short-horned grasshopper: Major genera and species: …of the common species, the Carolina grasshopper (Dissosteira carolina), has black hind wings with a pale border. The clear-winged grasshopper (Camnula pellucida) is a major crop pest in North America.

Carolina Hurricanes, American professional ice hockey team based in Raleigh, North Carolina. The Hurricanes play in the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL) and won the Stanley Cup in 2006. Founded in 1972 as the New England Whalers and based in Hartford, Connecticut, the

Gentianales: Gelsemiaceae: The sweetly scented Gelsemium sempervirens (Carolina, or yellow, jessamine) is a highly poisonous vine in the southern United States that is also cultivated and has been used medicinally for migraines. The second genus, Mostuea, has a transoceanic distribution with one American and seven African species.

Gentianales: Gelsemiaceae: The sweetly scented Gelsemium sempervirens (Carolina, or yellow, jessamine) is a highly poisonous vine in the southern United States that is also cultivated and has been used medicinally for migraines. The second genus, Mostuea, has a transoceanic distribution with one American and seven African species.

mallow: The Carolina mallow (Modiola caroliniana) is a weedy, creeping wild flower of the southern United States.

Carolina Panthers, American professional football team based in Charlotte, North Carolina. The Panthers play in the National Football Conference (NFC) of the NFL and have won two conference championships (2003 and 2015). (Read Walter Camp’s 1903 Britannica essay on inventing American football.) The

psittaciform: …the early 1900s, however, the Carolina parakeet (Conuropsis carolinensis) inhabited most of the eastern United States; it was rendered extinct by human persecution. The last captive died in the Cincinnati Zoological Garden in 1914, but the last generally accepted observation in the wild was a flock seen in Florida in…

Frederick Henry Koch: …to the University of North Carolina in 1918, he introduced his course in playwriting and created the Playmakers, whose theatre became the first state-subsidized playhouse in America and whose company toured the Southeast presenting folk plays. He also founded and directed a Canadian playwriting school at Banff, Alta.

crake: …New World counterpart is the sora, or Carolina rail (P. carolina). The sora is about 23 cm (9 inches) long and grayish brown with black on the face and throat, with a short yellow bill. Other Porzana species are Baillon’s crake (P. pusilla), occurring in parts of Europe, Asia, Africa,…

ghost pepper: …was later superseded by the Carolina Reaper (with up to 2.2 million SHU) and other ultra spicy peppers.

plea bargaining: History of plea bargaining in the United States: …they are factually innocent (Carolina v. Alford). In a fourth plea bargaining case, in 1971, the Supreme Court ruled that defendants are entitled to legal remedy if prosecutors break conditions specified in plea bargains (Santobello v. New York). In 1978 the Court held in Bordenkircher v. Hayes that prosecutors…

Caroline, county, eastern Maryland, U.S., lying between the Choptank River and Tuckahoe Creek to the west and Delaware to the east. In addition to the Choptank, it is drained by Marshyhope Creek. Caroline shares Tuckahoe State Park with neighbouring Queen Anne’s county. The county was created in

William Lyon Mackenzie: , prison, he wrote The Caroline Almanack, expressing his disillusionment with U.S. politics.

Caroline of Brunswick-Lüneburg was the wife of King George IV of the United Kingdom who—like her husband, who was also her cousin—was the centre of various scandals. The daughter of Charles William Ferdinand, duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Caroline married George (then prince of Wales) on April 8,

Caroline Atoll, coral formation in the Central and Southern Line Islands, part of Kiribati, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, about 450 miles (720 km) northwest of Tahiti. With a total area of 1.45 square miles (3.76 square km), it is made up of 20 islets that rise to 20 feet (6 metres) above mean

Caroline Islands, archipelago in the western Pacific Ocean, the islands of which make up the republics of Palau and the Federated States of Micronesia. The Carolines may be divided into two physiographic units: coral caps surmount mountains of volcanic origin to the east, while to the west the

Johann Friedrich, count von Struensee: …became the lover of Queen Caroline Matilda in 1770. He was soon able to abolish the council of state and the office of statholder (governor) of Norway in 1770. In June 1771 he had the king name him privy Cabinet minister, and in July he was made a count.

