Blackrock, southeastern suburb of Dublin, Ireland, and an administrative part of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown county, on Dublin Bay. Blackrock grew substantially in the 18th century as a fashionable bathing resort; it developed further with the opening of a rail line between Dublin and Kingstown in 1834.

Carrickfergus, town and former district (1973–2015) within the former County Antrim, now in Mid and East Antrim district, Northern Ireland, on the northern shore of Belfast Lough (inlet of the sea). The name, meaning “rock of Fergus,” commemorates King Fergus, who was shipwrecked off the coast

Carrickfergus: The former Carrickfergus district was bordered by the former districts of Newtownabbey to the west and Larne to the north. Its northwestern section is hilly terrain, sloping southward to the flat shores of Belfast Lough. Salt is mined at the village of Eden, northeast of Carrickfergus town,…

Carrick-on-Suir, town, County Tipperary, Ireland. Located on the River Suir beside the foothills of the Comeragh Mountains, it has steep, narrow streets and is connected with its southern suburb Carrickbeg, in County Waterford, by two bridges across the Suir. Ormonde Castle, begun in 1309, was the

Carrantuohill, mountain, the highest point (3,414 feet [1,041 meters]) of Ireland, in the Macgillycuddy’s Reeks, a mountain range on the Iveragh Peninsula, County Kerry. The range is composed of red sandstone, which has been substantially modified by geological ice action, notably in the form of

Carrantuohill, mountain, the highest point (3,414 feet [1,041 meters]) of Ireland, in the Macgillycuddy’s Reeks, a mountain range on the Iveragh Peninsula, County Kerry. The range is composed of red sandstone, which has been substantially modified by geological ice action, notably in the form of

Bartolomé de Carranza was a Dominican theologian and archbishop of Toledo who was imprisoned for nearly 17 years by the Spanish Inquisition. Carranza entered the Dominican convent of Benalaque near Guadalajara, Spain, and had a brilliant scholastic career, holding responsible positions in his

Venustiano Carranza was a leader in the Mexican civil war following the overthrow of the dictator Porfirio Díaz. Carranza became the first president of the new Mexican republic. A moderate who was tainted by his association with Díaz and his alliance with newer forces of economic exploitation,

Carrara, city, Massa-Carrara provincia (province), Toscana (Tuscany) regione (region), north-central Italy. It lies along the Carrione River in the foothills of the Apuan Alps, just northwest of Massa and east of La Spezia. Acquired by the Malaspina family in 1428, it constituted, with Massa, the

Carrara Family, a medieval Italian family who ruled first as feudal lords about the village of Carrara in the countryside of Padua and then as despots in the city of Padua. On transferring to Padua itself in the 13th century, the Carrara exploited the feuds of urban politics first as Ghibelline and

Carrara: …the world’s finest marble, called Carrara, taken from nearby quarries and used by sculptors from Michelangelo to Henry Moore.

Carrara Family: The Carrara court was one of the most brilliant of the time. Ubertino in particular was a patron of building and the arts, and Jacopo di Niccolò was a close friend of Petrarch.

Carrara Family: …the election of Jacopo da Carrara as perpetual captain general of Padua in 1318 but was not finally established, with Venetian help, until the election of his nephew Marsiglio in 1337. For approximately 50 years the Carraresi ruled with no serious rivals except among members of their own family. Marsiglio…

Carrara Family, a medieval Italian family who ruled first as feudal lords about the village of Carrara in the countryside of Padua and then as despots in the city of Padua. On transferring to Padua itself in the 13th century, the Carrara exploited the feuds of urban politics first as Ghibelline and

Chico Carrasquel was a Venezuelan professional baseball player who in 1951 became the first player born in Latin America to be selected to the American League (AL) All-Star team. Carrasquel was the third Venezuelan to reach the big leagues when he debuted with the Chicago White Sox in 1950. The

Chico Carrasquel was a Venezuelan professional baseball player who in 1951 became the first player born in Latin America to be selected to the American League (AL) All-Star team. Carrasquel was the third Venezuelan to reach the big leagues when he debuted with the Chicago White Sox in 1950. The

Tomás Carrasquilla was a Colombian novelist and short-story writer who is best remembered for his realistic depiction of the people of his native Antioquia. His portrayal of the daily life and customs of the Antioqueños, in a simple and direct style, reflects his love of his land and its people and

