Alonso Carrió de Lavandera was a Spanish colonial administrator whose accounts of his travels from Buenos Aires to Lima are considered to be a precursor of the Spanish American novel. Carrió’s El lazarillo de ciegos caminantes (1775; El Lazarillo: A Guide for Inexperienced Travellers Between Buenos

Cristina Fernández de Kirchner: Presidency: …that of her closest competitor, Elisa Carrió, who garnered 23 percent. Fernández de Kirchner formally assumed office on December 10, 2007, to begin a four-year term. Almost immediately she encountered criticism from the United States, which claimed it had intercepted campaign funds sent from the Venezuelan government of Hugo Chávez.

carrion beetle, (family Silphidae), any of a group of beetles (insect order Coleoptera), most of which feed on the bodies of dead and decaying animals, thus playing a major role as decomposers. A few live in beehives as scavengers, and some eyeless ones live in caves and feed on bat droppings.

Carrion Comfort, sonnet by Gerard Manley Hopkins, written in 1885 and published posthumously in 1918 in the collection Poems of Gerard Manley Hopkins. It is one of his “terrible sonnets,” a series of six despairing poems about spiritual apathy, with an underlying sense of artistic

crow: …of North America and the carrion crow (C. corone) of Europe and most of Asia. A subspecies of the carrion crow with gray on the back of the neck and breast is called the hooded crow (C. corone cornix). Sometimes considered a separate species, it is found between western Europe…

vulture: New World vultures: …New World vultures include the black vulture (Coragyps atratus), a New World vulture sometimes called a black buzzard or, inappropriately, a carrion crow. The black vulture, the most abundant vulture species of all, is a resident of the tropics and subtropics that often wanders far into temperate regions. It is…

Carrión disease, rickettsial infection limited to South America, caused by the bacterium Bartonella bacilliformis of the order Rickettsiales. Carrión disease is characterized by two distinctive clinical stages: Oroya fever, an acute febrile anemia of rapid onset, with bone and joint pains and a

carrion flower, (genus Stapelia), genus of about 44 species of succulent plants of the milkweed family (Apocynaceae), native to tropical areas of southern Africa. They are named for the unpleasant carrion odour of their large flowers, which attracts flies to pollinate the plants and lay their eggs

carrion flower: Smilax herbacea, a native American woodland vine, has malodorous flowers and is also called carrion flower. It is of the family Smilacaceae.

caracara, any of about 10 species of birds of prey of the New World subfamily Polyborinae (or Daptriinae) of the family Falconidae. Caracaras feed largely on carrion, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. They are gregarious and aggressive. In spite of their smaller size, they dominate vultures when

scavenger, animal that feeds partly or wholly on the bodies of dead animals. Many invertebrates, such as carrion beetles, live almost entirely on decomposing animal matter. The burying beetles actually enter the dead bodies of small animals before feeding on them underground. Among vertebrates

Carrizo Mountains, segment of the Colorado Plateau, in extreme northeastern Arizona, U.S. The highest point of this extinct volcanic range is Pastora Peak (9,412 ft [2,869 m]). The arid mountains are within the Navajo Indian

theatre: Staging conventions: The wagons, called carros, on which the scenery was mounted were positioned next to platforms that had been erected in every town. Developments were somewhat different in England and the Netherlands. There, the mansions themselves became portable, being called pageant wagons in England and wagonseel in the Netherlands.…

military technology: Mechanical artillery: …operations, and a complement of carroballistae, small wheel-mounted torsion engines, was a regular part of the legion. The onager and the medieval catapult were identical in concept, but ballistae were not used after the classical era.

Carroll, county, northern Maryland, U.S. It consists of a piedmont region bounded by Pennsylvania to the north, the Patapsco River (north branch) and Liberty Reservoir to the southeast, the Patapsco River (south branch) to the south, and the Monocacy River to the northwest. The southeastern corner

Carroll, county, eastern New Hampshire, U.S., bordered by Lake Winnipesaukee to the southwest, the White Mountains to the northwest, and Maine to the east. Mountain ranges include the Squam and Ossipee mountains and Robbins Ridge. The principal streams are the Saco, Ellis, Swift, Pine, and Ossipee