Carolingian minuscule, in calligraphy, clear and manageable script that was established by the educational reforms of Charlemagne in the latter part of the 8th and early 9th centuries. As rediscovered and refined in the Italian Renaissance by the humanists, the script survives as the basis of the

Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach was the wife of King George II of Great Britain (reigned 1727–60). Beautiful and intelligent, she exercised an influence over her husband that was decisive in establishing and maintaining Sir Robert Walpole as prime minister (1730–42). The daughter of a German

Caroline of Brunswick-Lüneburg was the wife of King George IV of the United Kingdom who—like her husband, who was also her cousin—was the centre of various scandals. The daughter of Charles William Ferdinand, duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Caroline married George (then prince of Wales) on April 8,

Latin American literature: The Caroline reforms: Following the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14), the first Spanish Bourbons set out to put their kingdoms in order and to win the hearts and minds of their subjects. Philip V (1700–24, 1724–46), Luis I (1724), and Ferdinand VI (1746–59) enacted new…

Pedro Menéndez de Avilés: …the nearby French colony of Fort Caroline and massacred the entire population, hanging the bodies on trees with the inscription “Not as Frenchmen, but as heretics.” Menéndez de Avilés then explored the Atlantic coast and established a string of forts as far north as the island of St. Helena (off…

Sweden: Impact of continuous warfare: It has been called the Carolingian absolutism because it occurred during the reign of Charles XI (ruled 1672–97). But, because of the precariousness of the Swedish annexations in the Baltic, the Carolingian absolutism involved a continuous preparation for war.

Carolingian art, classic style produced during the reign of Charlemagne (768–814) and thereafter until the late 9th century. Charlemagne’s dream of a revival of the Roman Empire in the West determined both his political aims and his artistic program. His strong patronage of the arts gave impetus to

diplomatics: The royal chanceries of medieval France and Germany: …dynasty was supplanted by the Carolingians, chancery procedure changed drastically. In contrast to the Merovingian kings, the first Carolingian king, Pippin III the Short, was unable either to read or write. He therefore entrusted the responsibility for the correctness of the royal documents to an official of the court. At…

Carolingian dynasty, family of Frankish aristocrats and the dynasty (750–887 ce) that they established to rule western Europe. The dynasty’s name derives from the large number of family members who bore the name Charles, most notably Charlemagne. A brief treatment of the Carolingians follows. For

Carolingian minuscule, in calligraphy, clear and manageable script that was established by the educational reforms of Charlemagne in the latter part of the 8th and early 9th centuries. As rediscovered and refined in the Italian Renaissance by the humanists, the script survives as the basis of the

Carolingian Renaissance, the revival of classical learning and the refinement of contemporary clerical and scholarly practices pursued under the Carolingian rulers of western Europe from the mid-8th to the 9th century. The exact end date of the Carolingian Renaissance is disputed, though there is

Jimmy Kimmel: Win Ben Stein’s Money and The Man Show: Beginning in 1999, Kimmel and Adam Carolla cohosted The Man Show, a talk show aimed at young male audiences with a mix of scantily clad women and irreverent humour. It developed a dedicated following over the following four years, becoming one of the most successful shows on the Comedy Central…

Charlemagne was the king of the Franks (768–814), king of the Lombards (774–814), and first emperor (800–814) of the Romans and of what was later called the Holy Roman Empire. Around the time of the birth of Charlemagne—conventionally held to be 742 but likely to be 747 or 748—his father, Pippin

Charles Martel was the mayor of the palace of Austrasia (the eastern part of the Frankish kingdom) from 715 to 741. He reunited and ruled the entire Frankish realm and defeated a sizable Muslim raiding party at Poitiers in 732. His byname, Martel, means “the hammer.” Charles was the illegitimate

Andreas Gryphius: Armenius (1646), Catharina von Georgien, Carolus Stuardus, and Cardenio und Celinde (all printed 1657), and Papinianus (1659). These plays deal with the themes of stoicism and religious constancy unto martyrdom, of the Christian ruler and the Machiavellian tyrant, and of illusion and reality, a theme that is used with telling…

carom billiards, game played with three balls (two white and one red) on a table without pockets, in which the object is to drive one of the white balls (cue ball) into both of the other balls. Each carom thus completed counts one point. In a popular version of the game called three-cushion

Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais was a French author of two outstanding comedies of intrigue that still retain their freshness, Le Barbier de Séville (1775; The Barber of Seville, 1776) and Le Mariage de Figaro (1784; The Marriage of Figaro, 1785). Although Beaumarchais did not invent the type