Carrantuohill, mountain, the highest point (3,414 feet [1,041 meters]) of Ireland, in the Macgillycuddy’s Reeks, a mountain range on the Iveragh Peninsula, County Kerry. The range is composed of red sandstone, which has been substantially modified by geological ice action, notably in the form of

Nick Carraway, fictional character, the compassionate young narrator of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby (1925). As Jay Gatsby’s neighbour in West Egg, Long Island, Carraway has ample opportunity to observe the unfortunate Gatsby as he pursues his version of the American

adsorption chiller: …mid-19th century, when French scientist Ferdinand Carré invented a similar system, known as absorption refrigeration, that used water and ammonia. Other designs followed, including one first patented in 1928 by German-born American physicist Albert Einstein and his former student, Hungarian-born American physicist Leo Szilard. Public acceptance of the Einstein-Szilard

Carrefour SA, French company that is one of the world’s largest retailers. Headquarters are in Paris. Carrefour operates thousands of stores under various names, including the hypermarket Carrefour, the supermarket Champion, convenience stores Shopi and Marché Plus, discount stores Dia and Ed, and

carrel, cubicle or study for reading and literary work; the word is derived from the Middle English carole, “round dance,” or “carol.” The term originally referred to carrels in the north cloister walk of a Benedictine monastery and today designates study cubicles in libraries. Carrels are first

Alexis Carrel was a French surgeon who received the 1912 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for developing a method of suturing blood vessels. Carrel received an M.D. (1900) from the University of Lyon. Soon after graduating, he became interested in the repair of blood vessels, and he developed

Dakin’s solution, antiseptic solution containing sodium hypochlorite that was developed to treat infected wounds. First used during World War I, Dakin’s solution was the product of a long search by English chemist Henry Drysdale Dakin and French surgeon Alexis Carrel for an ideal wound antiseptic.

Dakin’s solution, antiseptic solution containing sodium hypochlorite that was developed to treat infected wounds. First used during World War I, Dakin’s solution was the product of a long search by English chemist Henry Drysdale Dakin and French surgeon Alexis Carrel for an ideal wound antiseptic.

Juan Carreño de Miranda was a painter, considered the most important Spanish court painter of the Baroque period after Diego Velázquez. Influenced and overshadowed both by Velázquez and Sir Anthony Van Dyck, he was nonetheless a highly original and sensitive artist in his own right. Carreño studied

Teresa Carreño was a celebrated Venezuelan pianist who was a player of great power and spirit, known to her public as the “Valkyrie of the piano.” She was given her first piano lessons by her father, Manuel Antonio Carreño, a politician and talented amateur pianist. Exiled because of a revolution,

Teresa Carreño was a celebrated Venezuelan pianist who was a player of great power and spirit, known to her public as the “Valkyrie of the piano.” She was given her first piano lessons by her father, Manuel Antonio Carreño, a politician and talented amateur pianist. Exiled because of a revolution,

José Miguel Carrera was an aristocratic leader in the early struggle for the independence of Chile and the first president of that country. By a coup d’état in 1811, Carrera placed himself at the head of the national government and later the same year made himself dictator. Soon, however,

Rafael Carrera was the dictator of Guatemala (1844–48 and 1851–65) and one of the most powerful figures of 19th-century Central America. Carrera, a mestizo (of mixed European and Indian ancestry), had no formal education. He fought in the civil war in Central America in the 1820s and rose rapidly

José Carreras is a Spanish operatic lyric tenor known for his rich voice and good looks. As one of the “Three Tenors” (together with the Italian singer Luciano Pavarotti and the Spanish singer Plácido Domingo), Carreras helped find a larger popular audience for opera. Carreras was raised in

José Carreras is a Spanish operatic lyric tenor known for his rich voice and good looks. As one of the “Three Tenors” (together with the Italian singer Luciano Pavarotti and the Spanish singer Plácido Domingo), Carreras helped find a larger popular audience for opera. Carreras was raised in

Spain: Franco’s Spain, 1939–75: …abandoned the premiership to Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco. However, in December Carrero Blanco was assassinated by ETA.

