Casimir effect, effect arising from the quantum theory of electromagnetic radiation in which the energy present in empty space might produce a tiny force between two objects. The effect was first postulated in 1948 by Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir. In acoustics the vibration of a violin string

Jean Casimir-Périer was a French politician and wealthy businessman who served brief and undistinguished terms as a premier and as the fifth president of the Third Republic. The son of a former minister of the interior, he served as a captain during the Franco-German War (1870–71). In 1876 he was

Jean Casimir-Périer was a French politician and wealthy businessman who served brief and undistinguished terms as a premier and as the fifth president of the Third Republic. The son of a former minister of the interior, he served as a captain during the Franco-German War (1870–71). In 1876 he was

sapote: White sapote, or casimiroa (Casimiroa edulis), ranges from Mexico to Costa Rica and is in the Rutaceae family.

sapote: White sapote, or casimiroa (Casimiroa edulis), ranges from Mexico to Costa Rica and is in the Rutaceae family.

comedy: Old and New Comedy in ancient Greece: …him by his wife (Plautus’s Casina); and on an overstern father whose son turns out worse than the product of an indulgent parent (in the Adelphi of Terence). But the satiric quality of these plays is bland by comparison with the trenchant ridicule of Old Comedy. The emphasis in New…

petroleum production: Casing: Modern wells are not drilled to their total depth in a continuous process. Drilling may be stopped for logging and testing (see below Formation evaluation), and it may also be stopped to run (insert) casing and cement it to the outer circumference of the…

sausage: Casings may be the internal organs of meat animals, paraffin-treated fabric bags, or modern synthetic casings of plastic or reconstituted collagen (insoluble animal protein). Skinless sausages are produced by stuffing the ingredients into cellulose casing, then immersing the sausage in hot followed by cold water,…

nail: A casing nail is similar to a finishing nail but has a slightly thicker shaft and a cone-shaped head. Nails smaller than one inch long are called wire nails if they have a head and brads if they have a very small head or none at…

Saul Bass: (1990), Cape Fear (1991), and Casino (1995).

casino, originally, a public hall for music and dancing; by the second half of the 19th century, a collection of gaming or gambling rooms. The classic example of a casino, and for long the world’s best known, is that at Monte-Carlo, which opened in 1863. The casino has long been a major source of

casino, card game for two to four players, best played with two. A 52-card deck is used. When two play, the dealer deals two cards facedown to the opponent, two cards faceup to the table, and two more facedown to himself and then repeats the process so that all have four cards. No further cards are

Latin American dance: Cuba: Casino was faster in pace and was characterized by multiple turning figures. It is clearly related to New York salsa, though sources vary on which dance was a response to the other. Casino rueda developed from casino and placed couples in a circle; typically, the…

Casino de Monte-Carlo, casino and entertainment complex that was built in 1878 in Monte-Carlo, Monaco, by Charles III, Prince of Monaco. Designed by Charles Garnier, architect of the Paris Opéra, the building is lavishly and ornately decorated in the opulent Belle Époque style and stands in formal

Pirro Ligorio: Ligorio also built the Casino of Pope Pius IV (Casina di Pio IV) in the Vatican Gardens (1558–62) and the Rotunda with Baldassare Peruzzi (1481–1536). He decorated his works with profuse stucco ornament; the Casino is a good example of his decoration. Ligorio also published a work on Roman…

James Bond: …with a new adaptation of Casino Royale (2006), the character’s history was formally restarted, establishing him definitively as a post-Cold War hero born in 1968. Beginning in the 1990s films, in response to changing social attitudes, Bond’s chauvinism was softened. The Broccoli family held the production rights on all Bond…

Casino Royale, British-American spy film, released in 1967, that is a parody of Ian Fleming’s first James Bond novel (1953). Plagued by a chaotic production, the movie is notable for being largely incoherent. Bond (played by David Niven) is living in opulence after his retirement from MI6. However,

Casino Royale, novel by British writer Ian Fleming, published in 1953 and the first of his 12 blockbuster novels about James Bond, the suave and supercompetent British spy. Packed with violent action, hairbreadth escapes, international espionage, clever spy gadgets, intrigue, and gorgeous women,

Latin American dance: Cuba: Casino rueda developed from casino and placed couples in a circle; typically, the dance’s choreographies moved the women counterclockwise and the men clockwise as they switched partners.