Antoine Caron was one of the few significant painters in France during the reigns of Charles IX and Henry III. His work is notable for reflecting the elegant but unstable Valois court during the Wars of Religion (1560–98). Caron was hired by Francesco Primaticcio, an Italian Mannerist painter,

Vincente Minnelli: Films of the early 1950s: Father of the Bride, An American in Paris, and The Bad and the Beautiful: …a young perfume-shop clerk (Leslie Caron). An American in Paris offered such Gershwin gems as “  ’S Wonderful” and “I Got Rhythm.” But it was the film’s spectacular concluding number, a 17-minute ballet with sets designed in the style of French Impressionist paintings that cost a half million dollars…

Hector, baron de Carondelet was the governor of the Spanish territory of Louisiana and West Florida from 1791 to 1797. Carondelet was born of a distinguished Burgundian family and married into an influential Spanish family. He served in a number of other Spanish colonial posts before his

Hector, baron de Carondelet was the governor of the Spanish territory of Louisiana and West Florida from 1791 to 1797. Carondelet was born of a distinguished Burgundian family and married into an influential Spanish family. He served in a number of other Spanish colonial posts before his

Caroní River, river in Bolívar estado (state), southeastern Venezuela. Its headwaters flow from the slopes of Mount Roraima in the Sierra Pacaraima, where Venezuela, Brazil, and Guyana meet. The Caroní flows generally northward across the Guiana Highlands, covering much of southeastern Venezuela

Caroni River, river in northwestern Trinidad, in the country of Trinidad and Tobago in the southern Caribbean Sea. It rises near Valencia on the southern edge of the Northern Range uplands and flows roughly west to empty via the saline mangrove channels of the Caroni Swamp into the Gulf of Paria,

Caroni River: …saline mangrove channels of the Caroni Swamp into the Gulf of Paria, between Trinidad and Venezuela, a mile or so south of Port of Spain. It drains the area between the Northern and Central ranges. Its length is about 25 miles (40 km), and it is partly navigable by flat-bottomed…

Caroní River, river in Bolívar estado (state), southeastern Venezuela. Its headwaters flow from the slopes of Mount Roraima in the Sierra Pacaraima, where Venezuela, Brazil, and Guyana meet. The Caroní flows generally northward across the Guiana Highlands, covering much of southeastern Venezuela

ship: Passenger liners in the 20th century: …size at 650 feet (Caronia and Carmania) were fitted, respectively, with quadruple-expansion piston engines and a steam-turbine engine so that a test comparison could be made; the turbine-powered Carmania was nearly a knot faster. Cunard’s giant ships, the Lusitania and the Mauretania

Carora, city, west-central Lara estado (state), northwestern Venezuela. It is situated on the Morere, an affluent of the Tocuyo River, west of Barquisimeto. Carora lies at 1,128 feet (344 metres) above sea level. The city has a fine parish church, a Franciscan convent, and a hermitage. Carora was

Hans Carossa was a poet and novelist who contributed to the development of the German autobiographical novel. Carossa’s literary career began with a book of lyric poetry, Stella Mystica (1902; “Mystical Star”), in which a reflective, philosophical attitude dominates the expression of emotions. This

carotene, any of several organic compounds widely distributed as pigments in plants and animals and converted in the livers of many animals into vitamin A. These pigments are unsaturated hydrocarbons (having many double bonds), belonging to the isoprenoid series. Several isomeric forms (same

carotenemia, yellow skin discoloration caused by excess blood carotene; it may follow overeating of such carotenoid-rich foods as carrots, sweet potatoes, or

carotenemia, yellow skin discoloration caused by excess blood carotene; it may follow overeating of such carotenoid-rich foods as carrots, sweet potatoes, or

carotenoid, any of a group of nonnitrogenous yellow, orange, or red pigments that are almost universally distributed in living things. There are two major types: the hydrocarbon class, or carotenes, and the oxygenated (alcoholic) class, or xanthophylls. Synthesized by bacteria, fungi, lower algae,

