving species of hutia are short-limbed and stout and have a large head, small eyes and ears, prominent claws, and long whiskers. Size ranges from the rat-sized dwarf hutia (Mesocapromys nanus),

hutia: …12 inches), to the raccoon-sized Desmarest’s Cuban hutia (Capromys pilorides), with a body 32 to 60 cm long and weight of up to 8.5 kg (19 pounds). The tail ranges from very short and inconspicuous in Brown’s hutia (Geocapromys brownii) to pronounced and prehensile in the long-tailed Cuban hutia Mysateles…

military aircraft: Bombers: Its big three-engined, twin-tailboom Capronis were among the finest bombers of World War I. Even larger were the Russian Ilya Muromets bombers of the tsar’s Squadron of Flying Ships. Designed by Igor Sikorsky, now remembered mainly as a helicopter pioneer, these biplanes spanned about 30 metres (100 feet) and…

Giorgio Caproni was an Italian poet whose extensive body of work was largely collected in Tutti le poesie (1983; “All the Poems”). Caproni grew up in Livorno and Genoa, eventually settling in Rome in 1939, where he taught elementary school. His steady poetic output was briefly interrupted by his

boarfish: The two genera, Antigonia and Capros, are placed in different subfamilies. A typical species, A. capros, reaches a length of about 18 cm (7 inches).

carboxylic acid: Saturated aliphatic acids: …and 10-carbon acids: hexanoic (caproic), octanoic (caprylic), and decanoic (capric) acids, respectively. Common names for these three acids are derived from the Latin caper, meaning “goat.” Some hard cheeses (e.g., Swiss cheese) contain natural propanoic acid. The higher even-numbered saturated acids, from C12 to C18 (lauric, myristic,

Sweden: The Age of Freedom (1718–72): …known by the nicknames “Nightcaps” (or “Caps”) and “Hats.” Both parties were mercantilist, but the Nightcaps were the more prudent. Up to 1738 the Nightcaps were in power. They led a most careful foreign policy so as not to provoke Russia. From 1738 to 1765 power passed to the…

Gafsa, town situated in west-central Tunisia. The ancient name of the locality is applied to the Mesolithic Capsian industry (locally dated about 6250 bce) of the earliest inhabitants. The original Numidian town was destroyed (106 bce) by the Romans; it was rebuilt later by Trajan and was then

capsaicin, the most abundant of the pungent principles of hot peppers (Capsicum). It is an organic nitrogen compound belonging to the lipid group, but it is often erroneously classed among the alkaloids, a family of nitrogenous compounds with marked physiological effects. The name capsaicin was

capsaicin, the most abundant of the pungent principles of hot peppers (Capsicum). It is an organic nitrogen compound belonging to the lipid group, but it is often erroneously classed among the alkaloids, a family of nitrogenous compounds with marked physiological effects. The name capsaicin was

shepherd’s purse, (Capsella bursa-pastoris), plant of the mustard family (Brassicaceae). Native to the Mediterranean region, shepherd’s purse has become naturalized worldwide and is a common lawn and roadside weed. The plant is most conspicuous in the spring and is distinguished for its flat

Capsian industry, a Mesolithic (8000 bc–2700 bc) cultural complex prominent in the inland areas of North Africa. Its most characteristic sites are in the area of the great salt lakes of what is now southern Tunisia, the type site being Jabal al-Maqṭaʿ, near Qafṣah (Capsa, French Gafsa). Although

bell pepper, (Capsicum annuum), pepper cultivar in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), grown for its thick, mild fruits. Bell peppers are used in salads and in cooked dishes and are high in vitamin A and vitamin C. The large furrowed fruits are technically berries and can be green, red, yellow, or

pepper, (genus Capsicum), genus of more than 30 species of flowering plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), several of which are extensively cultivated for their edible, often pungent fruits. The genus comprises all the varied forms of fleshy-fruited peppers, including the mild bell peppers

Capsicum annuum, flowering plant of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), widely cultivated for the hot or mild peppers of its thousands of varieties and cultivars. Capsicum annuum is the most economically important of the species in the Capsicum genus. Its common forms include bell, poblano,

chili pepper: …tabasco is a cultivar of C. frutescens. As of 2023, the cultivar Pepper X has been recognized as the hottest in the world.

virus: Definition: …forms a shell (called a capsid) around the nucleic acid. Certain viruses also have other proteins internal to the capsid; some of these proteins act as enzymes, often during the synthesis of viral nucleic acids. Viroids (meaning “viruslike”) are disease-causing organisms that contain only nucleic acid and have no structural…

virion: …with regularly arranged units called capsomeres, two to five or more along each side; and the nucleic acid is densely coiled within. Other virions have a capsid consisting of an irregular number of surface spikes and the nucleic acid loosely coiled within. Virions of most plant viruses are rod-shaped; the…

capstan, mechanical device used chiefly on board ships or in shipyards for moving heavy weights by means of ropes, cables, or chains. Capstans also have been used in railroad yards for spotting (positioning) freight cars. A capstan consists of a drum, driven either manually or by steam or

Bowman’s capsule, double-walled cuplike structure that makes up part of the nephron, the filtration structure in the mammalian kidney that generates urine in the process of removing waste and excess substances from the blood. Bowman’s capsule encloses a cluster of microscopic blood

joint: Joint ligaments: Capsular ligaments are simply thickenings of the fibrous capsule itself that take the form of either elongated bands or triangles, the fibres of which radiate from a small area of one articulating bone to a line upon its mating fellow. The iliofemoral ligament of the…

excretion: Mammals: Primary urine is formed by filtration from the blood. From this primary urine certain substances are reabsorbed into the blood and other substances are secreted into the primary urine from the blood. The word secretion is used by renal physiologists to imply transport, other than…

bacteria: Capsules and slime layers: Many bacterial cells secrete some extracellular material in the form of a capsule or a slime layer. A slime layer is loosely associated with the bacterium and can be easily washed off, whereas a capsule is attached tightly to the bacterium…

capsule, in botany, dry fruit that opens when ripe. It splits from apex to base into separate segments known as valves, as in the iris, or forms pores at the top (poppy), or splits around the circumference, with the top falling off (pigweed and plantain). The spore-forming organ of liverworts and

pharmaceutical industry: Capsules: Capsules are another common oral dosage form. Like tablets, capsules almost always contain inert ingredients to facilitate manufacture. There are two general types of capsules—hard gelatin capsules and soft gelatin capsules. Hard gelatin capsules are by far the most common type. They can be…

pipeline: Capsule pipelines: Capsule pipelines transport freight in capsules propelled by a fluid moving through a pipeline. When the fluid is air or another gas, the technology is called pneumatic capsule pipeline (PCP), and, when water or another liquid is used, it is termed hydraulic capsule…