Monaco: …of Monte-Carlo revolves around the Place du Casino. The casino was built in 1861, and in 1967 its operations were taken over by the principality. Banking and finance and real estate are other important components of the diverse services sector.

Cassino, town, Lazio (Latium) regione, central Italy. Cassino lies along the Rapido River at the foot of Monte (mount) Cassino, 87 miles (140 km) southeast of Rome. It originated as Casinum, a town of the ancient Volsci people on a site adjacent to the modern town, on the lower slopes of the

the Marvelettes, American girl group formed in 1961 whose principal members were Gladys Horton (b. May 30, 1945, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.—d. January 26, 2011, Sherman Oaks, California), Wanda Young (b. August 9, 1943, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.—d. December 15, 2021, Garden City), Georgeanna Tillman

electronic instrument: Digital synthesizers: …early digital synthesizer was the Casio CZ-101, a battery-powered four-voice keyboard instrument using simple algorithms that were modeled after the capabilities of analog synthesizers. The CZ-101 was introduced in 1984 at a price approximately one-quarter that of the DX-7 and achieved widespread popularity.

Casiquiare, navigable waterway in southern Venezuela. It branches off from the Orinoco River downstream from La Esmeralda and meanders generally southwestward for approximately 140 miles (225 km), joining the Guainía River to form the Negro River, a major affluent of the Amazon, across from

The Cask of Amontillado, short story by Edgar Allan Poe, first published in Godey’s Lady’s Book in November 1846. The narrator of this tale of horror is the aristocrat Montresor, who, having endured, as he claims, a thousand injuries at the hand of the connoisseur Fortunato, is finally driven by

detective story: …introduced in Freeman Wills Crofts’s The Cask (1920); Hercule Poirot, in Agatha Christie’s The Mysterious Affair at Styles (1920), and Miss Marple, in Murder at the Vicarage (1930); Lord Peter Wimsey, in Dorothy L. Sayers’ Whose Body? (1923); Philo Vance, in S.S. Van Dine

Casket Letters, the eight letters and a series of irregular sonnets asserted by James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, to have been found by his servants in a silver casket in the possession of a retainer of James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, on June 20, 1567, six days after the surrender of Mary,

Věra Čáslavská was a Czech gymnast who won a total of 34 medals, including 22 golds, at the Olympic Games and at world and European championships in the 1950s and ’60s. Her career was curtailed after she expressed support for greater freedom in her homeland. Čáslavská began her athletic career as a

Kassel, city, Hessen Land (state), central Germany. It lies along the Fulda River, which is a navigable tributary of the Weser River, 90 miles (145 km) northeast of Frankfurt am Main. First mentioned in 913 as Chassala (Chassela), the town derived its name, usually spelled Casle in the late

William Caslon: …later came to be called Caslon. The success of Caslon’s new typefaces in England was almost instantaneous, and, as a result, he received loans and sufficient trade to enable him to set up a complete typefoundry. From 1720 to 1780, few books were printed in England that did not use…

William Caslon was an English typefounder who, between 1720 and 1726, designed the typeface that bears his name. His work helped to modernize the book, making it a separate creation rather than a printed imitation of the old hand-produced book. Caslon began his career as an apprentice to an

egret: The great white egret, Egretta (sometimes Casmerodius) alba, of both hemispheres, is about 90 cm (35 inches) long and bears plumes only on the back. The American populations of this bird are sometimes called American, or common, egrets.

Cabeiri: … and his son and attendant Cadmilus, or Casmilus, and a less-important female pair, Axierus and Axiocersa. These were variously identified by the Greeks with deities of their own pantheon. The cult included worship of the power of fertility, rites of purification, and initiation.

Newport, town, industrial seaport, and county borough, historic county of Monmouthshire (Sir Fynwy), Wales. The town is located at the mouth of the River Usk where it enters the River Severn estuary. A medieval borough with a castle (now in ruins) dating from about 1126, the town of Newport enjoyed

Dino Buzzati: …stories), the most important is Un caso clinico (performed and published 1953; “A Clinical Case”), a modern Kafkaesque horror story in which medical specialists and machinery destroy a perfectly healthy man. Buzzati’s other plays include Il mantello (performed 1960; “The Overcoat”), a supernatural drama in which a soldier who has…

Ernesto Sábato: The essay “El caso Sábato” (1956; “The Sábato Case”) is a plea for reconciliation of Peronist and anti-Peronist forces.