René Marqués: The Oxcart), concerns a rural Puerto Rican family who immigrate to New York City in search of their fortune but fail and subsequently return to Puerto Rico, where they find it hard to adapt. In 1959 he published three plays together in the collection Teatro…

B. Traven: …series are Der Karren (1931; The Carreta), Regierung (1931; Government), Der Marsch ins Reich der Caoba (1933; March to the Monteria), Die Rebellion der Gehenkten (1936; The Rebellion of the Hanged), and Ein General kommt aus dem Dschungel (1940; General from the Jungle).

Jim Carrey is a Canadian American comedian who established himself as a leading comedic actor with a series of over-the-top performances and who won plaudits for his more-serious portrayals as his career progressed. Carrey grew up in and around Toronto. At age eight he began making faces before a

Jim Carrey is a Canadian American comedian who established himself as a leading comedic actor with a series of over-the-top performances and who won plaudits for his more-serious portrayals as his career progressed. Carrey grew up in and around Toronto. At age eight he began making faces before a

Theranos, Inc.: Scrutiny and whistleblowers: Shortly after, WSJ journalist John Carreyrou published an article detailing the company’s technological shortcomings. He reported that the Edison was being used for only a fraction of the company’s tests and produced unreliable results, despite Holmes’s repeated claims to the contrary.

Harran, ancient city of strategic importance, now a village, in southeastern Turkey. It lies along the Balīkh River, 24 miles (38 km) southeast of Urfa. The town was located on the road that ran from Nineveh to Carchemish and was regarded as of considerable importance by the Assyrian kings. Its

Battle of Carrhae, (53 bce), military engagement between the Roman Republic and the Parthian empire. Marcus Licinius Crassus initiated an unprovoked war against the Parthians and met their army on a plain near the Mesopotamian city of Carrhae (modern Harran, Turkey). Through his expert use of horse

Grenada: Grenadines—the largest of which is Carriacou, about 20 miles (32 km) north-northeast, with an area of 13 square miles (34 square km)—are a dependency.

carriage, four-wheeled, horse-drawn vehicle, the final refinement of the horse-drawn passenger conveyance. Wagons were also used for this purpose, as were chariots. By the 13th century the chariot had evolved into a four-wheeled form, unlike the earlier two-wheeled version most often associated

artillery: Carriages and mountings: In 1850 carriages were broadly of two types. Field pieces were mounted on two-wheeled carriages with solid trails, while fortress artillery was mounted either on the “garrison standing carriage,” a boxlike structure on four small wheels, or on the platform-and-slide mounting previously…

Western painting: Impressionism: …family at the races called Carriage at the Races (1870–73) and Berthe Morisot’s The Cradle (1873). Manet himself was absent, hoping for academic success; his Gare Saint-Lazare (1873), influenced by the Impressionist palette, was accepted at the Salon. Modeling himself on Pissarro, Cézanne sublimated the turbulent emotions of his earlier…

carriage of goods, in law, the transportation of goods by land, sea, or air. The relevant law governs the rights, responsibilities, liabilities, and immunities of the carrier and of the persons employing the services of the carrier. Until the development of railroads, the most prominent mode of

Sir Goldsworthy Gurney: …inventor who built technically successful steam carriages a half century before the advent of the gasoline-powered automobile.

theatre: Developments in staging: …1641, when he perfected the chariot-and-pole system. According to this system, slots were cut in the stage floor to support uprights, on which flats were mounted. These poles were attached below the stage to chariots mounted on casters that ran in tracks parallel to the front of the stage. As…

Carrick, former district, Cornwall unitary authority, England, encompassing a band 15 miles (24 km) wide, from the north to the south coast, across the centre of the Cornish peninsula. Dominated by flat plateau surfaces, reaching 500 feet (150 metres) in places, and incised by rivers, the former

Carrick-on-Suir, town, County Tipperary, Ireland. Located on the River Suir beside the foothills of the Comeragh Mountains, it has steep, narrow streets and is connected with its southern suburb Carrickbeg, in County Waterford, by two bridges across the Suir. Ormonde Castle, begun in 1309, was the

Carrickfergus: The former Carrickfergus district was bordered by the former districts of Newtownabbey to the west and Larne to the north. Its northwestern section is hilly terrain, sloping southward to the flat shores of Belfast Lough. Salt is mined at the village of Eden, northeast of Carrickfergus town,…

