senna: The candlestick senna, or candlebush (S. alata), is a showy shrub that may grow up to 2.5 metres (8 feet) high; it is common in the tropics and is cultivated in California and elsewhere as an ornamental. Native to South America, Easter cassia, or Christmas senna…

senna: Tanner’s senna, or avaram (S. auriculata), a tall shrub, is a principal native tanbark in southern India.

senna: …United States, wild sennas (S. hebecarpa and S. marilandica) grow up to 1.25 metres (4 feet) high and have showy spikes of yellow flowers. Coffee senna, or styptic weed (S. occidentalis), native to North and South America, is widely grown in the Old World tropics for its cathartic and…

senna: hebecarpa and S. marilandica) grow up to 1.25 metres (4 feet) high and have showy spikes of yellow flowers. Coffee senna, or styptic weed (S. occidentalis), native to North and South America, is widely grown in the Old World tropics for its cathartic and laxative properties. The…

senna: Coffee senna, or styptic weed (S. occidentalis), native to North and South America, is widely grown in the Old World tropics for its cathartic and laxative properties. The candlestick senna, or candlebush (S. alata), is a showy shrub that may grow up to 2.5 metres…

senna: …Egypt, Sudan, and Nigeria, and Cassia sieberana, found from Senegal to Uganda, are cultivated in India for their cathartic properties. Tanner’s senna, or avaram (S. auriculata), a tall shrub, is a principal native tanbark in southern India.

cassia: …contains 1 to 2 percent oil of cassia, a volatile oil the principal component of which is cinnamic aldehyde. Cassia bark is used as a flavouring in cooking and particularly in liqueurs and chocolate. Southern Europeans generally prefer it to true cinnamon, and in North America ground cinnamon is commonly…

ancient Rome: Citizenship and politics in the middle republic: The Gabinian law (139) and Cassian law (137) introduced secret written ballots into the assemblies, thus loosening the control of patrons over their clients. Significantly, the reform was supported by Scipio Aemilianus, the sort of senator who stood to benefit by attracting the clients of other patrons through his personal…

St. John Cassian ; Eastern feast day February 29 (observed on February 28 during non-leap years); Western feast day July 23) was an ascetic, monk, theologian, and founder and first abbot of the famous abbey of Saint-Victor at Marseille. His writings, which have influenced all Western monasticism,

St. John Cassian ; Eastern feast day February 29 (observed on February 28 during non-leap years); Western feast day July 23) was an ascetic, monk, theologian, and founder and first abbot of the famous abbey of Saint-Victor at Marseille. His writings, which have influenced all Western monasticism,

North America: The Cordilleras: …in the south to the Cassiar Mountains and the Yukon Plateau in the north, mostly lying at elevations of about 2,400 feet (700 meters) but with ridges above 8,000 feet (2,400 meters), (4) the Coast Mountains, extending north into the Alaska Range and including lofty volcanoes in the north, (5)…

helmet shell, any marine snail of the family Cassidae (subclass Prosobranchia, class Gastropoda), characterized by a large, thick shell with a shieldlike inner lip. An example is the 18-centimetre (7-inch) king helmet (Cassis tuberosa) of the Caribbean. Cameos are carved from helmet shells.

helmet shell, any marine snail of the family Cassidae (subclass Prosobranchia, class Gastropoda), characterized by a large, thick shell with a shieldlike inner lip. An example is the 18-centimetre (7-inch) king helmet (Cassis tuberosa) of the Caribbean. Cameos are carved from helmet shells.

tortoise beetle, (subfamily Cassidinae), any member of more than 3,000 beetle species that resemble a turtle because of the forward and sideways extensions of the body. Both adults and larvae of some species are destructive to garden plants and sweet potatoes. Tortoise beetles range between 5 and

grackle: In the great-tailed and boat-tailed grackles (Cassidix mexicanus and C. major), the male has a long, deeply keeled tail: his total length may be 43 cm. These species are found in arid lands of the southwestern United States to Peru and in salt marshes from New Jersey to Texas.…

grackle: …great-tailed and boat-tailed grackles (Cassidix mexicanus and C. major), the male has a long, deeply keeled tail: his total length may be 43 cm. These species are found in arid lands of the southwestern United States to Peru and in salt marshes from New Jersey to Texas. The latter…

Bill Cassidy is an American doctor and politician who was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate in 2014 and began representing Louisiana in that body the following year. He previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives (2009–15). Cassidy grew up in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He attended

Butch Cassidy was an American outlaw and foremost member of the Wild Bunch, a collection of bank and train robbers who ranged through the western United States in the 1880s and ’90s. Robert Parker took his alias from Mike Cassidy, an older outlaw from whom he learned cattle rustling and gunslinging

William Boyd: …known for his portrayal of Hopalong Cassidy in a series of western films.