Anna Ella Carroll was a political pamphleteer and constitutional theorist who claimed to have played a role in determining Union strategy during the American Civil War (1861–65). Carroll was a member of one of the state’s most prominent families. She emerged in the 1850s as a spokesperson for the

Charles Carroll was an American patriot leader, the longest- surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, and the only Roman Catholic to sign that document. Until 1765 Carroll attended Jesuit colleges in Maryland and France and studied law in France and England. Before and during the

Earl Carroll was an American showman, theatrical producer, and director, best known for his Earl Carroll’s Vanities (1922–48), which were popular revues of songs, dances, and flamboyantly costumed ladies. Over the doors of his Earl Carroll Theatre in New York City and his Earl Carroll Restaurant in

Walter Reed: …appointed Reed and army physician James Carroll to investigate Sanarelli’s bacillus. It also sent Aristides Agramonte, an assistant surgeon in the U.S. Army, to investigate the yellow-fever cases in Cuba. Agramonte isolated Sanarelli’s bacillus not only from one-third of the yellow-fever patients but also from persons suffering from other diseases.…

John Carroll was the first Roman Catholic bishop in the United States and the first archbishop of Baltimore. Under his leadership, the Roman Catholic church became firmly established in the United States. Carroll was the son of a prominent Maryland family. Because there were no schools for the

human intelligence: Psychometric theories: The American psychologist John B. Carroll, in Human Cognitive Abilities (1993), proposed a “three-stratum” psychometric model of intelligence that expanded upon existing theories of intelligence. Many psychologists regard Carroll’s model as definitive, because it is based upon reanalyses of hundreds of data sets. In the first stratum, Carroll…

Lewis Carroll was an English logician, mathematician, photographer, and novelist, especially remembered for Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and its sequel, Through the Looking-Glass (1871). His poem The Hunting of the Snark (1876) is nonsense literature of the highest order. Dodgson was the

The 39 Steps: …board he meets Pamela (Madeleine Carroll), an attractive young woman who tries to have him arrested. Hannay manages to escape, but he later goes to the local police to tell his story. They do not believe him, however, and Hannay runs. Soon thereafter he is spotted by Pamela, who…

Vinnette Carroll was an American playwright, stage director, and actress, the first African American woman to direct on Broadway. Carroll attended Long Island University (B.A., 1944) and New York University (M.A., 1946). Although she was educated in psychology and for a time worked as a clinical

Vinnette Carroll was an American playwright, stage director, and actress, the first African American woman to direct on Broadway. Carroll attended Long Island University (B.A., 1944) and New York University (M.A., 1946). Although she was educated in psychology and for a time worked as a clinical

Carrollton, city, seat (1829) of Carroll county, western Georgia, U.S. It is situated near the Little Tallapoosa River, about 45 miles (70 km) southwest of Atlanta. Formerly called Troupsville, it was renamed (1829) for the Maryland plantation of patriot Charles Carroll. It developed as a trade and

theatre: Staging conventions: The wagons, called carros, on which the scenery was mounted were positioned next to platforms that had been erected in every town. Developments were somewhat different in England and the Netherlands. There, the mansions themselves became portable, being called pageant wagons in England and wagonseel in the Netherlands.…

Vito Pandolfi: …commedia dell’arte in the film The Golden Coach (1952). Pandolfi also directed two films: Gli ultimi (1962; “The Last Ones”), based on a work by Father Davide Maria Turoldo, and Provincia di Latina (1965; “The Province of Latina”), a documentary.

carrot, (Daucus carota), herbaceous, generally biennial plant of the Apiaceae family that produces an edible taproot. Among common varieties root shapes range from globular to long, with lower ends blunt to pointed. Besides the orange-coloured roots, white-, yellow-, and purple-fleshed varieties

Apiaceae, the parsley family, in the order Apiales, comprising about 434 genera and nearly 3,780 species of plants distributed throughout a wide variety of habitats, principally in the north temperate regions of the world. A number of species are economically important as leaf and root vegetables,

rust fly: The carrot rust fly (Psila rosae; also known as Chamaepsila rosae) often damages carrots, celery, and related plants.

