Pedro Calderón de la Barca: Secular plays: In Casa con dos puertas, mala es de guardar (1629; “A House with Two Doors Is Difficult to Guard”), the intrigues of secret courtship and the disguises that it necessitates are so presented that the traditional seclusion of women on which these intrigues are based is…

Rem Koolhaas: …Seattle (Washington) Public Library (1999–2004); Casa da Música (House of Music; 1999–2005), Porto, Portugal; and the headquarters for Beijing’s state-owned China Central Television (CCTV; 2004–08). The CCTV building, noted for its angular-loop shape, is the centrepiece of a complex including the Koolhaas-designed CCTV Television Cultural Centre, which was under construction…

The House of Bernarda Alba, three-act tragedy by Federico García Lorca, published in 1936 as La casa de Bernarda Alba: drama de mujeres en los pueblos de España (subtitled “Drama of Women in the Villages of Spain”). It constitutes the third play of Lorca’s dramatic trilogy that also includes Blood

José Donoso: …novel Casa de campo (1978; A House in the Country), which Donoso considered his best work, he examines in a Surrealist style the breakdown of social order in postcolonial Latin America.

Casa de Contratación, central trading house and procurement agency for Spain’s New World empire from the 16th to the 18th century. Organized in 1503 by Queen Isabella in Sevilla (Seville), it was initially headed by Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca, her chaplain and former overseer of the Columbus

Jorge Edwards: …history of Edwards’s uncle; and La casa de Dostoievsky (2008; “Dostoievsky’s House”), about an unnamed avant-garde poet who travels to 1960s Cuba. Edwards’s nonfiction works include Adiós, poeta (1990; “Good-bye, Poet”), a study of Pablo Neruda, El whisky de los poetas (1994; “The Whiskey of the Poets”), and Diálogos en…

Potosí: The Casa de la Moneda (“House of Money”) was built in the 1570s and rebuilt in the 18th century; it now houses a museum of local history (including early mining machinery), ethnography, and art. The city is the seat of Tomás Frías Autonomous University (1892). UNESCO…

Salamanca: Cyprian; and the 16th-century Casa de las Conchas, the outside walls of which are covered with carvings of scallop shells, the symbol of the military Order of Santiago of which its first owner, Talavera Maldonado, was chancellor.

Casa de Contratación, central trading house and procurement agency for Spain’s New World empire from the 16th to the 18th century. Organized in 1503 by Queen Isabella in Sevilla (Seville), it was initially headed by Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca, her chaplain and former overseer of the Columbus

Isabel Allende: …casa de los espíritus (1982; The House of the Spirits; film 1993). It was followed by the novels De amor y de sombra (1984; Of Love and Shadows; film 1994), Eva Luna (1987), and El plan infinito (1991; The Infinite Plan) and the collection of stories Cuentos de Eva Luna…

Will Ferrell: Step Brothers and Anchorman 2: …parody The Other Guys (2010); Casa de mi padre (2012; “My Father’s House”), a Spanish-language send-up of Mexican telenovelas; the political satire The Campaign (2012); and Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues (2013). The production company was also behind Funny or Die (funnyordie.com), a Web site that first garnered notice with…

Children’s House, preschool for children between three and six years old established by Maria Montessori. Having developed a method for teaching intellectually disabled children, Montessori wanted to apply it to those without learning disabilities. In 1906 she was offered rooms in an apartment

Pompeii: Description of the remains: The House of the Faun occupies an entire city block and has two atria (chief rooms), four triclinia (dining rooms), and two large peristyle gardens. Its facade is built of fine-grained gray tufa from Nuceria, the chief building material of this period. The walls are decorated…

grémio: …in the hands of the Casa dos Vinte e Quatro (“House of Twenty-four”), which was composed of two elected representatives from each of 12 guilds. Members of the house, who had to be 40 years old, were elected by a vote of two-thirds of the masters of their respective guilds.

