cartoon, originally, and still, a full-size sketch or drawing used as a pattern for a tapestry, painting, mosaic, or other graphic art form, but also, since the early 1840s, a pictorial parody utilizing caricature, satire, and usually humour. Cartoons are used today primarily for conveying

rug and carpet: Design execution: …be transferred first to a cartoon. The cartoon is a full-size paper drawing that is squared, each square representing one knot of a particular colour. The weaver places this upon the loom and translates the design directly onto the carpet. The cartoon is used for reproduction of very intricate designs…

animation, the art of making inanimate objects appear to move. Animation is an artistic impulse that long predates the movies. History’s first recorded animator is Pygmalion of Greek and Roman mythology, a sculptor who created a figure of a woman so perfect that he fell in love with her and begged

Television in the United States: The 1990s: the loss of shared experience: …cooking (Food Network), cartoons (Cartoon Network), old television (Nick at Nite, TV Land), old movies (American Movie Classics, Turner Classic Movies), home improvement and gardening (Home and Garden Television [HGTV]), comedy (Comedy Central), documentaries (Discovery Channel),

tapestry: 19th and 20th centuries: …des Peintures-Cartonniers de Tapisserie (Association of Cartoon Painters of Tapestry). Also active in this organization were the important French tapestry designers Marc Saint-Saëns and Jean Picart Le Doux, who were Lurçat’s foremost disciples. Lurçat was held in great esteem by Dom Robert, a Benedictine monk whose tapestries of poetic…

political cartoon, a drawing (often including caricature) made for the purpose of conveying editorial commentary on politics, politicians, and current events. Such cartoons play a role in the political discourse of a society that provides for freedom of speech and of the press. They are a primarily

cartouche, in architecture, ornamentation in scroll form, applied especially to elaborate frames around tablets or coats of arms. By extension, the word is applied to any oval shape or even to a decorative shield, whether scroll-like in appearance or not. The oval frame enclosing Egyptian

cartridge, in weaponry, unit of small-arms ammunition, composed of a metal (usually brass) case, a propellant charge, a projectile or bullet, and a primer. The first cartridges, appearing in the second half of the 16th century, consisted merely of charges of powder wrapped in paper; the ball was

ammunition: Cartridge cases are most commonly made of brass, although steel is also widely used, and cases for shotgun pellets are made of brass and cardboard. The cases of most military rifles and machine guns have a bottleneck shape, allowing a small-calibre bullet to be fitted…

small arm: Magazine repeaters: …by a device called a clip, a light metal openwork box that held five cartridges and fed them up into the chamber through the action of a spring as each spent case was ejected. Other magazine rifles, such as the Mauser, used a different loading device, called a charger. This…

Yt blood group system, classification of human blood based on the presence of molecules known as Yt antigens on the surface of red blood cells. The Yt antigens, Yta and Ytb, were discovered in 1956 and 1964, respectively. The Yt blood group is named after Cartwright, the person in whom antibodies

Alexander Joy Cartwright was the chief codifier of the baseball rules from which the present rules were developed. A surveyor by profession, Cartwright was one of the founders of the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club, an organization of amateur players in New York City. He was chairman of a club

Edmund Cartwright was an English inventor of the first wool-combing machine and of the predecessor of the modern power loom. Cartwright began his career as a clergyman, becoming, in 1779, rector of Goadby Marwood, Leicestershire; in 1786 he was a prebendary in Lincoln (Lincolnshire) cathedral. He

John Cartwright was an advocate of radical reform of the British Parliament and of various constitutional changes that were later incorporated into the People’s Charter (1838), the basic document of the working class movement known as Chartism. His younger brother Edmund was the inventor of the

Mary Cartwright was a British mathematician known for contributing to the development of chaos theory—specifically what later came to be called the “butterfly effect.” Cartwright was honored as the first female mathematician elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society. Cartwright was one of five

Mary Cartwright was a British mathematician known for contributing to the development of chaos theory—specifically what later came to be called the “butterfly effect.” Cartwright was honored as the first female mathematician elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society. Cartwright was one of five

philosophy of science: Unification and reduction: …pursued by the American philosopher Nancy Cartwright, who emerged in the late 20th century as the most vigorous critic of unified science.