Blade Runner: Premise and summary: …fourth missing replicant, Zhora (Joanna Cassidy), but is shaken by the experience. Afterward, he learns that Rachael has disappeared, and he is ordered to hunt her down. Leon appears and tries to kill Deckard, but Rachael saves Deckard by killing Leon. Deckard and Rachael return to his apartment, and,…

Bill Cassidy is an American doctor and politician who was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate in 2014 and began representing Louisiana in that body the following year. He previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives (2009–15). Cassidy grew up in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He attended

auklet: …plainest and grayest species is Cassin’s auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus), a common resident from the Aleutians to Baja California.

weaver: Cassin’s weaver (Malimbus cassini) of the lowland rain forests of central Africa builds a hanging nest of long palm-leaf strips that has a wide entrance extending down more than two feet. The red-billed weaver, or quelea (Quelea quelea), of the African savannas can sometimes become…

René Cassin was a French jurist and president of the European Court of Human Rights. He won the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1968 for his involvement in the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The son of a Jewish merchant, Cassin studied law before entering the French Army in World

René Cassin was a French jurist and president of the European Court of Human Rights. He won the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1968 for his involvement in the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The son of a Jewish merchant, Cassin studied law before entering the French Army in World

Benedictine: …and became known as the Cassinese Congregation. There were similar reforms throughout Europe. These reforms were confronted by the turmoil of the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. Within a few years (1525–60) the monasteries and nunneries disappeared almost entirely from northern Europe and suffered greatly in France and central…

Cassini-Huygens: …Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA’s) Cassini orbiter, which was the first space probe to orbit Saturn, and the European Space Agency’s Huygens probe, which landed on Titan, Saturn’s largest moon. Cassini was named for the French astronomer Gian Domenico Cassini, who discovered four of Saturn’s moons and the Cassini division,…

César-François Cassini de Thury was a French astronomer and geodesist, who continued surveying work undertaken by his father, Jacques Cassini, and began construction of a great topographical map of France. Although he, his father, and his grandfather had defended the Cartesian view that the Earth

Gian Domenico Cassini: …who, among others, discovered the Cassini Division, the dark gap between the rings A and B of Saturn; he also discovered four of Saturn’s moons. In addition, he was the first to record observations of the zodiacal light.

César-François Cassini de Thury was a French astronomer and geodesist, who continued surveying work undertaken by his father, Jacques Cassini, and began construction of a great topographical map of France. Although he, his father, and his grandfather had defended the Cartesian view that the Earth

Dominique, comte de Cassini was a French geodesist and astronomer who completed his father’s map of France, which was later used as the basis for the Atlas National (1791). The son of César-François Cassini de Thury, he succeeded him as director of the Observatoire de Paris in 1784, but the French

Gian Domenico Cassini: …who, among others, discovered the Cassini Division, the dark gap between the rings A and B of Saturn; he also discovered four of Saturn’s moons. In addition, he was the first to record observations of the zodiacal light.

Cassini’s laws, three empirical rules that accurately describe the rotation of the Moon, formulated in 1693 by Gian Domenico Cassini. They are: (1) the Moon rotates uniformly about its own axis once in the same time that it takes to revolve around the Earth; (2) the Moon’s equator is tilted at a

Dominique, comte de Cassini was a French geodesist and astronomer who completed his father’s map of France, which was later used as the basis for the Atlas National (1791). The son of César-François Cassini de Thury, he succeeded him as director of the Observatoire de Paris in 1784, but the French

Gian Domenico Cassini was an Italian-born French astronomer who, among others, discovered the Cassini Division, the dark gap between the rings A and B of Saturn; he also discovered four of Saturn’s moons. In addition, he was the first to record observations of the zodiacal light. Cassini’s early