Casa Grande, city, Pinal county, south-central Arizona, U.S. It lies near the Santa Cruz River, 16 miles (26 km) southwest of Casa Grande Ruins National Monument. The city is a health resort in an irrigated agricultural area where cotton, fruit, and alfalfa are raised. Local mines produce copper,

Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, pre-Columbian ruins in south-central Arizona, U.S., in the Gila River valley immediately north of Coolidge. Authorized as Casa Grande Ruins Reservation in 1889 and proclaimed as such in 1892, the site was designated a national monument in 1918. It has an area of

Hearst Castle, main residence of an estate in San Simeon, California, that originally belonged to William Randolph Hearst. The Mediterranean Revival mansion was designed by Julia Morgan in 1919–47 and is known for its opulence. Since 1958 the castle and estate have been part of the Hearst San

Elizabeth Barrett Browning: Casa Guidi Windows (1851) had been a deliberate attempt to win sympathy for the Florentines, and she continued to believe in the integrity of Napoleon III. In Poems Before Congress (1860), the poem “A Curse for a Nation” was mistaken for a denunciation of England,…

Italian literature: Social commitment and the new realism: …La casa in collina (1949; The House on the Hill) and La luna e i falò (1950; The Moon and the Bonfires). Also of lasting relevance is Primo Levi’s moving account of how human dignity survived the degradations of Auschwitz (Se questo è un uomo [1947; If This Is a…

Casa Loma, lavish sandstone, twin-towered, Gothic Revival, castle-style mansion built as a home by Canadian financier Sir Henry Mill Pellatt in the early years of the 20th century in Toronto, Canada. In 1903 Pellatt purchased 25 lots of land on a hill overlooking Davenport Road and hired architect

jazz: Bennie Moten, Casa Loma Orchestra, and Benny Goodman: In the early 1930s two bands made important contributions to jazz: Bennie Moten’s, with the recordings of “Toby,” “Lafayette,” and “Prince of Wails,” and the Casa Loma Orchestra, with “Casa Loma Stomp” and “San Sue Strut.” The Black Moten…

Sevilla: City layout: The Casa Lonja, adjacent to the cathedral and finished in 1599, houses the General Archive of the Indies, a superb collection of books, plans, manuscripts, and several million documents bearing on the history and administration of Spain’s empire in the Americas. The University of Sevilla, founded…

Moldova: The arts: …Moldovan fiction, and his play Casa Mare (1962; “The Parlour”) turned away from the concept of collectivity to probe the individual conscience. The work of contemporary essayist and novelist Vitalie Ciobanu is well known in Moldova.

Antoni Gaudí: Life: …notably the facade; and the Casa Milá (1905–10), the several floors of which are structured like clusters of tile lily pads with steel-beam veins. As was so often his practice, he designed the two buildings, in their shapes and surfaces, as metaphors of the mountainous and maritime character of Catalonia.

Rubem Fonseca: …his first novel in 1973, O casa Morel (“The Morel Case”), a work of crime fiction that includes explicit descriptions of sex and brutal violence. It was for that type of content that the Brazilian government scrutinized and then censored his writings, including Feliz ano novo (1975; “Happy New Year”),…

Portuguese literature: From monarchy to republic: The latter’s Casa na duna (1943; “House on the Sand Dune”), his first novel, mixes acute perception of human motivation with social awareness, a combination that would appear throughout his career, including in his final novel, Finisterra (1978; “Land’s End”). Vergílio Ferreira, in a transition to existentialism,…

Latin American architecture: Academic architecture, c. 1870–1914: …Aires, Francisco Tamburini remodeled the Casa Rosada in the late 1800s to become the offices of the president. This Beaux-Arts composition, with its central arch and side loggias, then became the standard for the institutions of government in the interior of Argentina: in Corrientes (a new jail by Juan Col,…

Harvey Fierstein: Fierstein also wrote and produced Casa Valentina (2014), a play based on the true story of a group of heterosexual married men in the early 1960s who met on the weekends at a rundown resort in the Catskill Mountains of New York, where they could freely indulge in their shared…

Mario Vargas Llosa: …novel La casa verde (1966; The Green House), set in the Peruvian jungle, combines mythical, popular, and heroic elements to capture the sordid, tragic, and fragmented reality of its characters. Los jefes (1967; The Cubs and Other Stories, filmed as The Cubs, 1973) is a psychoanalytic portrayal of an adolescent…

Giovanni Della Casa was an Italian bishop, poet, and translator who is remembered chiefly for his popular and widely translated treatise on manners, Galateo. After growing up in Mugello, Della Casa studied in Bologna, Florence, Padua, and Rome. In 1544 he was named archbishop of Benevento but was

Jaime Torres Bodet: In La casa (1923; “The House”), he strove for clarity and examined the theme of the constant renewal of life in poems that reflected the influence of the Spanish poet Juan Ramón Jiménez. Los días (1923; “The Days”) stressed the poet’s anguish at a dehumanized environment.…

Angola: Angola in the 21st century: …marked the debut of the Broad Convergence for Angola’s Salvation–Electoral Coalition (Convergência Ampla de Salvação de Angola–Coligação Eleitoral; CASA-CE), which had split from UNITA earlier that year; it came in third, garnering 6 percent of the parliamentary seats.