Carrickfergus, town and former district (1973–2015) within the former County Antrim, now in Mid and East Antrim district, Northern Ireland, on the northern shore of Belfast Lough (inlet of the sea). The name, meaning “rock of Fergus,” commemorates King Fergus, who was shipwrecked off the coast

Carrickmacross lace: The appliqué form is made by drawing or printing the design on a firm, glazed fabric and then covering it first with a layer of machine net and then with a close-weave muslin or batiste. A cord is whipped to the pattern along the outline of…

Carrickmacross lace: A rare guipure form has no net, the design elements being held together by buttonholed bars, and again the excess muslin is cut away. The two forms may occur together. The designs were frequently of simple flowers, their centres removed and the exposed net decorated with a…

Carrickmacross lace, an embroidered lace produced at Carrickmacross and various other centres in Ireland from 1820 to the early 20th century. For several decades it was referred to as cambric appliqué or Limerick cut cambric, and Carrickmacross as a general name for the style was not used until

Stephen King: Breakthrough with Carrie: His first published novel, Carrie (1974), is about a tormented teenage girl gifted with telekinetic powers. Its inspiration was sparked by King’s memories of his brief stint working as a janitor in a high school and from an article he had read in Life magazine that proposed that girls…

Brian De Palma: The 1970s: …his first major hit with Carrie, a thriller based on the novel of the same name by Stephen King. Sissy Spacek gave a nuanced performance as an introverted teen whose largely suppressed telekinetic powers come to the fore after she is humiliated by the high-school in-crowd (played by Nancy Allen,…

William Wyler: Films of the 1950s of William Wyler: Carrie (1952) was a well-intentioned version of Theodore Dreiser’s naturalist novel Sister Carrie, but even with a strong performance by Olivier as the pathetic George Hurstwood, Wyler’s version of the downbeat story failed to impress most critics and disappointed at the box office.

Julianne Moore: Movies of the early 21st century: …dramedy The English Teacher (2013); Carrie (2013), a horror film based on Stephen King’s classic novel; Non-Stop (2014), an action thriller set on an airplane; and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay Part 1 (2014) and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay Part 2 (2015), adaptations of a young-adult novel from the series by…

Austin Butler: Teen sitcoms and other early credits: …had a lead part in The Carrie Diaries (2013–14), a prequel to the popular series Sex and the City.

Carrier, Athabaskan-speaking North American Indian tribe centred in the upper branches of the Fraser River between the Coast Mountains and the Rocky Mountains in what is now central British Columbia. The name by which they are most commonly known derives from the custom in which widows carried the

logistics: Traffic management: …is concerned with freight consolidation, carrier rates and charges, carrier selection, documentation, tracing and expediting, loss and damage claims, diversion and reconsignment, demurrage and detention, movements of hazardous materials, and use of private carriage. Freight consolidation means the assembling of many smaller shipments into a smaller number of large shipments.…

poison: Transport of chemicals through a cell membrane: …cross the cell membrane using carriers. Carriers are membrane proteins that complement the structural features of the molecules transported. They bind to the chemicals in order to move them across the cell membrane. Energy is consumed because the transport proceeds against the concentration gradient.

typhoid fever: …contaminated, however, by a human carrier of the disease who is employed in handling and processing them; by flies; or by the use of polluted water for cleaning purposes. Shellfish, particularly oysters, grown in polluted water and fresh vegetables grown on soil fertilized or contaminated by untreated sewage are other…

aircraft carrier, naval vessel from which airplanes may take off and on which they may land. As early as November 1910, an American civilian pilot, Eugene Ely, flew a plane off a specially built platform on the deck of the U.S. cruiser Birmingham at Hampton Roads, Virginia. On January 18, 1911, in

petroleum: Migration through carrier beds: The hydrocarbons expelled from a source bed next move through the wider pores of carrier beds (e.g., sandstones or carbonates) that are coarser-grained and more permeable. This movement is termed secondary migration and may be the result of rocks folding or raising from…

solar heating: …which is transferred to a carrier fluid (usually a liquid, less commonly air) that is then pumped to a conversion, storage, and distribution system. In liquid-based systems, water (or less commonly glycol) is pumped through tubes that are in contact with a flat-plate collector. The latter is a blackened metal…

chromatography: Gas chromatography: …the mobile phase, called the carrier gas, is subdivided into gas-solid chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. The carrier gases used, such as helium, hydrogen, and nitrogen, have very weak intermolecular interactions with solutes. Molecular sieves are used in gas size-exclusion chromatography applied to gases of low molecular weight. Adsorption on

telephone: Problems of interference and attenuation: …growth of transcontinental telephony until carrier multiplexing techniques were introduced beginning in 1918. With carrier multiplexing, four or more two-way voice channels could be transmitted simultaneously over two-wire or four-wire circuits. By 1927 more than 5 million km (3 million miles) of long-distance circuits covered the entire United States—more than…