Cholly Knickerbocker: Three years later, Igor Cassini stepped into the role of Cholly Knickerbocker for the Journal-American. In his initial column, he debunked the concept of an elite of “Four Hundred” and replaced it with “Forty Thousand,” writing that the Social Register should have no place in the United States…

Jacques Cassini was a French astronomer who compiled the first tables of the orbital motions of Saturn’s satellites. He succeeded his father, the astronomer Gian Domenico Cassini, as head of the Paris Observatory in 1712, and in 1718 he completed the measurement of the arc of the meridian

Dominique, comte de Cassini was a French geodesist and astronomer who completed his father’s map of France, which was later used as the basis for the Atlas National (1791). The son of César-François Cassini de Thury, he succeeded him as director of the Observatoire de Paris in 1784, but the French

Gian Domenico Cassini was an Italian-born French astronomer who, among others, discovered the Cassini Division, the dark gap between the rings A and B of Saturn; he also discovered four of Saturn’s moons. In addition, he was the first to record observations of the zodiacal light. Cassini’s early

Cassini-Huygens, U.S.-European space mission to Saturn, launched on October 15, 1997. The mission consisted of the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA’s) Cassini orbiter, which was the first space probe to orbit Saturn, and the European Space Agency’s Huygens probe, which

Gian Domenico Cassini: …came to be known as Cassinians, or ovals of Cassini. Although Cassini resisted new theories and ideas, his discoveries and observations unquestionably place him among the most important astronomers of the 17th and 18th centuries.

Gian Domenico Cassini: …came to be known as Cassinians, or ovals of Cassini. Although Cassini resisted new theories and ideas, his discoveries and observations unquestionably place him among the most important astronomers of the 17th and 18th centuries.

Gian Domenico Cassini: …came to be known as Cassinians, or ovals of Cassini. Although Cassini resisted new theories and ideas, his discoveries and observations unquestionably place him among the most important astronomers of the 17th and 18th centuries.

Cassino, town, Lazio (Latium) regione, central Italy. Cassino lies along the Rapido River at the foot of Monte (mount) Cassino, 87 miles (140 km) southeast of Rome. It originated as Casinum, a town of the ancient Volsci people on a site adjacent to the modern town, on the lower slopes of the

casino, card game for two to four players, best played with two. A 52-card deck is used. When two play, the dealer deals two cards facedown to the opponent, two cards faceup to the table, and two more facedown to himself and then repeats the process so that all have four cards. No further cards are

Othello: …the service of Venice, appoints Cassio and not Iago as his chief lieutenant. Jealous of Othello’s success and envious of Cassio, Iago plots Othello’s downfall by falsely implicating Othello’s wife, Desdemona, and Cassio in a love affair. With the unwitting aid of Emilia, his wife, and the willing help of…

Camillo Benso, count di Cavour: Family and early life: …cadet three years his senior, Baron Severino Cassio, seems to have had a particular influence on his political views. Cassio, suspected of republicanism, imbued Camillo with patriotic ideas.

Cassiodorus was a historian, statesman, and monk who helped to save the culture of Rome at a time of impending barbarism. During the period of the Ostrogothic kings in Italy, Cassiodorus was quaestor (507–511), consul in 514, and, at the death of Theodoric in 526, magister officiorum (“chief of the

Cassiodorus was a historian, statesman, and monk who helped to save the culture of Rome at a time of impending barbarism. During the period of the Ostrogothic kings in Italy, Cassiodorus was quaestor (507–511), consul in 514, and, at the death of Theodoric in 526, magister officiorum (“chief of the

Andromeda: …of King Cepheus and Queen Cassiope of Joppa in Palestine (called Ethiopia) and wife of Perseus. Cassiope offended the Nereids by boasting that Andromeda was more beautiful than they, so in revenge Poseidon sent a sea monster to devastate Cepheus’ kingdom. Since only Andromeda’s sacrifice would appease the gods, she…

Cassiopea, genus of marine jellyfish constituting the order Rhizostomeae (class Scyphozoa, phylum Cnidaria) and found in tropical waters. Members of the genus measure more than 100 mm (4 inches) in diameter. They are flattish, with four to six flat, short-sided branches projecting from both sides