Brazilian literature: Modernismo and regionalism: The Masters and the Slaves). This sociological study characterized miscegenation and the Portuguese racial practice of commingling with black slaves for the first time in a positive frame; it categorized them luso-tropicalismo, a concept later criticized as contributing to the myth of racial democracy. In…

melon: They include the honeydew, casaba, and Persian melons. Flexuosus group, the snake or serpent melons, which grow up to 7 cm (3 inches) in diameter and about 1 metre (3 feet) in length. The flesh is slightly acidic and cucumber-like. Conomon group, the Asian pickling melons, which have greenish…

Casablanca, American film drama, released in 1942, that was loosely based on Murray Burnett and Joan Alison’s unproduced play Everybody Comes to Rick’s. A fast-paced, emotionally charged romance set against the tumultuous backdrop of World War II, the film is one of the most celebrated and iconic

Casablanca, principal port of Morocco, on the North African Atlantic seaboard. The origin of the town is not known. An Amazigh (Berber) village called Anfa stood on the present-day site in the 12th century; it became a pirates’ base for harrying Christian ships and was destroyed by the Portuguese

Marcel Cerdan was a French-Algerian professional boxer and world middleweight champion. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Cerdan began his professional career in 1934, all of his early bouts being fought in North Africa. He made his European debut in 1937 and won the French

Casablanca Conference, (January 12–23, 1943), meeting during World War II in Casablanca, Morocco, between U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and their respective military chiefs and aides, who planned future global military strategy for the western

Casablanca Records: Even in the bacchanal of 1970s Los Angeles, the drug and promotional excesses of Casablanca Records stood out. In a period when cocaine use was probably at its peak in the music business, Casablanca set the pace. Its offices on Sunset Boulevard were decorated like…

Even in the bacchanal of 1970s Los Angeles, the drug and promotional excesses of Casablanca Records stood out. In a period when cocaine use was probably at its peak in the music business, Casablanca set the pace. Its offices on Sunset Boulevard were decorated like Rick’s Café in the motion picture

the Strokes: Singer Julian Casablancas (b. August 23, 1978, New York, New York, U.S.), guitarist Nick Valensi (b. January 16, 1981, New York City), and drummer Fabrizio Moretti (b. June 2, 1980, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) began playing together in 1998 as schoolmates in Manhattan. Guitarist Albert Hammond,…

Robert Casadesus was a French pianist and composer best known for his playing of the French repertoire. He was a member of a distinguished family of French musicians. Casadesus studied with Louis Diémer at the Paris Conservatory where he won several prizes, including the Grand Prix Diémer.

Jefferson Airplane:

Ipomoea: Major species: The morning glory tree (casahuate; I. arborescens) is one of several similar tropical American tree and shrub morning glories.

Julián del Casal was a poet who was one of the most important forerunners of the Modernist movement in Latin America. After a short period of formal education, Casal was forced to leave school because of failing family fortunes. His first volume of poetry, Hojas al viento (1890; “Leaves in the

Casale Monferrato, town, Piemonte (Piedmont) region, northwestern Italy, on the Po River in the Monferrato Hills east of Turin. It was founded in the 8th century on the site of ancient Bodincomagus. In the 10th century the town belonged to the marquessate of Monferrato, becoming its capital in

Devo: August 11, 1952, Akron, Ohio), Bob Casale (b. July 14, 1952, Kent, Ohio—d. February 17, 2014), and Alan Myers (b. 1954/55—d. June 24, 2013, Los Angeles, California).

Devo: ), Jerry Casale (b. July 28, 1948), Bob Mothersbaugh (b. August 11, 1952, Akron, Ohio), Bob Casale (b. July 14, 1952, Kent, Ohio—d. February 17, 2014), and Alan Myers (b. 1954/55—d. June 24, 2013, Los Angeles, California).