Wallace Hume Carothers was an American chemist who developed nylon, the first synthetic polymer fibre to be produced commercially (in 1938) and one that laid the foundation of the synthetic-fibre industry. At the University of Illinois and later at Harvard University, Carothers did research and

circulatory system: Amphibians: They are the carotid (the third), systemic (the fourth), and pulmonary (the sixth) arches. Blood to the lungs (and skin in frogs) is always carried by the sixth arterial arch, which loses its connection to the dorsal aorta. All land vertebrates supply their lungs with deoxygenated blood from…

carotid artery, one of several arteries that supply blood to the head and neck. Of the two common carotid arteries, which extend headward on each side of the neck, the left originates in the arch of the aorta over the heart; the right originates in the brachiocephalic trunk, the largest branch from

hormone: Endocrine-like glands and secretions: The carotid glands are stimulated by a decrease in the oxygen content of the blood and are considered to be the source of a substance, the nature of which has not yet been established with certainty, that promotes the process of red blood cell formation (erythropoiesis).

hormone: Endocrine-like glands and secretions: The carotid glands are stimulated by a decrease in the oxygen content of the blood and are considered to be the source of a substance, the nature of which has not yet been established with certainty, that promotes the process of red blood cell formation (erythropoiesis).

syncope: Carotid sinus syncope, sometimes called the tight-collar syndrome, also causes brief unconsciousness from impaired blood flow to the brain. Unlike the ordinary faint, this syncope is not preceded by pallor, nausea, and sweating. (The carotid sinus is a widened portion of the carotid artery where…

syncope: Carotid sinus syncope, sometimes called the tight-collar syndrome, also causes brief unconsciousness from impaired blood flow to the brain. Unlike the ordinary faint, this syncope is not preceded by pallor, nausea, and sweating. (The carotid sinus is a widened portion of the carotid artery where…

Giovan Francesco Caroto was a Venetian painter whose largely derivative works are distinguished by their craftsmanship and sense of colour. A pupil of Liberale de Verona, Caroto came under the influence of the vigorous linearism and classical orientation of Andrea Mantegna during a sojourn in

Henry King: Later films: Carousel (1956), an adaptation of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein’s Broadway musical, was another huge success. It starred Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones. In 1957 King revisited Hemingway’s work, adapting the novel The Sun Also Rises. King’s solid production was especially

tournament: …tournament eventually degenerated into the carrousel, a kind of equestrian polonaise, and the more harmless sport of tilting at a ring. In modern times there have been occasional romantic revivals, the most famous perhaps being the tournament at Eglinton Castle, in Scotland, in 1839, described in Disraeli’s novel Endymion (1880).…

Agnes de Mille: …One Touch of Venus (1943), Carousel (1945), Brigadoon (1947), Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1949), Paint Your Wagon (1951), The Girl in Pink Tights (1954), and 110 in the Shade (1963). She also arranged dances for the films Romeo and Juliet (1936) and

Judith Leyster: …Carousing Couple (1630; also called The Happy Couple), and Boy Playing the Flute (c. 1635).

Adriaen van Ostade: …a principal group, as in Carousing Peasants in an Interior (c. 1638). He treated these themes with a broad and vigorous technique in a subdued range of colours that often borders on monochrome and used a considerable element of caricature to underline the coarseness of his peasant types. Ostade’s colour…

Edith Roosevelt was an American first lady (1901–09), the second wife of Theodore Roosevelt, 26th president of the United States. She was noted for institutionalizing the duties of the first lady and refurbishing the White House. (Read Eleanor Roosevelt’s Britannica essay on Franklin Roosevelt.)

carp, widely, any of several fish species classified in the genus Cyprinus in the family Cyprinidae but usually, and narrowly, the common, or European, carp (Cyprinus carpio) and its close relatives within the genus Cyprinus. The carp is a hardy greenish brown fish. It is native to Eurasia but has

aquaculture: Carp: Carp raising, practiced worldwide, is a good example of advanced techniques. For the whole life cycle at least three different types of ponds are used in Europe. Special shallow and warm ponds with rich vegetation provide a good environment for spawning, a process that…

ostariophysan: Annotated classification: Family Cyprinidae (minnows, goldfish, bitterlings, barbs, and carps) Pharyngeal teeth in 1 to 3 rows. Some with 1 or 2 pairs of small barbels. Food habits variable. Food fishes of sport and commercial value; aquarium fishes. Size 2.5–250 cm (1 inch to more than 8 feet).…

fish louse, any member of the crustacean subclass Branchiura, a group of parasites of migratory marine and freshwater fishes. Of the approximately 120 known species, most belong to the genus Argulus. The fish louse has a very distinctive oval-shaped, flattened body formed by a broad carapace. Other

fish louse, any member of the crustacean subclass Branchiura, a group of parasites of migratory marine and freshwater fishes. Of the approximately 120 known species, most belong to the genus Argulus. The fish louse has a very distinctive oval-shaped, flattened body formed by a broad carapace. Other