Cassiopeia, in astronomy, a constellation of the northern sky easily recognized by a group of five bright stars forming a slightly irregular W. It lies at 1 hour right ascension and 60° north declination. Its brightest star, Shedar (Arabic for “breast”), has a magnitude of 2.2. Tycho’s Nova, one of

Cassiopeia A, strongest source of radio emission in the sky beyond the solar system, located in the direction of the constellation Cassiopeia about 11,000 light-years from Earth. Cassiopeia A, abbreviated Cas A, is the remnant of a supernova explosion caused by the collapse of a massive star. The

Milky Way Galaxy: Variations in the stellar density: …of stars, sometimes called the Cassiopeia-Taurus association, that has a centroid at approximately 600 light-years distance. A deficiency of early-type stars is readily noticeable, for instance, in the direction of the constellation Perseus at distances beyond 600 light-years. Of course, the nearby stellar associations are striking density anomalies for early-type…

Casiquiare, navigable waterway in southern Venezuela. It branches off from the Orinoco River downstream from La Esmeralda and meanders generally southwestward for approximately 140 miles (225 km), joining the Guainía River to form the Negro River, a major affluent of the Amazon, across from

Ernst Cassirer was a German Jewish philosopher, educator, and prolific writer, remembered for his interpretation and analysis of cultural values. Educated in German universities, Cassirer was strongly influenced at the University of Marburg by Hermann Cohen, founder of the Marburg school of

art market: France: …alliance forged between Durand-Ruel and Paul Cassirer. A German dealer based in Berlin, which had become perhaps the most prominent center of cutting-edge art by the 1890s, Cassirer played a vital role in promoting Paul Cézanne and rehabilitating Vincent van Gogh. The most radical of the Berlin dealers was Herwarth…

helmet shell: …example is the 18-centimetre (7-inch) king helmet (Cassis tuberosa) of the Caribbean.

cassiterite, heavy, metallic, hard tin dioxide (SnO2) that is the major ore of tin. It is colourless when pure, but brown or black when iron impurities are present. Commercially important quantities occur in placer deposits, but cassiterite also occurs in granite and pegmatites. Early in the 15th

Julius Caesar: Fearing Caesar’s ambition, Cassius forms a conspiracy among Roman republicans. He persuades the reluctant Brutus—Caesar’s trusted friend—to join them. Brutus, troubled and sleepless, finds comfort in the companionship of his noble wife, Portia. Caesar’s wife, Calpurnia, alarmed by prophetic dreams, warns her husband not to go to the…

Cassius Dionysius was an ancient North African writer on botany and medicinal substances, best known for his Greek translation of the great 28-volume treatise on agriculture by the Carthaginian Mago (Columella, called Mago; sometimes described as the father of agriculture). The work was highly

Gaius Cassius Longinus was the prime mover in the conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar in 44 bc. Little is known of his early life. As a quaestor in 53 bc, Cassius served under Marcus Licinius Crassus and saved the remnants of the Roman army defeated by the Parthians at Carrhae (modern Harran,

Gaius Cassius Longinus was a prominent Roman jurist, a pupil of the famous jurist Massurius Sabinus, with whom he founded a legal school. Cassius was consul in ad 30, proconsul of Asia in 40–41, and governor of Syria in 45–49. Banished by the emperor Nero in 65, he was recalled by the emperor

Quintus Cassius Longinus was a Roman official whose tyrannical government of Spain greatly injured Julius Caesar’s cause in Spain during the civil war (49–45) between Caesar and the Optimates. He was either a brother or a cousin of the famous assassin of Caesar. As tribune in 49, he supported

Spurius Cassius Vecellinus was a Roman consul who, by bringing peace to the area around Rome, contributed to the growth of the city in an early phase of its development. Although the name Cassius is plebeian, he is said to have held the consulate three times. During his first term (502 bc) he

ruby glass: A Hamburg physician, Andreas Cassius, in 1676 reported his discovery of the red colouring properties of a solution of gold chloride, subsequently called purple of Cassius. Ruby glass was produced c. 1679 by a Potsdam chemist and glass technologist named Johann Kunckel von Löwenstern, who kept the recipe…