malformation: Translocation of organs: The carrot-yellows virus, for example, stimulates production of aerial tubers in the axils of the leaves of potato plants. Large numbers of adventitious roots (arising in abnormal places) appear on the stems of tomato plants infected with the bacteria Pseudomonas solanacearum and Agrobacterium tumefaciens as well…

felt: This operation, known as carroting, provides the fibres with optimum felting power. The release of mercury fumes during the felting process led to an especially high rate of mercury poisoning within people working in the industry.

tournament: …tournament eventually degenerated into the carrousel, a kind of equestrian polonaise, and the more harmless sport of tilting at a ring. In modern times there have been occasional romantic revivals, the most famous perhaps being the tournament at Eglinton Castle, in Scotland, in 1839, described in Disraeli’s novel Endymion (1880).…

Jacques Wirtz: …a contest to redesign the Carrousel Garden, which connected the Louvre Museum in Paris with the 63-acre (25-hectare) Tuileries Gardens, redesigned in 1664 by the celebrated French landscape architect André Le Nôtre.

Paris: The Triumphal Way: Northwest from the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel (Carrousel Triumphal Arch), located in the courtyard between the open arms of the Louvre, extends one of the most remarkable perspectives to be seen in any modern city. It is sometimes called la Voie Triomphale (“the Triumphal Way”). From the…

bryophyte: Ecology and habitats: …Lejeuneaceae), salt pans (the liverwort Carrpos), bases of quartz pebbles (the moss Aschisma), and copper-rich substrata (the moss Scopelophila).

Jacopo da Pontormo was a Florentine painter who broke away from High Renaissance classicism to create a more personal, expressive style that is sometimes classified as early Mannerism. Pontormo was the son of Bartolommeo Carrucci, a painter. According to the biographer Giorgio Vasari, he was

Paraguay: Daily life and social customs: …is a tradition to imbibe carrulim, a Guaraní drink made of caña, ruda (a root plant that produces yellow flowers and is used mostly as a medicine), and lemon. Those three ingredients, according to Guaraní beliefs, bring happiness, drive away evil, and protect a person’s health. Many Paraguayans believe that…

Hayden Carruth was an American poet and literary critic best known for his jazz-influenced style and for works that explore mental illness. Carruth was educated at the University of North Carolina (B.A., 1943) and the University of Chicago (M.A., 1948). He worked as an editor for several magazines,

Carry Back, (foaled 1958), American racehorse (Thoroughbred) that in 1961 won the Kentucky Derby and the Preakness Stakes but lost the Belmont Stakes, ending his bid for the coveted Triple Crown of American horse racing. Carry Back was an unattractive, scrawny-looking colt. His owner thought so

carrying capacity, the average population density or population size of a species below which its numbers tend to increase and above which its numbers tend to decrease because of shortages of resources. The carrying capacity is different for each species in a habitat because of that species’

10 Must-Read Modern Poets: Ada Limón: …Award, and her next collection, The Carrying (2018), won the latter award. The Hurting Kind (2022) offers more experimental work than that of her previous collections. In 2022 Limón was named the 24th poet laureate of the United States.

spectroscopy: Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS): This technique involves the phenomenon of wave mixing, takes advantage of the high intensity of stimulated Raman scattering, and has the applicability of conventional Raman spectroscopy. In the CARS method two strong collinear laser beams at frequencies ν1 and ν2…

John Lasseter: He codirected Cars (2006), which followed an array of anthropomorphic vehicles. During that time Lasseter also produced such Pixar films as Monsters, Inc. (2001), about the clash between the monster and human worlds, and Finding Nemo (2003), about a clownfish’s oceanic search for his son.

John Lasseter: In addition, he codirected Cars 2 (2011).

Chris Cooper: …to the Pixar animated film Cars 3. His film credits from 2019 included A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood, about Mister Rogers (played by Tom Hanks), and Little Women, an adaptation of Louisa May Alcott’s children’s classic. Cooper then appeared in the second season (2020) of the anthology series

Peter Weir: …first feature film, the comic-horror The Cars That Ate Paris (1974), which he also wrote, received some critical notice. He won an international audience with the haunting and atmospheric Picnic at Hanging Rock (1975), followed by The Last Wave (1977), for which he also cowrote the screenplay and which was…

the Cars: Origins and early years: The band’s first album, The Cars (1978), was one of the best-selling albums of the 1970s, and it is considered one of the best albums in rock history. With Orr and Ocasek taking turns on lead vocals, the record features a mix of guitar-driven songs that span 1950s rockabilly…