Vittore Carpaccio was the greatest early Renaissance narrative painter of the Venetian school. Carpaccio may have been a pupil of Lazzaro Bastiani, but the dominant influences on his early work were those of Gentile Bellini and Antonello da Messina. The style of his work suggests he might also have

carpal bone, any of several small angular bones that in humans make up the wrist (carpus), and in horses, cows, and other quadrupeds the “knee” of the foreleg. They correspond to the tarsal bones of the rear or lower limb. Their number varies. Primitive vertebrates typically had 12. In modern

wrist: …through a narrow opening, the carpal tunnel. In carpal tunnel syndrome, a narrowing of this opening painfully compresses the nerves during wrist flexion. Other common wrist problems include bone fractures, dislocations of the various component joints, and inflamed tendons and ligaments from overuse.

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), condition of numbness, tingling, or pain in the wrist caused by repetitive flexing or stressing of the fingers or wrist over a long period of time. Possibly the most common repetitive stress injury in the workplace, CTS is frequently associated with the modern office,

Carpathia, British passenger liner that was best known for rescuing survivors from the ship Titanic in 1912. The Carpathia was in service from 1903 to 1918, when it was sunk by a German U-boat. The Carpathia was built by Swan and Hunter for the Cunard Line. Construction of the vessel began on

bellflower: Tussock bellflower, or Carpathian harebell (C. carpatica), has lavender to white bowl-shaped, long-stalked flowers and forms clumps in eastern European meadows and woodlands. Fairy thimbles (C. cochleariifolia), named for its deep nodding blue to white bells, forms loosely open mats on alpine screes. Bethlehem stars…

Carpathian Mountains, a geologically young European mountain chain forming the eastward continuation of the Alps. From the Danube Gap, near Bratislava, Slovakia, they swing in a wide crescent-shaped arc some 900 miles (1,450 kilometres) long to near Orşova, Romania, at the portion of the Danube

Janet Frame: …to have several identities; and The Carpathians (1988), an allegory-laden investigation of language and memory. The latter work earned her the Commonwealth Writers’ Prize (later called the Commonwealth Book Prize) in 1989.

Rusyn, any of several East Slavic peoples (modern-day Belarusians, Ukrainians, and Carpatho-Rusyns) and their languages. The name Rusyn is derived from Rus (Ruthenia), the name of the territory that they inhabited. The name Ruthenian derives from the Latin Ruthenus (singular), a term found in

Rusyn: Belarusians, Ukrainians, and Carpatho-Rusyns) and their languages. The name Rusyn is derived from Rus (Ruthenia), the name of the territory that they inhabited. The name Ruthenian derives from the Latin Ruthenus (singular), a term found in medieval sources to describe the Slavic inhabitants of Eastern Christian religion (Orthodox…

Ruthenian Catholic Church, an Eastern Catholic Christian church of the Byzantine rite, in communion with the Roman Catholic Church since the Union of Uzhhorod (or Uzhgorod) in 1646. Eastern Catholic churches generally have been associated with a national or ethnic group, preserving patterns of

Slavic languages: East Slavic: Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian: Carpathian, also called Carpatho-Rusyn, has sometimes been considered a language apart. In 1995 a codified form of it (Rusyn) was presented in Slovakia, thus enabling the teaching of Rusyn in schools.

Ukraine: Transcarpathia in Czechoslovakia: …autonomy to Transcarpathia, officially renamed Carpatho-Ukraine. In November Hungary occupied a strip of territory including the Carpatho-Ukrainian capital of Uzhhorod, and the autonomous government transferred its seat to Khust. On March 15, 1939, the diet proclaimed the independence of Carpatho-Ukraine while the country was already in the midst of occupation…

Transylvanian Alps, mountainous region of south-central Romania. It consists of that section of the Carpathian Mountain arc from the Prahova River valley (east) to the gap in which flow the Timiş and Cerna rivers. Average elevation in the Transylvanian Alps is 4,920–5,740 feet (1,500–1,750 metres).

Europe: Elevations: …feet [2,655 metres]) in the Western Carpathians, and Mount Moldoveanu (8,346 feet [2,544 metres]) in the Transylvanian Alps. Above all, in southern Europe—Austria and Switzerland included—level, low-lying land is scarce, and mountain, plateau, and hill landforms dominate.