Peter Cartwright was a Methodist circuit rider of the American frontier. His father, a veteran of the Revolutionary War, took his family to Kentucky in 1790. There Cartwright had little opportunity for schooling but was exposed to the rude surroundings of the frontier, becoming a gambler at cards

Sir Richard John Cartwright was a statesman and finance minister of Canada’s Liberal Party; he supported free trade between the United States and Canada, in opposition to the trade protectionism of the Conservatives. Already a successful businessman, Cartwright was elected to the Parliament of the

Admonition to Parliament: …the leader of the Presbyterians, Thomas Cartwright, was forced to flee England after publishing “A Second Admonition to Parliament” in support of the first. The clergy who refused to conform to the compulsory form of worship that had been promulgated by Elizabeth in 1559 (as the Act of Uniformity) lost…

Alien: Plot and characters: Alien, set in the year 2122 ce, tells the story of the deep-space

William Cartwright was a British writer greatly admired in his day as a poet, scholar, wit, and author of plays in the comic tradition of Ben Jonson. Educated at Westminster School and the University of Oxford, Cartwright became a preacher, noted for his florid style, and a reader in metaphysics.

Malta: Modern history: Daphne Caruana Galizia, a journalist who had been investigating the Panama Papers, claimed that Muscat’s wife also owned an offshore company the following year. Amid the fallout and calls for his resignation, Muscat called snap elections in 2017. He campaigned on a booming economy with…

Magnus Carlsen: He tied against American player Fabiano Caruana after 12 games but won 3 games in the tie-breaking rapid round. In 2019 Carlsen won the rapid and blitz titles in Moscow, thereby becoming the first person to hold all three FIDE titles: blitz, rapid, and regular.

Caruaru, city, eastern Pernambuco estado (state), northeastern Brazil. It is located on the Ipojuca River at 1,804 feet (550 metres) above sea level. Caruaru originated as a weekly market centre. It was elevated to city status in 1857. Agriculture, livestock, and food processing are the principal

caraway, (Carum carvi), dry fruit, commonly called seed, of Carum carvi, used as a culinary seasoning. A member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), caraway is native to Europe and western Asia and has been cultivated since ancient times. Caraway has a distinctive aroma reminiscent of anise and a

primate: Male and female genitalia: …normally bears a string of caruncles resembling the beads of a necklace, becomes engorged and brightly coloured. A German zoologist, Wolfgang Wickler, has suggested that this is a form of sexual mimicry, the chest mimicking the perineal region. The observation that geladas spend many hours a day feeding in a…

human reproductive system: External genitalia: …remain are known as the carunculae hymenales. The bulb of the vestibule, corresponding to the bulb of the penis, is two elongated masses of erectile tissue that lie one on each side of the vaginal opening. At their posterior ends lie the greater vestibular glands, small mucous glands that open…

Carúpano, city, northern Sucre estado (state), northeastern Venezuela. It was founded in 1647 to be a centre of cacao production and trade; African slaves provided the necessary labour and contributed to the region’s rich folklore. Carúpano is famous for having one of the liveliest Carnival

Carus was a Roman emperor from 282 to 283. Carus was probably from either Gaul or Illyricum and had served as prefect of the guard to the emperor Probus (276–282), whom he succeeded. Like his predecessors, Carus adopted the name Marcus Aurelius as a part of his imperial title. After a brief Danube

Western painting: Germany: Among his pupils was Carl Gustav Carus, a physician, philosopher, and self-taught painter whose chief contribution was as a theorist; Neun Briefe über Landschaftsmalerei (1831; “Nine Letters on Landscape Painting”) elucidates and expands the ideas of Friedrich, adding Carus’ own more-scientific approach to natural phenomena. Other important painters influenced…

Lucretius was a Latin poet and philosopher known for his single, long poem, De rerum natura (On the Nature of Things). The poem is the fullest extant statement of the physical theory of the Greek philosopher Epicurus. It also alludes to his ethical and logical doctrines. Apart from Lucretius’s poem

Cherbourg-en-Cotentin, naval station, fortified town, and seaport in Manche département, Normandy région, northwestern France. It lies along the English Channel, west-northwest of Paris, and is situated at the mouth of the small Divette River on the north shore of the Cotentin peninsula. The steep