Afghanistan: Daily life and social customs: …have continued to wear the chador (or chadri, in Afghanistan), the full body covering mandated by the Taliban. This has been true even of those women of the middle class (most in Kabul) who had shed that garment during the communist era. Some men have shaved or trimmed their beards,…

Carson City, capital of Nevada, U.S., in Eagle Valley near the eastern foothills of the Sierra Nevada range, 30 miles (48 km) south of Reno and 14 miles (23 km) east of Lake Tahoe. Founded in 1858 on the site of Eagle Station (later Eagle Ranch), it took its name from the nearby Carson River, which

Edward Henry Carson, Baron Carson , known as the “uncrowned king of Ulster,” was a lawyer and politician who successfully led Ulster unionist resistance to the British government’s attempts to introduce Home Rule for the whole of Ireland. Although Carson was to become the champion of the northern

Western architecture: Construction in iron and glass: …the Schlesinger-Mayer Department Store (later Carson Pirie Scott) in Chicago (1898–1904), in which the towered corner marked the climax of the logic of the steel frame and the entrance was made inviting with rich, naturalistic ornament. At the very end of the 19th century, the important emblem of modern commerce…

Carson River, river formed by headstreams in the Sierra Nevada, California, U.S. The Carson flows 125 miles (200 km) northeast into western Nevada, where it disappears into the Carson Sink. Together with the Truckee and Walker rivers, the Carson serves extensive irrigation and reclamation projects;

Carson River: …where it disappears into the Carson Sink. Together with the Truckee and Walker rivers, the Carson serves extensive irrigation and reclamation projects; its lower course is dammed for power and irrigation.

Anne Carson is a Canadian poet, essayist, translator, and classicist whose work treats classical subjects in what has been called a postmodern fashion. Carson’s genre-averse approach to writing mixes poetry with essay, literary criticism, and other forms of prose, and her style is at once quirky,

Ben Carson is an American politician and neurosurgeon who performed the first successful separation of conjoined twins who were attached at the back of the head (occipital craniopagus twins). The operation, which took place in 1987, lasted some 22 hours and involved a 70-member surgical team.

Ben Carson is an American politician and neurosurgeon who performed the first successful separation of conjoined twins who were attached at the back of the head (occipital craniopagus twins). The operation, which took place in 1987, lasted some 22 hours and involved a 70-member surgical team.

Kit Carson was an American frontiersman, trapper, soldier, and Indian agent who made an important contribution to the westward expansion of the United States. His career as an Indian fighter earned him both folk hero status through its aggrandizement in the dime novels of his day and condemnation

David Carson is an American graphic designer, whose unconventional style revolutionized visual communication in the 1990s. Carson came to graphic design relatively late in life. He was a competitive surfer—ranked eighth in the world—and a California high-school teacher when, at age 26, he enrolled

Edward Henry Carson, Baron Carson , known as the “uncrowned king of Ulster,” was a lawyer and politician who successfully led Ulster unionist resistance to the British government’s attempts to introduce Home Rule for the whole of Ireland. Although Carson was to become the champion of the northern

Colorado Springs: Fort Carson (1942) is on the city’s southern edge, while the U.S. Air Force Academy (1958) is set against a backdrop of the Rampart Range.

New York Giants: included linebackers Lawrence Taylor and Harry Carson, quarterback Phil Simms, and tight end Mark Bavaro. The Giants won Super Bowls following the 1986 and 1990 seasons, maintaining success through the majority of Parcells’s tenure. After capturing a second Super Bowl, Parcells left the team, and afterward the Giants had a…

Johnny Carson was an American comedian who, as host of The Tonight Show (1962–92), established the standard format for television chat shows—including the guest couch and the studio band—and came to be considered the king of late-night television. Following high school graduation and service in the

Johnny Carson was an American comedian who, as host of The Tonight Show (1962–92), established the standard format for television chat shows—including the guest couch and the studio band—and came to be considered the king of late-night television. Following high school graduation and service in the

Kit Carson was an American frontiersman, trapper, soldier, and Indian agent who made an important contribution to the westward expansion of the United States. His career as an Indian fighter earned him both folk hero status through its aggrandizement in the dime novels of his day and condemnation

