beaver: Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber) were once found throughout temperate and boreal forests of the region (including Britain) except for the Mediterranean area and Japan. By the early 20th century this range had contracted, and at the beginning of the 21st century indigenous populations survived only…

castor oil, nonvolatile fatty oil obtained from the seeds of the castor bean, Ricinus communis, of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae). It is used in the production of synthetic resins, plastics, fibres, paints, varnishes, and various chemicals including drying oils and plasticizers. Castor oil is

louping ill: …transmitted by bites of the castor bean tick (Ixodes ricinus). The disease is most common in grassland regions of northern England and Scotland and is called louping (or leaping) ill because infected sheep leap about. Other mammals, including humans, cattle, dogs, goats, horses, and pigs, are susceptible.

castor-oil plant, (Ricinus communis), large plant of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), grown commercially for the pharmaceutical and industrial uses of its oil and for use in landscaping. Probably native to tropical Africa, the castor-oil plant has become naturalized throughout warm areas of the

louping ill: …transmitted by bites of the castor bean tick (Ixodes ricinus). The disease is most common in grassland regions of northern England and Scotland and is called louping (or leaping) ill because infected sheep leap about. Other mammals, including humans, cattle, dogs, goats, horses, and pigs, are susceptible.

castoreum, an oily, viscid glandular secretion contained in two pairs of membranous sacs between the anus and external genitals of both sexes of beaver. It is yellow or yellow-brown in colour, of a butterlike consistency, and has a highly disagreeable odour due to the presence of an essential oil.

Castorocauda, genus of extinct beaverlike mammals known from fossils dated to the Middle Jurassic (175.6 million to 161.2 million years ago) of China. Classified in the extinct order Docodonta, Castorocauda weighed 500 to 800 grams (1.1 to 1.8 pounds), almost as large as living platypuses, making

Castoroides, extinct genus of giant beavers found as fossils in Pleistocene deposits in North America (the Pleistocene Epoch began 2.6 million years ago and ended 11,700 years ago). Castoroides attained a length of about 2.5 metres (7.5 feet). The skull was large and the gnawing teeth strongly

Hans Castorp, fictional character, a young German engineer who is the protagonist of the novel The Magic Mountain (1924) by Thomas

military engineering: Classical and medieval eras.: The Romans’ castra, or military garrison towns, were protected by ramparts and ditches and interconnected by straight military roads along which their legions could speedily march. Like the Chinese, the Romans also built walls to protect their empire, the most famous of these being Hadrian’s Wall in…

Tübingen, city, Baden-Württemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany. The city lies along the Neckar River at its junction with the Ammer and Steinlach rivers, south of Stuttgart. Originating as Castra Alamannorum around the castle of the counts palatine of Tübingen (first mentioned in 1078) and

Bonn: …its name was continued in Castra Bonnensia, a fortress built by the Romans in the 1st century ce. Castra Bonnensia survived the breakup of the Roman Empire as a civilian settlement, and in the 9th century it became the Frankish town of Bonnburg.

Chester, urban area (from 2011 built-up area) and former city (district), Cheshire West and Chester unitary authority, northwestern England. It is situated on a small sandstone ridge at the head of the estuary of the River Dee. The town’s location was chosen by the Romans as headquarters of Legion

Regensburg: …Roman stronghold and legionary camp, Castra Regina (founded 179 ce). The Roman north gate (Porta Praetoria) and parts of the walls survive. The capital of the dukes of Bavaria from 530, Regensburg was made a bishopric in 739 and shortly afterward became a capital of the Carolingians. From about 1000…

Castruccio Castracani was a condottiere, or captain of mercenaries, who ruled Lucca from 1316 to 1328. When the Guelfs gained power in Lucca in 1300, Castruccio’s family, the wealthy Antelminelli, were exiled from Lucca. Castruccio served successively as condottiere for the French, the English, and

castration, Removal of the testes. The procedure stops most production of the hormone testosterone. If done before puberty, it prevents the development of functioning adult sex organs. Castration after sexual maturity makes the sex organs shrink and stop functioning, ending sperm formation and

Sigmund Freud: Sexuality and development: …claimed its major concern is castration anxiety.