David Caruso is an American actor who was known for his portrayals of police officers, most notably on the television show CSI: Miami (2002–12). Caruso had no formal training as an actor but earned cash by posing as an extra in police lineups—his first “acting jobs.” In 1978 he moved to California,

Enrico Caruso was the most admired Italian operatic tenor of the early 20th century and one of the first musicians to document his voice on recordings. Caruso was born into a poor family. Although he was a musical child who sang Neapolitan folk songs everywhere and joined his parish choir at the

Enrico Caruso was the most admired Italian operatic tenor of the early 20th century and one of the first musicians to document his voice on recordings. Caruso was born into a poor family. Although he was a musical child who sang Neapolitan folk songs everywhere and joined his parish choir at the

Spain: American and Italian policies: …marqués de la Ensenada, and José de Carvajal y Lancáster. The “Italian” and “Atlantic” tendencies existed side by side in the late years of Philip V’s reign. Atlantic rivalries in the form of a dispute over the interpretation of British trading privileges in Spanish America granted at Utrecht brought on…

Luisa de Carvajal y Mendoza was a missionary who, moved by the execution of the Jesuit Henry Walpole in 1595, decided to devote herself to the cause of the faith in England. With her share of the family fortune, Luisa founded a college for English Jesuits at Leuven, in the Spanish Netherlands (now

Felix Carvajal: How to Make Friends at a Marathon: If an Olympic medal were ever to be awarded for that species of good-natured persistence called “pluck,” Cuba’s Felix Carvajal would be a certain candidate for the gold.

Charvaka, a philosophical Indian school of materialists who rejected the notion of an afterworld, karma, liberation (moksha), the authority of the sacred scriptures, the Vedas, and the immortality of the self. Of the recognized means of knowledge (pramana), the Charvaka recognized only direct

Marquis de Pombal was a Portuguese reformer and virtual ruler of his country from 1750 to 1777. Sebastião was the son of Manuel de Carvalho e Ataíde, a former cavalry captain and former nobleman of the royal house. The elder Carvalho died relatively young, and Sebastião’s mother remarried.

Brazilian literature: The novel: …of the 21st century were Bernardo Carvalho, with his Nove noites (2002; Nine Nights)—about Brazil’s Amazonia, a place where unstable identities abound—and Nelson de Oliveira, whose Subsolo infinito (2000; “Infinite Underground”) is a narrative of delirium set beneath an urban subway system where everything is mutable.

Sao Tome and Principe: After independence: …speaker of the National Assembly, Evaristo Carvalho, who was the ADI’s candidate. When the two met again in the runoff election, held on August 7, 2011, Pinto da Costa garnered 52 percent of the vote to narrowly beat Carvalho. In National Assembly elections held in October 2014, the ADI was…

Saurimo: Saurimo was formerly named after Henrique de Carvalho, a Portuguese explorer who visited the region in 1884 and contacted the Lunda peoples there (see Lunda empire). Saurimo was established as a military post and eventually was designated administrative centre of former Lunda district in 1918. Although it was originally founded…

Veronica Roth: …book outside the Divergent series, Carve the Mark. The novel, the first in a two-part young-adult sci-fi series, tells the saga of Akos and Cyra, characters who come from different fictional planets with opposing cultures. The sequel, The Fates Divide, was released in 2018. The next year Roth published The…

lacquerwork: Chinese carved lacquer: The carved lacquer of China (diaoqi) is particularly noteworthy. In this the lacquer was built up in the method described above, but to a considerable thickness. When several colours were used, successive layers of each colour of uniform thickness were arranged in the…

Celtic literature: Manx: …the ballads and carols, or carvels. Among the most notable of the former are an Ossianic ballad describing the fate of Finn’s enemy, Orree; the Manx Traditionary Ballad, a history of the island to the year 1507 made up of a mixture of fact and fiction; and the ballad on…

carvel construction, type of ship construction characteristic in Mediterranean waters during the Middle Ages, as contrasted with clinker construction in northern waters. In carvel construction the planks were fitted edge to edge against a previously built framework; hulls so constructed were smooth

Carver chair, American spool chair with a rush seat and turned (shaped on a lathe) legs that rise above the seat level to frame the back and to support the armrests. The back normally contained three vertical spindles and was topped with decorative finials. Carver chairs were named after John