Pablo Casals was a Spanish-born cellist and conductor, known for his virtuosic technique, skilled interpretation, and consummate musicianship. Casals made his debut in Barcelona in 1891 after early training in composition, cello, and piano. After further study in Madrid and Brussels he returned to

Pablo Casals was a Spanish-born cellist and conductor, known for his virtuosic technique, skilled interpretation, and consummate musicianship. Casals made his debut in Barcelona in 1891 after early training in composition, cello, and piano. After further study in Madrid and Brussels he returned to

Casamance, region of Senegal that lies south of The Gambia along the Casamance River. The region has ample rainfall, abundant in the south, and the lower course of the Casamance River is covered by dense vegetation; mangroves, oil palms, and raffia palms predominate. Rice, cotton, and corn (maize)

Casamance River, river in western Africa, rising in southern Senegal and flowing west through the Casamance region, which lies between The Gambia (north) and Guinea-Bissau (south). The river receives various small tributaries and empties into the Atlantic Ocean after a course of 190 miles (300 km).

feudalism: Origins of the idea: …as the terms beneficium and casamentum, came to be used to describe a form of property holding. The holdings these terms denoted have often been considered essentially dependent tenures, over which their holders’ rights were notably limited. As the words were used in documents of the period, however, the characteristics…

Spanish literature: Poetry: Sofía Pérez Casanova de Lutoslawski, a successful early Modernist poet, spent her married life outside Spain. A pioneering feminist and social worker, she was also a prolific novelist, a translator, and an author of short stories, essays, and children’s books. She became a foreign correspondent…

Italian literature: Experimentalism and the new avant-garde: …collaborate on the screenplay of Casanova (1976).

Norman Z. McLeod: Danny Kaye and Bob Hope: Next was Casanova’s Big Night (1954), which starred Hope as an 18th-century Venetian tailor who pretends to be Casanova; lending colourful support were Basil Rathbone, Vincent Price, and Raymond Burr. Public Pigeon No. 1 (1957) was a feeble Skelton vehicle, but McLeod was able to wrap up…

Giacomo Casanova was an ecclesiastic, writer, soldier, spy, and diplomatist, chiefly remembered as the prince of Italian adventurers and as the man who made the name Casanova synonymous with “libertine.” His autobiography, which perhaps exaggerates some of his escapades, is a splendid description

shelduck: The ruddy shelduck (Casarca ferruginea), ranging from North Africa and Spain to Mongolia, is orangish, with a pale head and white wing patches. Drakes of most shelduck species have melodious whistling calls and are aggressive year-round. In the European species the hen is solitary at the…

boa: …species of family Bolyeriidae (Casarea dussumieri) lives on Mauritius and Round Island. It is unique among snakes in that the lower jaw is hinged in the middle, which enables the snake to grasp hard-bodied skinks with a firm ratchetlike grip. It is a 0.8–1.4-metre-long egg layer. Bolyeria multocarinata was…

Casas Grandes, town on the Casas Grandes River, in the northwestern corner of Chihuahua estado (state), northern Mexico. When it was settled by the Spaniards in 1661 or 1662, the area belonged to the Suma Indians. The town’s name, Spanish for “great houses,” refers to the extensive multistoried

Bartolomé de Las Casas was an early Spanish historian and Dominican missionary who was the first to expose the oppression of indigenous peoples by Europeans in the Americas and to call for the abolition of slavery there. His several works include Historia de las Indias (first printed in 1875). A

education: Italy: …1923 was governed by the Casati Law, passed in 1859, when the country was being unified. The Casati Law organized the school system on the French plan of centralized control. In 1923 the entire national school system was reformed. The principle of state supremacy was reinforced by introducing at the…

Edward Casaubon, fictional character, one of the main figures in George Eliot’s masterpiece Middlemarch (1871–72). Casaubon is a pompous and ineffectual middle-aged scholar who marries the heroine, Dorothea Brooke, because he needs an assistant for his work. His “masterwork,” Key to All

Isaac Casaubon was a French classical scholar and theologian who was one of the leading scholars of the era. Casaubon was born to French Huguenot refugees. Three years after his birth, the family returned to France and settled at Crest in Dauphiné. Casaubon was educated by his father until at age

keyboard instrument: Developments after 1800: In Canada, Joseph Casavant built his first organ in Quebec province in 1837. Two of his sons visited France in 1878–79 and brought back to North America the Cavaillé-Coll tradition.