Rachel Carson was an American biologist well known for her writings on environmental pollution and the natural history of the sea. Carson early developed a deep interest in the natural world. She entered Pennsylvania College for Women with the intention of becoming a writer but soon changed her

Rachel Carson was an American biologist well known for her writings on environmental pollution and the natural history of the sea. Carson early developed a deep interest in the natural world. She entered Pennsylvania College for Women with the intention of becoming a writer but soon changed her

Beau Geste: Production notes and credits:

William Carstares was a Presbyterian minister and leader of the Scottish church at the time of the Revolution Settlement. Carstares was ordained in exile in Holland. During the reign of Charles II he was twice arrested for subversive activities in England and Scotland. At the time of the Rye House

William Carstares was a Presbyterian minister and leader of the Scottish church at the time of the Revolution Settlement. Carstares was ordained in exile in Holland. During the reign of Charles II he was twice arrested for subversive activities in England and Scotland. At the time of the Rye House

Asmus Jacob Carstens was a portrait and historical painter of the German Neoclassical school who did much to infuse a classical spirit into the arts of the late 18th century. Carstens studied at Copenhagen Academy (1776–83) but was largely self-educated. He went to Italy in 1783, where he was

Asmus Jacob Carstens was a portrait and historical painter of the German Neoclassical school who did much to infuse a classical spirit into the arts of the late 18th century. Carstens studied at Copenhagen Academy (1776–83) but was largely self-educated. He went to Italy in 1783, where he was

Karl Carstens was a German politician who helped shape West Germany’s place in postwar Europe, serving as the republic’s president from 1979 to 1984. Carstens studied law and political science at the universities of Frankfurt, Munich, Königsberg, and Hamburg (LL.D., 1937). He joined the Nazi Party

Jaya Peak, highest peak on the island of New Guinea, in the Sudirman Range, western central highlands. Located in the Indonesian province of Papua, the 16,024-foot (4,884-metre) summit is the highest in the southwestern Pacific and the highest island peak in the world. It marks the terminus of a

Richard Carstone, fictional character, the heir of John Jarndyce in Charles Dickens’s Bleak House

Celtic literature: Continuation of the oral tradition: …in Gaelic in Scotland: Bishop John Carswell’s Foirm na n-Urrnuidheadh a translation of John Knox’s liturgy, in Classical Common Gaelic.

cart, two-wheeled vehicle drawn by a draft animal, used throughout recorded history by numerous societies for the transportation of freight, agricultural produce, refuse, and people. The cart, usually drawn by a single animal, is known to have been in use by the Greeks and the Assyrians by 1800 bc

Indianapolis 500: …open-wheel racing series known as Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) was formed in 1979. By the mid-1990s CART had successfully replaced USAC as the leading power in IndyCar racing. In 1996 speedway owner Tony George formed the Indy Racing League (IRL) to counteract the influence of CART. The IRL has…

Latin American literature: Historiographies: …less significant is the brief Carta a los españoles americanos (“Letter to American Spaniards”), written in 1791 by the Peruvian Juan Pablo Viscardo y Guzmán. It was published first in French (1799) and then in Spanish (1801). Viscardo claimed that rapacious adventurers had transformed a shining conquest of souls into…

Letter from Jamaica, Letter written by Latin American soldier, revolutionary, and statesman Simón Bolívar in 1815 while in exile in Jamaica in which he articulates his desire for Latin American unity and his vision of republican government. One of Bolívar’s most important pieces of writing and a

Olaus Magnus: Olaus Magnus’ Carta marina (1539) was the first detailed map of Scandinavia with any pretensions to accuracy. His foremost work, however, is the Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus (1555), a history of the northern peoples inspired by humanist historiography and imbued with patriotic warmth, which gives a picture…

map: The Middle Ages: …Pisa and known as the Carta Pisana, it is now in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Thought to have been made about 1275, it is hand drawn on a sheepskin and depicts the entire Mediterranean Sea. Such charts, often known as portolans named for the portolano or pilot book, listing sailing…

Cartagena, capital of Bolívar departamento, northern Colombia, at the northern end of Cartagena Bay. The old walled sections, including the 17th-century fortress of San Felipe de Barajas, lie on a peninsula and the island of Getsemaní, but the city now spreads over the islands of Manga and