George Washington Carver was a revolutionary American agricultural chemist, agronomist, and experimenter who was born into slavery and sought to uplift Black farmers through the development of new products derived from peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans. His work helped transform the stagnant

John Carver was the first governor of the Pilgrim settlement at Plymouth in New England. Originally a prosperous businessman when the English Separatists in Leiden decided to emigrate to North America, Carver obtained financial backing for the trip and chartered the Mayflower. He was elected

Jonathan Carver was an early explorer of North America and author of one of the most widely read travel and adventure books in that period. Carver was promoted to lieutenant (1759) and then to captain (1760) while serving in a Massachusetts regiment during the French and Indian War. In 1766 he was

Raymond Carver was an American short-story writer and poet whose realistic writings about the working poor mirrored his own life. Carver was the son of a sawmill worker. He married a year after finishing high school and supported his wife and two children by working as a janitor, gas-station

Raymond Carver was an American short-story writer and poet whose realistic writings about the working poor mirrored his own life. Carver was the son of a sawmill worker. He married a year after finishing high school and supported his wife and two children by working as a janitor, gas-station

Robert Carver was an outstanding Scottish composer whose extant works include five masses and two motets. One of the motets, for 19 voices, was found in a large choir book compiled in the first half of the 16th century at Scone Abbey, Perthshire, and now preserved in the National Library of

Wild Bunch: …George Sutherland (“Flat Nose”) Curry, Will Carver, and O.C. (“Camilla”) Hanks. Soldiers, Pinkerton detectives, and lawmen eventually captured or killed most of the Wild Bunch in the late 1890s and the early 20th century. A few—including Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid—renewed their outlaw careers in South America.

Steve Carell: Education and The Daily Show: …on the television sitcom The Dana Carvey Show (1996), for which he also wrote. Carell’s big break came in 1999, when he began appearing on The Daily Show, a satiric news program hosted by Jon Stewart. Cast as a clueless correspondent, he became popular for such segments as “Even Stephven,”…

James Carville is an American political consultant, author, media personality, and Democratic Party strategist who successfully managed the first presidential campaign (1991–92) of Democratic candidate Bill Clinton. He acquired the sobriquet “the Ragin’ Cajun” because of his feisty debating style

sculpture: Carving: Whatever material is used, the essential features of the direct method of carving are the same; the sculptor starts with a solid mass of material and reduces it systematically to the desired form. After he or she has blocked out the main masses and…

spearmint: …jellies; its principal component is carvone.

Cary sisters, were American poets whose work was both moralistic and idealistic. Alice Cary (b. April 26, 1820, Mount Healthy, near Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.—d. February 12, 1871, New York, New York) and Phoebe Cary (b. September 4, 1824, Mount Healthy, near Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.—d. July 31, 1871,

Cary sisters: …for their time well educated, Alice by their mother and Phoebe by Alice, and they early developed a taste for literature.

Annie Louise Cary was an opera singer whose rich dramatic voice, three-octave range, and command of the grand style made her the foremost American contralto for a decade in the late 19th century. Cary graduated from Gorham Seminary in 1860, studied music and singing in Boston, and then in 1866 went

Joyce Cary was an English novelist who developed a trilogy form in which each volume is narrated by one of three protagonists. Cary was born into an old Anglo-Irish family, and at age 16 he studied painting in Edinburgh and then in Paris. From 1909 to 1912 he was at Trinity College, Oxford, where

Elisabeth Luther Cary was an American art and literary critic, best remembered as the art critic of The New York Times during the first quarter of the 20th century. Cary was educated at home by her father, a newspaper editor, and for 10 years she studied painting with local teachers. She became

Henry Francis Cary was an English biographer and translator best known for his blank verse translation of The Divine Comedy by Dante. Educated at the University of Oxford, Cary took Anglican orders in 1796 and was later assistant librarian in the British Museum. He published biographies of English

Joyce Cary was an English novelist who developed a trilogy form in which each volume is narrated by one of three protagonists. Cary was born into an old Anglo-Irish family, and at age 16 he studied painting in Edinburgh and then in Paris. From 1909 to 1912 he was at Trinity College, Oxford, where