Alfonso Caso y Andrade was a Mexican archaeologist and government official who explored the early Oaxacan cultures and is best remembered for his excavation of Tomb Seven at Monte Albán, the earliest-known North American necropolis. Caso y Andrade studied at the University of Mexico and

Jakob Wassermann: He established his reputation with Caspar Hauser (1908), the fact-based story of a strange boy, apparently unfamiliar with the ordinary world, who was found in Nürnberg in 1828 and whose identity and subsequent murder or suicide remained a mystery. Wassermann uses the story to castigate bourgeois numbness of heart and…

cortex: …and corky band, called the casparian strip, around all the cell walls except those facing toward the axis and the surface of the root or stem. The endodermis with its casparian strips may function in regulating the flow of water between outer tissues and the vascular cylinder at the centre…

apoptosis: Regulation of apoptosis: …second family of proteins, the caspase proteolytic enzymes, contributes to both regulation by the BCL-2 family and execution of apoptosis after the death decision is confirmed. Caspases function in large part by the activation of other enzymes that dismantle the cellular cytoskeleton and cellular organelles and that degrade the nuclear…

Ferdinand I: Ferdinand was chosen by the Compromise of Caspe (1412), though the Catalans supported a rival. His election was due in part to the support of the Aragonese antipope Benedict XIII and the efforts of St. Vincent Ferrer. Once elected, however, he ceased to support Benedict and so helped to end…

Casper, city, seat (1890) of Natrona county, east-central Wyoming, U.S., on the North Platte River. It originated around Fort Caspar at the site of a pioneer crossing on the Oregon Trail and the Pony Express route. The fort, now restored, was named for Lieutenant Caspar Collins, who was slain by

Gaspar, a legendary figure in certain Western Christian traditions, said to have been one of the three Magi who paid homage to the infant Jesus. Gaspar is often represented as a king of India and is usually said to have given the gift of frankincense to the Christ Child. In art he is frequently

golf: U.S. tournaments and players: …Slam winner) and the Americans Billy Casper and Lee Trevino. Other outstanding players of these and the following decades included Tom Watson, Johnny Miller, Chi Chi Rodriguez, Raymond Floyd, Hale Irwin, Greg Norman, Seve Ballesteros, José Maria

golf: U.S. tournaments and players: …Slam winner) and the Americans Billy Casper and Lee Trevino. Other outstanding players of these and the following decades included Tom Watson, Johnny Miller, Chi Chi Rodriguez, Raymond Floyd, Hale Irwin, Greg Norman, Seve Ballesteros, José Maria

Torbjörn Oskar Caspersson was a Swedish cytologist and geneticist who initiated the use of the ultraviolet microscope to determine the nucleic acid content of cellular structures such as the nucleus and nucleolus. In the early 1930s Caspersson attended the University of Stockholm, where he studied

Judaism: Averroists: Joseph Caspi (1297–1340), a prolific philosopher and exegetical commentator, maintained a somewhat unsystematic philosophical position that seems to have been influenced by Averroës. He expressed the opinion that knowledge of the future, including that possessed by God himself, is probabilistic in nature. The prescience of…

Caspian Depression, flat lowland, Kazakhstan and Russia, much of it below sea level at the north end of the Caspian Sea. It is one of the largest such areas in Central Asia, occupying about 77,220 square miles (200,000 square km). Both the Ural and Volga rivers flow through the depression into the

ancient Iran: Phraates I: …a defense of the “Caspian Gates,” an important strategic point of penetration in Phraates’ possessions. Overturning tribal tradition, which reserved the succession to the throne to the eldest son, he wisely designated as a successor—even though he had several sons—his brother Mithradates.

Lawrence Roberts: In 1999 Roberts founded Caspian Networks, which developed routers that worked not on individual packets but on the overall type of a message to prioritize it accordingly. He left Caspian Networks in 2004 and that same year founded Anagran Inc., which also developed IP routers. He received the Charles…

Caspian Sea, world’s largest inland body of water. It lies to the east of the Caucasus Mountains and to the west of the vast steppe of Central Asia. The sea’s name derives from the ancient Kaspi peoples, who once lived in Transcaucasia to the west. Among its other historical names, Khazarsk and

Caspian seal, (Pusa caspica), species of small earless seals that inhabits the waters, islands, and coastal areas of the Caspian Sea. It is the only mammal that lives in the Caspian Sea, which is a saltwater lake. Adults range in length from 1.4 to 1.8 meters (4.6 to 6 feet) and weigh about 55 kg

clupeiform: Migration: Some forms of the Caspian shad (Alosa caspia) remain year-round in the southern region of the Caspian Sea, while others move long distances from winter habitats in southern parts to spawning grounds in the northern region of the Caspian.