musk cucumber, (Sicana odorifera), perennial vine of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae), native to the New World tropics and grown for its sweet-smelling edible fruit. The fruit can be eaten raw and is commonly used in jams and preserves; immature fruits are sometimes cooked as a vegetable. In

rattlesnake: scutulatus), and the South American rattlesnake, or cascabel (C. durissus). Their venom attacks the nervous system more strongly than that of other rattlesnakes. The South American rattlesnake has the largest distribution of any rattlesnake; it ranges from Mexico to Argentina and is the only rattlesnake found throughout Central…

cascade, waterfall, especially a series of small falls, consisting of water descending over rocks or boulders. It may be natural or it may be artificial. The cascade has often been used as a feature of formal gardens. A garden cascade properly employs a natural supply of water and a sloping site;

amplifier: The result is cascade, or multistage amplification. Long-distance telephone, radio, television, electronic control and measuring instruments, radar, and countless other devices all depend on this basic process of amplification. The overall amplification of a multistage amplifier is the product of the gains of the individual stages.

natural gas: Transport: Modern liquefaction plants employ autorefrigerated cascade cycles, in which the gas is stripped of carbon dioxide, dried, and then subjected to a series of compression-expansion steps during which it is cooled to liquefaction temperature (approximately −160 °C [−260 °F]). The compression power requirement is usually supplied by consuming a…

particle accelerator: Voltage multipliers (cascade generators): The source of the high voltage for Cockcroft and Walton’s pioneering experiments was a four-stage voltage multiplier assembled from four large rectifiers and high-voltage capacitors. Their circuit in effect combined four rectifier-type

Cascade Range, segment of the Pacific mountain system of western North America. The Cascades extend northward for more than 700 miles (1,100 km) from Lassen Peak, in northern California, U.S., through Oregon and Washington to the Fraser River in southern British Columbia, Canada. Many peaks exceed

Cascade Tunnel, the longest railroad tunnel in the United States, located in central Washington about 60 miles (100 km) east of Seattle. It carries a line of the BNSF (Burlington Northern and Sante Fe) railroad through the rugged Cascade Range between Berne (on the east) and Scenic and is part of

Cascade-Siskiyou National Monument, biologically diverse forest region located southeast of Ashland, southwestern Oregon, U.S., on the California border. The monument, established in 2000, encompasses nearly 83 square miles (215 square km). Within its boundaries is a checkerboard of interspersed

CSS, declarative-style computer programming language used to design website content. CSS is one of the three main languages used to design Web content, along with HTML (hypertext markup language) and JavaScript. HTML code gives websites their structure and content; JavaScript enables websites to be

Olmec: …the late 20th century a stone slab engraved with symbols that appear to have been the Olmec writing system (sometimes called epi-Olmec, or Isthmian) was discovered in the village of Cascajal, near San Lorenzo. The Cascajal stone dates to approximately 900 bce and may be the oldest example of writing…

Sapindales: Simaroubaceae: …Central American Picramnia antidesma (cascara amarga) were exported to Europe as a treatment for venereal disease. The astringent seeds of Brucea amarissima and B. sumatrana are used in Southeast Asia to treat dysentery.

cascara sagrada, (Spanish: “sacred bark”), the dried bark of the buckthorn Rhamnus purshiana (order Rosales) used in medicine as a laxative. The tree is cultivated in North America and Kenya. Cascara sagrada is prepared in both liquid and solid forms. The activity apparently results from the

Bologna stone: …Bologna, by an Italian cobbler-alchemist, Vicenzo Cascariolo, who synthesized from them a luminescent material that glowed at night after being exposed by day to the Sun. Originally thought to be the philosopher’s stone that was believed capable of transmuting base metals into gold, Bologna stone ultimately was shown to be…

Cascina, town, Toscana (Tuscany) regione, central Italy. Local mineral springs are used to treat rheumatism. The town’s Church of Santa Maria, built in Pisan style, dates from the 12th century. Cascina was a historic battleground in the Pisans’ resistance against the Florentines, who sacked the

Portland, city, seat (1760) of Cumberland county, southwestern Maine, U.S. The state’s largest city, it is the hub of a metropolitan statistical area that includes the cities of South Portland and Westbrook and the towns of Falmouth, Cape Elizabeth, Cumberland, Freeport, Gorham, Scarborough,