Gaius Cassius was one of the assassins of Julius Caesar. After the death of Caesar he joined the party of Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus (the more famous Cassius and prime mover of the assassination). After Caesar’s assassination, Cassius was in command of the fleet that engaged

Gaius Avidius Cassius was a usurping Roman emperor for three months in ad 175. The son of a high civil servant of the emperor Hadrian (ruled 117–138), Avidius directed operations under the command of the emperor Verus in Rome’s war against the Parthians (161–166). By 165 Avidius had advanced into

Cassivellaunus was a powerful British chieftain who was defeated by Julius Caesar during his second raiding expedition into Britain (54 bc). Cassivellaunus led his tribe, the Catuvellauni (a Belgic people who lived in modern Hertfordshire), against the Roman invaders, making effective use of

Cassivellaunus was a powerful British chieftain who was defeated by Julius Caesar during his second raiding expedition into Britain (54 bc). Cassivellaunus led his tribe, the Catuvellauni (a Belgic people who lived in modern Hertfordshire), against the Roman invaders, making effective use of

Lucchese crime family: … took over as boss, and Anthony (“Gaspipe”) Casso became underboss. They ushered in a violent new era, at one point trying to put out a hit on the entire New Jersey faction of the family, referred to as the “whack Jersey” order. Amuso and Casso were reported to have ordered…

cassock, long garment worn by Roman Catholic and other clergy both as ordinary dress and under liturgical garments. The cassock, with button closure, has long sleeves and fits the body closely. In the Roman Catholic church the colour and trim vary with the ecclesiastical rank of the wearer: the

Carlo Cassola was an Italian Neorealist novelist who portrayed the landscapes and the ordinary people of rural Tuscany in simple prose. The lack of action and the emphasis on detail in his books caused him to be regarded as a forerunner of the French nouveau roman, or antinovel. After studying at

potpourri, in pottery, a decorative ceramic vessel with a perforated cover originally made to hold a moist mixture of aromatic spices, fruits, and the petals of flowers that was intended to produce a pleasant scent as the mixture mouldered. The vessel was later used for dried spices and petals.

Alfred Joseph Casson was a Canadian painter who was a member of the Group of Seven, a group of painters that forged a national identity through the visual arts with their paintings of the Canadian landscape. From about 1913 Casson studied at schools in Hamilton and Toronto, before joining a

cassone, Italian chest, usually used as a marriage chest, and the most elaborately decorated piece of furniture of the Renaissance. Cassoni traditionally were made in pairs and sometimes bore the respective coats of arms of the bride and groom. They contained the bride’s clothes, linen, and other

Bobby Darin was an American singer and songwriter whose quest for success in several genres made him a ubiquitous presence in pop entertainment in the late 1950s and ’60s. At age 8 Darin was diagnosed with a heart defect and was not expected to reach age 16, but this death sentence became the anvil

cassoulet, French dish of white beans baked with meats; it takes its name from its cooking pot, the cassole d’Issel. Originating in Languedoc in southwest France, cassoulet was once simple farmhouse fare, but it has been elaborated into a rich and complex dish. The basic cassoulet from the town of

cassowary, (genus Casuarius), any of several species of large flightless birds of the Australo-Papuan region. Cassowaries are the only members of the family Casuariidae and belong to the order Casuariiformes, which also includes the emu. There are three species (counted by some experts as six),

Laurales: Distribution and abundance: Cassytha, a rootless vinelike stem parasite with vestigial scalelike leaves, is the most unusual member of the family; the genus contains 15–20 species native to the Old World. Laurus (laurel) consists of two species, one of which is L. nobilis (sweet bay tree, or bay…

falconiform: Behaviour: …flight, a raptor usually preens, casts, and defecates. Castings are indigestible balls of fur, feathers, insect parts, etc., that are regurgitated. Preening is performed mainly with the bill, but falconiforms also scratch with their formidable talons. They frequently “rouse,” fluffing out and shaking all of their feathers.

machine tool: Cast alloys: A number of cast-alloy cutting-tool materials have been developed; these nonferrous alloys contain cobalt, chromium, and tungsten and are particularly effective in penetrating the hard skin on cast iron and retaining their cutting ability even when red hot.