tiger: Tigers and humans: … within the past century: the Caspian (P. tigris virgata) of central Asia, the Javan (P. tigris sondaica), and the Bali (P. tigris balica). Because the tiger is so closely related to the lion, the two species can be crossbred in captivity. The offspring of such matings are called tigons when…

Latin American art: Rococo: For example, Manuel Chil, an Indian artist whose nickname, Caspicara, referred to his pockmarked face, sculpted an infant Christ child covered with the soft pink-toned encarnación that epitomizes the Rococo; the work looks like a three-dimensional detail out of a painting by the French Rococo master François…

military technology: Mail: … with nasal evolved into the pot helm, or casque. This was an involved process, with the crown of the helmet losing its pointed shape to become flat and the nasal expanding to cover the entire face except for small vision slits and breathing holes. The late 12th-century helm was typically…

George Sidney: Bathing Beauty and Anchors Aweigh: …to direct the romantic drama Cass Timberlane (1947), a glossy adaptation of the Sinclair Lewis novel, with Spencer Tracy and Lana Turner. The director had more success with The Three Musketeers (1948), a lively adaptation of the Alexandre Dumas classic, with Turner playing Lady de Winter and Kelly as D’Artagnan;…

Lewis Cass was a U.S. Army officer and public official who was active in Democratic politics in the mid-19th century. He was defeated for the presidency in 1848. During the War of 1812, Cass rose from the rank of colonel of volunteers to brigadier general in the regular army. He was governor of

Italy: Public and private sectors: The Southern Development Fund (Cassa per il Mezzogiorno), a state-financed fund set up to stimulate economic and industrial development between 1950 and 1984, met with limited success. It supported early land reform—including land reclamation, irrigation work, infrastructure building, and provision of electricity and water to rural…

musk cucumber, (Sicana odorifera), perennial vine of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae), native to the New World tropics and grown for its sweet-smelling edible fruit. The fruit can be eaten raw and is commonly used in jams and preserves; immature fruits are sometimes cooked as a vegetable. In

Gustave Flourens: …Marseillaise; fought a duel with Paul de Cassagnac, a right-wing journalist; and led an abortive revolt at the funeral of Victor Noir, an obscure young newspaperman who had been shot by Prince Pierre Bonaparte (January 1870). Flourens was arrested in February 1870 after leading another unsuccessful uprising but was soon…

Kasai River, river in central Africa. It is the chief southern tributary of the Congo River, into which, at Kwamouth, Congo (Kinshasa), 125 miles (200 km) above Malebo (Stanley) Pool, it empties a volume approaching one-fifth that of the main stream. The longest river in the southern Congo River

Guinea-Bissau: Independence of Guinea-Bissau: …on February 28 swore in Cipriano Cassamá, the speaker of parliament, to serve as interim president. This left the country with two rival administrations and a worsening political crisis. Cassamá quickly resigned on March 1, though, saying that his life had been threatened and citing the risk of civil war.…

Cassander was the son of the Macedonian regent Antipater and king of Macedonia from 305 to 297. Cassander was one of the diadochoi (“successors”), the Macedonian generals who fought over the empire of Alexander the Great after his death in 323. After Antipater’s death in 319, Cassander refused to

Christianity: The Reformation: …such as Georg Witzel and George Cassander developed proposals for unity, which all parties rejected. Martin Bucer, celebrated promoter of church unity among the 16th-century leaders, brought Martin Luther and his colleague Philipp Melanchthon into dialogue with the Swiss reformer Huldrych Zwingli at

leatherleaf, (Chamaedaphne calyculata), evergreen shrub of the heath family (Ericaceae). The name is also sometimes applied to a stiff-leaved fern. C. calyculata occurs in Arctic regions and in North America as far south as Georgia. It forms large beds at the edges of swamps and boggy meadows. The

Cassandra, in Greek mythology, the daughter of Priam, the last king of Troy, and his wife Hecuba. In Homer’s Iliad, she is the most beautiful of Priam’s daughters but not a prophetess. According to Aeschylus’s tragedy Agamemnon, Cassandra was loved by the god Apollo, who promised her the power of