Genesee River, river mainly in New York state, U.S. The Genesee flows generally north from its headwaters in Pennsylvania, crosses the New York State Canal System, and bisects Rochester to enter Lake Ontario after a course of 158 miles (254 km). At Portageville, midway along its course, the river

linguistics: Later contributions: …work in what is called case grammar. Case grammar is based upon a small set of syntactic functions (agentive, locative, benefactive, instrumental, and so on) that are variously expressed in different languages but that are held to determine the grammatical structure of sentences. Although case grammar does not derive directly…

computer-aided software engineering (CASE), use of computers in designing sophisticated tools to aid the software engineer and to automate the software development process as much as possible. It is particularly useful where major software products are designed by teams of engineers who may not

case definition, in epidemiology, set of criteria used in making a decision as to whether an individual has a disease or health event of interest. Establishing a case definition is an imperative step in quantifying the magnitude of disease in a population. Case definitions are used in ongoing

case fatality rate, in epidemiology, the proportion of people who die from a specified disease among all individuals diagnosed with the disease over a certain period of time. Case fatality rate typically is used as a measure of disease severity and is often used for prognosis (predicting disease

case fatality rate, in epidemiology, the proportion of people who die from a specified disease among all individuals diagnosed with the disease over a certain period of time. Case fatality rate typically is used as a measure of disease severity and is often used for prognosis (predicting disease

Faye Dunaway: …Attraction (2002), and the drama The Case for Christ (2017).

Steve Case: …wife, Jean Case, created the Case Foundation, a charitable investment organization. In 2006 the foundation joined various public- and private-sector organizations in a $60 million partnership with the U.S. government to bring clean water to up to 10 million people in 10 countries in sub-Saharan Africa by 2010. The initiative,…

campaign furniture: Case furniture was usually teak, with recessed brass swivel handles, brass angle pieces to protect the corners, and short, turned feet (shaped on a lathe) that could be removed for transport. Perhaps the best-known piece of campaign furniture was the Wellington Chest, named after the…

coral reef: Origin and development of reefs: …processes also are involved: (1) case hardening of steep, bare limestone surfaces by recrystallization caused by alternate wetting and drying, so that walls or knifelike edges result from weathering, and (2) continuous subsoil solution, if surfaces are nearly horizontal and runoff is diminished. These processes combine to produce a prominent…

surface hardening, treatment of steel by heat or mechanical means to increase the hardness of the outer surface while the core remains relatively soft. The combination of a hard surface and a soft interior is greatly valued in modern engineering because it can withstand very high stress and

Kate Atkinson: Case Histories (2004), the first book in the series, made the short list for a Whitbread Book Award and later lent its name to the series adaptation for television, where the role of Brodie was played by British actor Jason Isaacs. Other books in the…

diagnosis: Medical history: The medical history of a patient is the most useful and important element in making an accurate diagnosis, much more valuable than either physical examinations or diagnostic tests. The medical interview is the process of gathering data that will lead to an understanding…

Case Western Reserve University, independent, coeducational research university in Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. The university operates professional schools of law, medicine, and dentistry, as well as Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case School of Engineering, Mandel School of Applied Social

William Plomer: …two dramatic novels about London, The Case Is Altered (1932) and The Invaders (1934). Additional publications included a semifictional memoir, Museum Pieces (1952), and three volumes of family and personal memoirs, Double Lives (1943), At Home (1958), and Autobiography of William Plomer (1975). Between 1938 and 1940 he edited three…

Mrinal Sen: …missing daughter, and Kharij (The Case Is Closed, 1982), concerning a family whose servant has died from carbon monoxide poisoning in their home. Kharij won the Special Jury Prize at the Cannes international film festival in 1983. Akaler Sandhane (In Search of Famine, 1980), the story of a film…

court: Judicial lawmaking: All courts apply preexisting rules (statutes) formulated by legislative bodies, though the procedures vary greatly between common-law and civil-law countries. In applying these rules, however, courts must also interpret them, typically transforming the rules from generalities to specifics and sometimes filling gaps to…

Christopher Columbus Langdell: Later he devised the case method, so that students might read and discuss original authorities and derive for themselves the principles of the law.

Increase Mather: Increase’s Case of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits Personating Men (1693) is a clear vindication of the Mathers’ part in the witchcraft trials. Yet their enemies, such as William Douglass and Robert Calef, spread denigrating rumours about them. This enmity, together with the Mathers’ part in a…