Cartagena, port city, in the provincia (province) and comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Murcia, southeastern Spain. It is the site of Spain’s chief Mediterranean naval base. Its harbour, the finest on the east coast, is a deep spacious bay dominated to seaward by four hills crowned with

Murcia: Geography: …eastward into the plain of Cartagena. The tableland of Jumilla and Yecla rises in the northern portion of Murcia. To the west of Murcia is the pre-Baetic cordillera. The Segura River runs northwest to southeast through the centre of Murcia, irrigating the rich huertas (irrigated farming plots that are usually…

Cartago, city, east-central Costa Rica. The city lies 4,720 feet (1,439 metres) above sea level in the fertile Valle Central, at the foot of Irazú Volcano. Cartago was founded in 1563 and was the capital of Costa Rica until 1823. No colonial buildings survive, as the city has been damaged

Élie-Joseph Cartan was a French mathematician who greatly developed the theory of Lie groups and contributed to the theory of subalgebras. In 1894 Cartan became a lecturer at the University of Montpellier, where he studied the structure of continuous groups introduced by the noted Norwegian

Henri Cartan was a French mathematician who made fundamental advances in the theory of analytic functions. Son of the distinguished mathematician Élie Cartan, Henri Cartan began his academic career as professor of mathematics at the Lycée Caen (1928–29). He was appointed deputy professor at the

Henri Cartan was a French mathematician who made fundamental advances in the theory of analytic functions. Son of the distinguished mathematician Élie Cartan, Henri Cartan began his academic career as professor of mathematics at the Lycée Caen (1928–29). He was appointed deputy professor at the

wandering Jew: …Armenia a man formerly called Cartaphilus who claimed he had been Pontius Pilate’s doorkeeper and had struck Jesus on his way to Calvary, urging him to go faster. Jesus replied, “I go, and you will wait till I return.” Cartaphilus was later baptized Joseph and lived piously among Christian clergy,…

Latin American literature: Chronicles of discovery and conquest: …whose Cartas de relación (1519–26; Letters from Mexico) told of the tortuous campaign by which a few hundred Spaniards took over the powerful Aztec empire, aided by gunpowder, horses, cunning, and the resentful peoples who were subject to Aztec rule. Cortés was a vigorous writer, with a flair for the…

Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro: …Teatro crítico universal (1726–39) and Cartas eruditas y curiosas (1742–60), deal with an encyclopaedic variety of subjects: natural science, education, law, medicine, philology, and popular beliefs or superstitions.

José de Cadalso y Vázquez: …Spanish writer famous for his Cartas marruecas (1793; “Moroccan Letters”), in which a Moorish traveler in Spain makes penetrating criticisms of Spanish life. Educated in Madrid, Cadalso traveled widely and, although he hated war, enlisted in the army against the Portuguese during the Seven Years’ War. His prose satire Los…

César-François Cassini de Thury: Published in 1789, this Carte géométrique de la France (“Geometric Map of France”), or Carte de Cassini, was the first map of an entire country drawn up on the basis of extensive triangulation and topographic surveys. Another of his works is Description géométrique de la Terre (1775; “Geometric Description…

Carte du ciel, projected photographic mapping of some 10 million stars in all parts of the sky that was planned to include all stars of the 14th magnitude or brighter and to list in an associated catalog all of the 12th magnitude or brighter. The plan, devised about 1887 by Amédée Mouchez, director

Michel Houellebecq: Writing career and books: …Carte et le territoire (2010; The Map and the Territory), which features a character by the name of Houellebecq, won the 2010 Prix Goncourt. Soumission (2015; Submission) is a dystopian work of speculative fiction in which France has become an Islamic state. The novel was published on the day of…

César-François Cassini de Thury: Published in 1789, this Carte géométrique de la France (“Geometric Map of France”), or Carte de Cassini, was the first map of an entire country drawn up on the basis of extensive triangulation and topographic surveys. Another of his works is Description géométrique de la Terre (1775; “Geometric Description…

Richard D’Oyly Carte was an English impresario remembered for having managed the first productions of operas by Sir W. S. Gilbert and Sir Arthur Sullivan, for elevating his era’s musical taste, and for contributing to the development of theatre technology. Originally an aspiring composer, Carte