Romania: Land of Romania: …of Moldova), stretches from the Eastern Carpathian Mountains to the Prut River on the Ukrainian border. In western Romania, the historic Banat region is bounded on the north by the Mureș River and reaches west and south into Hungary and Serbia. Finally, bounded on the north and east by the…

carpe diem: …subject with his poem “Carpe Diem,” first published in 1938. In it children are encouraged by a figure called Age to “‘Be happy, happy, happy / And seize the day of pleasure.’” By the 21st century the phrase could be found in the names of catering companies, gyms, and…

carpe diem, phrase used by the Roman poet Horace to express the idea that one should enjoy life while one can. Carpe diem is part of Horace’s injunction “carpe diem quam minimum credula postero,” which appears in his Odes (I.11), published in 23 bce. It can be translated literally as “pluck the

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux was the leading French sculptor of his time. His works, containing a lively realism, rhythm, and variety that were in opposition to contemporary French academic sculpture, form a prelude to the art of Auguste Rodin, who revered him. For some time, Carpeaux was a student of

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux was the leading French sculptor of his time. His works, containing a lively realism, rhythm, and variety that were in opposition to contemporary French academic sculpture, form a prelude to the art of Auguste Rodin, who revered him. For some time, Carpeaux was a student of

protozoan: Annotated classification: Carpediemonas Biflagellated, free-living unicells with a broad cytostome containing a posterior-directed flagellum. Eopharyngia Lack typical mitochondria; possess a single kinetid and nucleus. Diplomonadida Binucleate with a duplicated flagellar apparatus;

carpel, One of the leaflike, seed-bearing structures that constitute the innermost whorl of a flower. One or more carpels make up the pistil. Fertilization of an egg within a carpel by a pollen grain from another flower results in seed development within the

Edith Rebecca Saunders: …as to her theory of carpel polymorphism, which attempted to explain the variations she observed in plant carpel and gynoecium morphology. In her theory of carpel polymorphism, Saunders believed that each vascular trace (strand of fluid-filled tissue) in a gynoecium was associated with a separate carpel and that the gynoecium…

Australia: The Interior Lowlands: …by three major basins, the Carpentaria Basin, the Eyre Basin, and the Murray Basin. The Carpentaria and Eyre basins are separated by such minute residual relief elements as Mount Brown and Mount Fort Bowen in northwestern Queensland. The Wilcannia threshold divides the Eyre and Murray basins, and the latter is…

Cape York Peninsula, northernmost extremity of Australia, projecting into theTorres Strait between the Gulf of Carpentaria (west) and the Coral Sea (east). From its tip at Cape York it extends southward in Queensland for about 500 miles (800 km), widening to its base, which spans 400 miles (650 km)

Gulf of Carpentaria, shallow rectangular inlet of the Arafura Sea (part of the Pacific Ocean), indenting the northern coast of Australia. Neglected for centuries, the gulf became internationally significant in the late 20th and early 21st centuries with the exploitation of its bauxite, manganese,

carpenter ant, (genus Camponotus), genus of more than 1,000 species of ants known for nesting in dead or decaying wood. Carpenter ants are found nearly worldwide in most terrestrial habitats and are particularly dominant in rainforest canopies. Ecologically, carpenter ants play an important role in

carpenter bee, (genus Xylocopa), any of a genus of about 400 species of bees that are found in most areas of the world. Like most bees, carpenter bees do not produce honey, and they do not sting unless provoked. Although bees in Xylocopa are often considered pests because of their tunneling in

Carpenter Gothic, style of architecture that utilized Gothic forms in domestic U.S. architecture in the mid-19th century. The houses executed in this phase of the Gothic Revival style show little awareness of and almost no concern for the original structure and proportions of Gothic buildings and

carpenter moth, (family Cossidae), insect family of around 700 species and 110 genera of moths (order Lepidoptera) whose pale, nearly hairless larvae bore in wood or pithy stems and can be highly destructive. The larvae live one to three years. Adults have vestigial mouthparts, long, thick bodies,

crank: The carpenter’s brace, invented about ad 1400 by a Flemish carpenter, may be considered the first complete crank, since it had four right-angle bends, with the arm and wrist of the operator forming the connecting rod.

figwort: Maryland figwort (S. marilandica), up to 3 metres (10 feet) tall, has greenish purple flowers; it is also called carpenter’s square because of its four-sided grooved stems. At least one species, S. auriculata, is cultivated as an ornamental.