Tom Hanks: …directed by Steven Spielberg, and Cast Away (2000). Additional serious roles during this time came in Apollo 13 (1995), The Green Mile (1999), and Road to Perdition (2002). In the blockbuster Toy Story series (1995, 1999, 2010, and 2019), Hanks provided the

cast iron, an alloy of iron that contains 2 to 4 percent carbon, along with varying amounts of silicon and manganese and traces of impurities such as sulfur and phosphorus. It is made by reducing iron ore in a blast furnace. The liquid iron is cast, or poured and hardened, into crude ingots called

skyscraper: James Bogardus built the Cast Iron Building (1848, New York City) with a rigid frame of iron providing the main support for upper-floor and roof loads.

Benjamin Huntsman: …Englishman who invented crucible, or cast, steel, which was more uniform in composition and freer from impurities than any steel previously produced. His method was the most significant development in steel production up to that time.

Aspidistra: …a houseplant commonly known as cast-iron plant (A. elatior, or A. lurida). The cast-iron plant has long, stiff, pointed evergreen leaves that are capable of withstanding temperature extremes, dust, smoke, and other harsh conditions. The solitary, bell-shaped flowers, which are usually lilac in colour but sometimes brown or green, are…

history of Latin America: The central areas in the mature period: …these people, often simply called castas, assimilated to each other and intermingled, occupying the lower edge of Hispanic society. The more successful and better connected among them were constantly being recognized as Spaniards, as a result of which the Spanish category grew far beyond simple biological increase and included many…

Urban VII was the pope from Sept. 15 to Sept. 27, 1590. Of noble birth, he held several key church offices, including papal ambassador to Spain (until 1572), cardinal priest (1583), and inquisitor general (1586). Known for his charity and piety, he was elected pope on Sept. 15, 1590, but died of

art criticism: The growth of power and influence: Jules-Antoine Castagnary singled out as the one “great portraitist” of the 19th century, and those who supported Eugène Delacroix’s romanticism, color, robustness, and imagination, as Baudelaire called them in admiration. Ingres, a student of Jacques-Louis David, was a master of drawing who, like Poussin, turned…

Andrea del Castagno was one of the most influential 15th-century Italian Renaissance painters, best known for the emotional power and naturalistic treatment of figures in his work. Little is known of Castagno’s early life, and it is also difficult to ascertain the stages of his artistic development

Castalia, a source of poetic inspiration. Castalia was the name of a nymph who threw herself into or was transformed into a spring to evade the pursuit of Apollo. The spring was then named after her, and it was a source of inspiration for Apollo and the Muses. The Muses were sometimes called

Kastamonu, city, north-central Turkey. It is situated near the Gök (ancient Amnias) River. The city lies in a sparsely populated high basin south of the densely populated Black Sea coastal plain. As Castamon, it was on the northern trunk route to the Euphrates River and was an important Byzantine

Kastamonu, city, north-central Turkey. It is situated near the Gök (ancient Amnias) River. The city lies in a sparsely populated high basin south of the densely populated Black Sea coastal plain. As Castamon, it was on the northern trunk route to the Euphrates River and was an important Byzantine

India: Central Asian rulers: …during the reigns of Nahapana, Cashtana, and Rudradaman—in the first two centuries ce. Rudradaman’s fame is recorded in a lengthy Sanskrit inscription at Junagadh, dating to 150 ce.

Brazil nut, (Bertholletia excelsa), edible seed of a large South American tree (family Lecythidaceae) found in the Amazonian forests of Brazil, Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador. The Brazil nut is particularly well known in the Brazilian state of Pará, where it is called castanha-do-pará (Pará nut) and

chinquapin: …deciduous trees of the genus Castanea and evergreen trees and shrubs of the genus Castanopsis and Chrysolepis.

chestnut blight: mollissima) and Japanese (C. crenata) chestnuts are resistant. Crosses between American and Asian species have produced varieties with excellent nuts, but timber quality is closely linked with blight susceptibility. In the 1970s a native strain of chestnut blight was identified in North America. Experiments indicated that the…

ecological restoration: North American eastern deciduous forest: …(such as chestnut trees [Castanea dentata] and passenger pigeons [Ectopistes migratorius]) but appear to be remarkably similar to pre-1650 forests.

chinquapin: The Henry chinquapin (C. henryi), an ornamental and timber tree native to China, sometimes attains a height of 28 metres (92 feet).