Woody Allen: 2000 and beyond: The less well-realized thriller Cassandra’s Dream (2007) followed. Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008) reestablished Allen’s momentum. It functioned simultaneously as a compelling romantic drama, a magnificent travelogue, and a deft comedy of manners. Javier Bardem played a supremely confident Barcelona-based artist and ladies’ man who seduces a pair of tourists…

Cassandre was a graphic artist, stage designer, and painter whose poster designs greatly influenced advertising art in the first half of the 20th century. After studying art at the Académie Julian in Paris, Cassandre gained a reputation with such posters as “Étoile du Nord” (1927) and “Dubo Dubon

Valletta: …designed by the Maltese architect Gerolamo Cassar. Other buildings by Cassar include the Palace of the Grand Masters (1574; now the residence of the president of the Republic of Malta, the seat of the House of Representatives, and the site of the armoury of the Hospitallers), the Auberge d’Aragon (1571;…

cassation, in music, 18th-century genre for orchestra or small ensemble that was written in several short movements. It was akin to the 18th-century serenade and divertimento and, like these, was often intended for performance outdoors. The designation seems to have referred more to the intended

Cour de Cassation, (French: “Court of Cassation,” or “Abrogation”), the highest court of criminal and civil appeal in France, with the power to quash (casser) the decisions of lower courts. The high court considers decisions only from the point of view of whether the lower court has applied the law

Cour de Cassation, (French: “Court of Cassation,” or “Abrogation”), the highest court of criminal and civil appeal in France, with the power to quash (casser) the decisions of lower courts. The high court considers decisions only from the point of view of whether the lower court has applied the law

Mary Cassatt was an American painter and printmaker who was part of the group of Impressionists working in and around Paris. She took as her subjects almost exclusively the intimate lives of contemporary women, especially in their roles as the caretakers of children. Cassatt was the daughter of a

cassava, (Manihot esculenta), tuberous edible plant of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) from the American tropics. It is cultivated throughout the tropical world for its tuberous roots, from which cassava flour, breads, tapioca, a laundry starch, and an alcoholic beverage are derived. Cassava

John Cassavetes was an American film director and actor regarded as a pioneer of American cinema verité and as the father of the independent film movement in the United States. Most of his films were painstakingly made over many months or years and were financed by Cassavetes’s acting, which was

Gena Rowlands: …was directed by her son, Nick Cassavetes. Her other films included The Spiral Road (1962), Woody Allen’s drama Another Woman (1988), Something to Talk About (1995), Hope Floats (1998), Broken English (2007; directed by her younger daughter, Zoe Cassavetes), and Six Dance Lessons in

Pierre-Emmanuel-Albert, baron du Casse was a French soldier and military historian who was the first editor of the correspondence of Napoleon. In 1849 Du Casse was commissioned by Prince Jérôme Bonaparte, formerly king of Westphalia, to write a history of one of his commands. On completion of that

Cassegrain reflector, in astronomical telescopy, an arrangement of mirrors to focus incoming light at a point close to the main light-gathering mirror. The design was proposed in 1672 by French priest Laurent Cassegrain. In the Cassegrain reflector, parallel rays of light entering the telescope are

Cassegrain reflector, in astronomical telescopy, an arrangement of mirrors to focus incoming light at a point close to the main light-gathering mirror. The design was proposed in 1672 by French priest Laurent Cassegrain. In the Cassegrain reflector, parallel rays of light entering the telescope are

Cassegrain reflector, in astronomical telescopy, an arrangement of mirrors to focus incoming light at a point close to the main light-gathering mirror. The design was proposed in 1672 by French priest Laurent Cassegrain. In the Cassegrain reflector, parallel rays of light entering the telescope are

Kassel, city, Hessen Land (state), central Germany. It lies along the Fulda River, which is a navigable tributary of the Weser River, 90 miles (145 km) northeast of Frankfurt am Main. First mentioned in 913 as Chassala (Chassela), the town derived its name, usually spelled Casle in the late

Romance languages: Romance glosses to Latin texts: …well-known glossary, known as the Kassel (or Cassel) glosses, probably dates from the very early 9th century. It gives Latin equivalents of German (Bavarian) words and phrases and provides evidence of lexical and phonetic differentiation within Latin that permits scholars to localize the work as probably French or Rhaetian (e.g.,…

Cassel porcelain, porcelain produced by a factory at Kassel, Hesse, under the patronage of the Landgrave of Hesse. The factory fired hard-paste porcelain in 1766, though complete tea or coffee services were not produced until 1769. Most surviving examples are painted in underglaze blue. The factory