Mary Ann Shadd was an American educator, publisher, and abolitionist who was the first Black female newspaper publisher in North America. She founded The Provincial Freeman in Canada in 1853. Mary Ann Shadd was born to free parents in Delaware, a slave state, and was the eldest of 13 children. She

Cary sisters: …Alice by their mother and Phoebe by Alice, and they early developed a taste for literature.

hickory, (genus Carya), genus of about 18 species of deciduous timber and nut-producing trees of the walnut family (Juglandaceae). About 15 species of hickory are native to North America and 3 to eastern Asia. Fossil remains identifiable as belonging to the genus are found in western North America,

hickory: Major species: cordiformis) and the water hickory (C. aquatica) are bitter-tasting and inedible, because the skin covering the kernels contains tannin. The nuts of most other species are edible but are too small to be commercially important.

hickory: Major species: The nuts of the bitternut hickory (C. cordiformis) and the water hickory (C. aquatica) are bitter-tasting and inedible, because the skin covering the kernels contains tannin. The nuts of most other species are edible but are too small to be commercially important.

pecan, (Carya illinoinensis), nut and tree of the walnut family (Juglandaceae) native to temperate North America. Rich and distinctive in flavour and texture, the pecan has one of the highest fat contents of any vegetable product and a caloric value close to that of butter. The pecan may be eaten

hickory: Major species: ovata), the shellbark hickory (C. laciniosa), and the mockernut hickory (C. tomentosa). The nuts of the bitternut hickory (C. cordiformis) and the water hickory (C. aquatica) are bitter-tasting and inedible, because the skin covering the kernels contains tannin. The nuts of most other species are edible but…

hickory: Major species: …“nuts” are those of the shagbark hickory (C. ovata), the shellbark hickory (C. laciniosa), and the mockernut hickory (C. tomentosa). The nuts of the bitternut hickory (C. cordiformis) and the water hickory (C. aquatica) are bitter-tasting and inedible, because the skin covering the kernels contains tannin

hickory: Major species: laciniosa), and the mockernut hickory (C. tomentosa). The nuts of the bitternut hickory (C. cordiformis) and the water hickory (C. aquatica) are bitter-tasting and inedible, because the skin covering the kernels contains tannin. The nuts of most other species are edible but are too small to be commercially…

South Asian arts: Bengali: …are Buddhist didactic texts, called caryā-padas (“lines on proper practice”), which have been dated to the 10th and 11th centuries and are the oldest testimony to literature in any Indo-Aryan language.

caryatid, in classical architecture, draped female figure used instead of a column as a support. In marble architecture they first appeared in pairs in three small buildings (treasuries) at Delphi (550–530 bc), and their origin can be traced back to mirror handles of nude figures carved from ivory

Bruce Sterling: Fire (1996), Distractions (1998), The Caryatids (2009), and Love Is Strange (2012).

Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount of Falkland was an English royalist who attempted to exercise a moderating influence in the struggles that preceded the English Civil Wars (1642–51) between the royalists and the Parliamentarians. He is remembered chiefly as a prominent figure in the History of the

Malpighiales: Ungrouped families: …genera, Anthodiscus (15 species) and Caryocar (6 species), which are found in the Neotropics, especially in Amazonia. Some fruits of Caryocar are used as fish poisons. In South America they are the source of edible souari nuts, which are both collected in the wild (C. nuciferum) and cultivated (C. amygdaliferum).

souari nut: C. nuciferum, from Panama and northern South America, is typical. Its coconut-sized fruit has four nuts, surrounded by edible flesh. The warty, red, hard-shelled, kidney-shaped nuts have a rich flavour and contain a fatty oil that is extracted and used in cooking.

Malpighiales: Ungrouped families: Members of Caryocaraceae are evergreen trees to shrubs whose leaves have three leaflets and basal stipules. The large flowers are borne in racemes at the ends of the branches and have many long, spreading stamens; the petals are relatively inconspicuous. The seedling root is spirally twisted. The…

Caryophyllaceae, the pink, or carnation, family of flowering plants (order Caryophyllales), comprising some 100 genera and 2,200 species. The plants are mainly of north temperate distribution, and a number are cultivated as garden ornamentals and as cut flowers for the floral industry. The members