W.S. Merwin: …won a Pulitzer Prize for The Carrier of Ladders (1970).

subatomic particle: Finding the messenger particles: In addition to the Higgs boson, or bosons, electroweak theory also predicts the existence of an electrically neutral carrier for the weak force. This neutral carrier, called the Z0, should mediate the neutral current interactions—weak interactions in which electric charge is not transferred…

pigeon: Homing pigeons (Colomba livia) possess a group of neurons that are used to help the birds process changes in the direction, intensity, and polarity of magnetic fields around them. The sensitivity of the pigeons to these physical properties allows them to determine their directional heading…

Clarion University of Pennsylvania, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Clarion, Pennsylvania, U.S. It is part of Pennsylvania’s State System of Higher Education. The university consists of colleges of Arts and Sciences, Business Administration, Education and Human Services, and

telecommunications network: Carrier sense multiple access: One random-access method that reduces the chance of collisions is called carrier sense multiple access (CSMA). In this method a node listens to the channel first and delays transmitting when it senses that the channel is busy. Because of delays in…

computer: Local area networks: This scheme is known as carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD). It works very well until a network is moderately heavily loaded, and then it degrades as collisions become more frequent.

human genetic disease: Genetic testing: Options may even exist for carrier testing, studies that determine whether an individual is at increased risk of having a child with a given disorder, even though he or she personally may never display symptoms. Accurate predictive information can enable early intervention, which often prevents the clinical onset of symptoms…

carrier wave, in electronics, the unmodulated single-frequency electromagnetic wave that carries the desired information—i.e., is modulated by the information. See modulation

carrier’s lien, in law, the right to hold the consignee’s cargo until payment is made for transporting it. In common law, a common carrier is entitled to retain possession of the goods until freight is paid but not to sell the goods or use them; the parties, however, may agree that the carrier

Benedict: Meanwhile, Jean Carrier, one of Benedict’s cardinals, who had not been invited to the conclave of 1423, held his own conclave in the castle of Peñíscola and elected (Nov. 12, 1425) Bernard Garnier as Benedict XIV, who was thus an antipope countering an already reigning antipope.…

Jean-Baptiste Carrier was a radical democrat of the French Revolution who gained notoriety for the atrocities he committed against counterrevolutionaries at Nantes. By 1790, the year after the outbreak of the Revolution, Carrier was counsellor to the bailliage (administrative district) of Aurillac.

Canadian literature: Contemporary trends: …saga of the Beauchemin family; Roch Carrier, who mocked biculturalism in La Guerre, Yes Sir! (1968; Eng. trans. La Guerre, Yes Sir!); and Jacques Poulin, whose early novels, set in the old city of Quebec, are comic visions of life (Mon cheval pour un royaume [1967], Jimmy [1969], and Le…

Willis Carrier was an American inventor and industrialist who formulated the basic theories of air conditioning. In 1902, while an engineer with the Buffalo Forge Company, Carrier designed the first system to control temperature and humidity. His “Rational Psychrometric Formulae,” introduced in a

Willis Carrier was an American inventor and industrialist who formulated the basic theories of air conditioning. In 1902, while an engineer with the Buffalo Forge Company, Carrier designed the first system to control temperature and humidity. His “Rational Psychrometric Formulae,” introduced in a

Albert Carrier-Belleuse was a notable French sculptor who, in his time, was famous for the wide range of his work—from sober monuments to domestic ornaments (torchères and tabletop elements). He won critical acclaim and state patronage for such monuments as his marble Messiah of 1867 and triggered

Rosalba Carriera was a Venetian portrait painter and miniaturist, an originator of the Rococo style in France and Italy. She is best known for her work in pastels. Some scholars suggest that Carriera learned lacemaking from her mother and that, as the lace industry declined, she instead began