France: Philip VI: …towns that concluded at the Battle of Cassel in August 1328, thereby recovering the effective suzerainty over Flanders that had eluded his predecessors for a generation. And in 1329 he obtained Edward III’s personal homage for the duchy of Aquitaine, an act that not only secured Philip’s leadership but also…

Gustav Cassel was a Swedish economist who gained international prominence through his work on world monetary problems at the Brussels Conference in 1920 and on the League of Nations Finance Committee in 1921. (Read Milton Friedman’s Britannica entry on money.) Cassel was educated at the University

Jean-Pierre Cassel was a French motion-picture actor and comedian. Cassel was a bit player in movies, television, and on the stage when the American actor and dancer Gene Kelly discovered him for The Happy Road (1956). Later Cassel, a tall man with an expressive, mobile face, achieved fame as the

Gustav Cassel was a Swedish economist who gained international prominence through his work on world monetary problems at the Brussels Conference in 1920 and on the League of Nations Finance Committee in 1921. (Read Milton Friedman’s Britannica entry on money.) Cassel was educated at the University

John Cassavetes: Independent filmmaker: 1960s and ’70s: …wife with a hippie (Seymour Cassel). Originally six hours long, the film was painstakingly edited down over the next two years to slightly more than two hours and released in 1968 to rave reviews. Cassavetes received an Academy Award nomination for his screenplay, and Carlin and Cassel were nominated…

Chattian Stage, uppermost and latest division of Oligocene rocks, representing all rocks deposited worldwide during the Chattian Age (28.1 million to 23 million years ago) of the Paleogene Period (66 million to 23 million years ago). The Chattian Stage is named for the Chatti, an ancient tribe that

soca: In 1983 singer Arrow (Alphonsus Cassell), from Montserrat island in the Lesser Antilles, had a big soca hit with the song “Hot Hot Hot” even though as a foreigner he was not eligible to compete in Trinidad’s Carnival competitions. In the 1990s singer Alison Hinds, from Barbados, and…

history of publishing: General periodicals: …90,000 in 1845; and teetotaler John Cassell, with his Working Man’s Friend and Family Instructor (1850–53) and the Quiver (1861). Besides popular magazines, many standard works appeared serially, often with illustrations. Typical of family entertainment were Charles Dickens’ Household Words (1850), followed in 1859 by All the Year Round; several…

Houston Rockets: …and key contributions from guard Sam Cassell, forward Robert Horry, and (for the 1994–95 season) forward Clyde Drexler (yet another former University of Houston star).

Cassella Farbewerke Mainkur Aktiengesellschaft, (German: Cassella Dyeworks Mainkur Limited-liability Company), German chemical corporation founded in 1789 by Leopold Cassella (1766–1847) in Frankfurt and today a subsidiary of Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft (q.v.). From 1789 to 1870 the company dealt

cassette, in audio and video recording, flat, rectangular container made of plastic or lightweight metal that holds magnetic tape for audio or video recording and replay. A tape cassette is designed so that it can be inserted in a recorder and used immediately; it eliminates the need to thread a

tape recorder, recording system that makes use of electromagnetic phenomena to record and reproduce sound waves. The tape consists of a plastic backing coated with a thin layer of tiny particles of magnetic powder. The recording head of the tape deck consists of a tiny C-shaped magnet with its gap

tape recorder, recording system that makes use of electromagnetic phenomena to record and reproduce sound waves. The tape consists of a plastic backing coated with a thin layer of tiny particles of magnetic powder. The recording head of the tape deck consists of a tiny C-shaped magnet with its gap

desert: Flora: …(such genera as Acacia and Cassia in most regions), with conifers being more locally distributed (such as Pinus in North America, Callitris in Australia, and Cupressus in North Africa and the Middle East). Tamarisks (Tamarix) are particularly important on sandy soils in Central Asia and also occur abundantly as

cassia, (Cinnamomun cassia), tree of the family Lauraceae and the spice made from its aromatic bark. The bark of cassia Cinnamomum cassia is similar to that of true cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), to which cassia is closely related. Cassia bark has a more pungent, less delicate flavour and is thicker

senna: Alexandrian senna (Senna alexandrina), from Egypt, Sudan, and Nigeria, and Cassia sieberana, found from Senegal to Uganda, are cultivated in India for their cathartic properties. Tanner’s senna, or avaram (S. auriculata), a tall shrub, is a principal native tanbark in southern India.