Caryophyllales, pink or carnation order of dicotyledonous flowering plants. The order includes 37 families, which contain some 12,000 species in 722 genera. Nearly half of the families are very small, with less than a dozen species each. Caryophyllales is a diverse order that includes trees,

flatworm: Annotated classification: Order Caryophyllidea Uterus a coiled tube; genital pore well separated from posterior extremity; intestinal parasites of teleosts, occasionally in annelids; about 85 species. Order Gyrocotylidea Testes confined to anterior region; genital pores near anterior end; parasitic in intestine of fish of the genus Chimaera; 105 species.…

caryopsis, specialized type of dry, one-seeded fruit (achene) characteristic of grasses, in which the ovary wall is united with the seed coat, making it difficult to separate the two except by special milling processes. All the cereal grains except buckwheat have

Verbenaceae: Caryopteris, with 15 East Asian species, is exemplified by blue spirea, or bluebeard (C. incana), an oval-leaved shrub up to 1.5 metres tall with clusters of bright blue flowers in the autumn. Other tropical plants such as the Chinese hat plant (Holmskioldia sanguinea) and species…

Verbenaceae: …Asian species, is exemplified by blue spirea, or bluebeard (C. incana), an oval-leaved shrub up to 1.5 metres tall with clusters of bright blue flowers in the autumn. Other tropical plants such as the Chinese hat plant (Holmskioldia sanguinea) and species of pigeon berry, or golden dewdrop (Duranta), and glory-bower…

palm: Ecology: devour fruits of Arenga and Caryota in Asia. Studies of fruit dispersal are in their infancy, but a large number of interesting associations have been noted.

palm: Economic importance: …sylvestris), the toddy palm (Caryota urens), the nipa palm, and the gebang and talipot palms (Corypha elata and C. umbraculifera). Wine is made from species of the raffia palm in Africa and from the gru gru palm (Acrocomia) and the coquito palm (Jubaea) in America. The sago palm and,…

Cassiopeia, in astronomy, a constellation of the northern sky easily recognized by a group of five bright stars forming a slightly irregular W. It lies at 1 hour right ascension and 60° north declination. Its brightest star, Shedar (Arabic for “breast”), has a magnitude of 2.2. Tycho’s Nova, one of

California Academy of Sciences (CAS), in San Francisco, oldest scientific institution in the western United States (incorporated 1853). The academy is situated in Golden Gate Park. Since the building’s redesign (completed 2008) by the Italian architect Renzo Piano, it includes a number of museums

guava: Related species: Other guavas include the cás, or wild guava, of Costa Rica (P. friedrichsthalianum) and the guisaro, or Brazilian guava (P. guineense), both of which have acidic fruits.

Alexander Natalis: In 1701 Natalis signed the Cas de conscience (“Case of Conscience”), a document allowing “silent submission” to a Jansenist asking for absolution, but, when it was condemned by Pope Clement XI, Natalis submitted. He appealed against Clement’s bull Unigenitus (1713), which condemned propositions of one of the leading Jansenists, Pasquier…

Chepstow, market town and historic fortress, historic and present county of Monmouthshire (Sir Fynwy), southeastern Wales, on the west bank of the River Wye where it forms the border between England and Wales, near its confluence with the River Severn. Situated at a strategic point in the Wye

Guatemala: Political process: …Alianza Nacional; GANA), and the Centre of Social Action (Centro de Acción Social; CASA), which represents the interests of Indigenous people. Generally, Guatemalan voters still appear to have little faith in government because of its poor record in improving security and its inability to stop violent crime.

Airbus: CASA: In the first decade after its founding in 1923, Spain’s Construcciones Aeronáuticas S.A. (CASA) built a number of Wal “flying boats” under license from Dornier, and it undertook the development of its own first design, a light aircraft called CASA-1. During and after World…

Antoni Gaudí: Life: …multistoried Barcelona apartment buildings: the Casa Batlló (1904–06), a renovation that incorporated new equilibrated elements, notably the facade; and the Casa Milá (1905–10), the several floors of which are structured like clusters of tile lily pads with steel-beam veins. As was so often his practice, he designed the two buildings,…

Casablanca, principal port of Morocco, on the North African Atlantic seaboard. The origin of the town is not known. An Amazigh (Berber) village called Anfa stood on the present-day site in the 12th century; it became a pirates’ base for harrying Christian ships and was destroyed by the Portuguese