Rosalba Carriera was a Venetian portrait painter and miniaturist, an originator of the Rococo style in France and Italy. She is best known for her work in pastels. Some scholars suggest that Carriera learned lacemaking from her mother and that, as the lace industry declined, she instead began

Eugène Carrière was a French painter, lithographer, and sculptor known for his scenes of domestic intimacy and for his portraits of distinguished literary and artistic personalities, including his friends Alphonse Daudet, Anatole France, and Paul Verlaine. In 1870 Carrière entered the École des

carriage of goods: Roads, railways, and inland waterways: In England the Carriers Act of 1830 was the first legislative intervention in the field of carriage of goods. The act originally applied to all common carriers by land, including both road and railway carriage. The Railways Act of 1921, however, made special provisions with regard to the…

Santiago Carrillo was the secretary-general of the Communist Party of Spain from 1960 to 1982. He received wide publicity from his book Eurocomunismo y estado (1977; Eurocommunism and the State), which espoused the freedom and independence of national communist parties. Carrillo was born in

Luis Carrillo y Sotomayor was a Spanish poet known as the chief exponent of culteranismo, which developed from the highly ornate and rhetorical style gongorismo, originated by the poet Luis de Góngora. In Carrillo’s treatise on poetry, Libro de la erudición poética (mod. ed., 1946), he attempted to

Julián Carrillo was a Mexican composer, a leading 20th-century exponent of microtonal music (i.e., music using intervals smaller than a halftone, or half step). Of Indian descent, Carrillo grew up mainly in Mexico City. He showed considerable musical talent very early. Later, in his early 20s,

Santiago Carrillo was the secretary-general of the Communist Party of Spain from 1960 to 1982. He received wide publicity from his book Eurocomunismo y estado (1977; Eurocommunism and the State), which espoused the freedom and independence of national communist parties. Carrillo was born in

Janet McTeer: Films: …thriller Half Moon Street (1986); Carrington (1995), in which she played the English artist Vanessa Bell; As You Like It (2005), Kenneth Branagh’s adaptation of Shakespeare’s play; the horror movie The Woman in Black (2012); and Hannah Arendt (2012), in which she was cast as the American writer Mary McCarthy,…

Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington was a British politician who was secretary-general of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) from 1984 to 1988. He previously held posts in the administrations of various Conservative prime ministers, notably serving as foreign secretary (1979–82) under

geomagnetic storm of 1859, largest geomagnetic storm ever recorded. The storm, which occurred on Sept. 2, 1859, produced intense auroral displays as far south as the tropics. It also caused fires as the enhanced electric current flowing through telegraph wires ignited recording tape at telegraph

Leonora Carrington was an English-born Mexican Surrealist artist and writer known for her haunting, autobiographical, somewhat inscrutable paintings that incorporate images of sorcery, metamorphosis, alchemy, and the occult. Carrington was raised in a wealthy Roman Catholic family on a large estate

Lisa Carrington is the most decorated New Zealand Olympian, having won nine Olympic medals—eight gold and one bronze—as a canoe sprint racer specializing in 200- and 500-meter races in a kayak. Carrington is also the first Māori woman to win an Olympic gold medal. Carrington is of Te

Lisa Carrington is the most decorated New Zealand Olympian, having won nine Olympic medals—eight gold and one bronze—as a canoe sprint racer specializing in 200- and 500-meter races in a kayak. Carrington is also the first Māori woman to win an Olympic gold medal. Carrington is of Te

Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington was a British politician who was secretary-general of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) from 1984 to 1988. He previously held posts in the administrations of various Conservative prime ministers, notably serving as foreign secretary (1979–82) under

Richard Christopher Carrington was an English astronomer who, by observing the motions of sunspots, discovered the equatorial acceleration of the Sun—i.e., that it rotates faster at the equator than near the poles. He also discovered the movement of sunspot zones toward the Sun’s equator as the

Alonso Carrió de Lavandera was a Spanish colonial administrator whose accounts of his travels from Buenos Aires to Lima are considered to be a precursor of the Spanish American novel. Carrió’s El lazarillo de ciegos caminantes (1775; El Lazarillo: A Guide for Inexperienced Travellers Between Buenos