Sigmund Freud: Sexuality and development: …claimed its major concern is castration anxiety.

castrato, male soprano or contralto voice of great range, flexibility, and power, produced as a result of castration before puberty. The castrato voice was introduced in the 16th century, when women were banned from church choirs and the stage. It reached its greatest prominence in 17th- and

Matthias Alexander Castrén was a Finnish nationalist and pioneer in the study of remote Arctic and Siberian Uralic and Altaic languages. He also championed the ideology of Pan-Turanianism—the belief in the racial unity and future greatness of the Ural-Altaic peoples. After many years of field

Castres, town, Tarn département, Occitanie région, southern France, on the Agout River, east of Toulouse. The site of a Gallo-Roman camp, the town developed around a Benedictine monastery that was founded about 647. Guy de Montfort, brother of Simon de Montfort, handed down the seigneury in the

Jacques d’Armagnac, duc de Nemours was a peer of France who engaged in conspiracies against Louis XI. He was the first of the great dukes of Nemours. In 1404 the duchy of Nemours had been granted to Charles III of Navarre; but, upon his death in 1425, the succession was intermittently contested

Castries, capital and chief city of Saint Lucia island state, in the eastern Caribbean Sea 40 miles (65 km) south of Fort-de-France, Martinique. Its fine landlocked deepwater harbour on the northwestern coast is Saint Lucia’s chief port, shipping mainly bananas but also exporting sugarcane, rum,

Christian de Castries was a French army officer who commanded during World War II and later in the Indochina War. Castries was born into a distinguished military family and enlisted in the army at the age of 19. He was sent to the Saumur Cavalry School and in 1926 was commissioned an officer, but

Skanderbeg was the national hero of the Albanians. A son of John (Gjon) Kastrioti, prince of Emathia, George was early given as hostage to the Turkish sultan. Converted to Islām and educated at Edirne, Turkey, he was given the name Iskander—after Alexander the Great—and the rank of bey (hence

San Francisco: People of San Francisco: The affluent Castro district (technically Eureka Valley near Twin Peaks) has attracted gays and lesbians from throughout the country, becoming perhaps the most famous gay neighbourhood in the world. Its streets are adorned with elegantly restored Victorian homes and landmarks highlighting significant dates in the struggle for…

Castro, town, southern Chile. It lies 45 miles (72 km) south of the town of Ancud, on the east coast of Chiloé Island. Castro was founded in 1567 and regrew after being destroyed by an earthquake in 1837. Apart from being a port and agricultural centre (potatoes, wheat, livestock), it also has a

Portugal: Ethnic groups and languages: …permanent settlements were the northern castros, hill villages first built by Neolithic farmers who began clearing the forests. Incoming peoples—Phoenicians, Greeks, and Celts—intermingled with the settled inhabitants, and Celticized natives occupied the fortified castros. For two centuries these were centres of resistance to the Roman legions. Subsequently the Romans, Suebi,…

Antônio de Castro Alves was a Romantic poet whose sympathy for the Brazilian abolitionist cause won him the name “poet of the slaves.” While still a student Castro Alves produced a play that brought him to the attention of José de Alencar and Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis, Brazilian literary

Fidel Castro was the political leader of Cuba (1959–2008) who transformed his country into the first communist state in the Western Hemisphere. Castro became a symbol of communist revolution in Latin America. He held the title of premier until 1976 and then began a long tenure as president of the

Raúl Castro is the head of state of Cuba (acting president of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers, 2006–08; president of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers, 2008–18), defense minister (1959–2006), and revolutionary who played a pivotal role in the 26th of July Movement,

Guillén de Castro y Bellvís was the most important and representative of a group of Spanish dramatists that flourished in Valencia. He is remembered chiefly for his work Las mocedades del Cid (1599?), upon which the French playwright Pierre Corneille based his famous drama Le Cid (1637). Castro’s

Américo Castro was a Spanish philologist and cultural historian who explored the distinctive cultural roots of Spain and Spanish America. Castro was born in Brazil of Spanish parents, who returned with him to Spain in 1890. He graduated from the University of Granada in 1904 and studied at the

Palomino De Castro Y Velasco was a Spanish painter, scholar, and author, the last court painter to King Charles II of Spain. After study at the University of Córdoba, Palomino was a student of the painter Valdes Leal and later Alfaro. In 1688 Palomino was appointed court painter and continued to

António Ferreira: His tragedy Castro (written c. 1558) was one of the first in modern European literature. It takes as its subject the death of the Portuguese national heroine Inês de Castro, who was murdered by Afonso IV—the father of Dom Pedro, her lover—for reasons of state, a theme…

Américo Castro was a Spanish philologist and cultural historian who explored the distinctive cultural roots of Spain and Spanish America. Castro was born in Brazil of Spanish parents, who returned with him to Spain in 1890. He graduated from the University of Granada in 1904 and studied at the

Catamarca: …valley) by the provincial governor, Bartolomé de Castro.

Cipriano Castro was a Venezuelan soldier and dictator, called the Lion of the Andes, who was the first man from the mountains to rule a nation that until the 20th century had been dominated by plainsmen and city dwellers from Caracas. He ruled for nine remarkably corrupt years (1899–1908),

Eugénio de Castro was a leading Portuguese Symbolist and Decadent poet. Castro’s best-known collection of poetry, Oaristos (1890; “Intimate Chats”), launched Symbolism in Portugal. His Symbolism maintains the essential doctrines of the French theorists of the movement, in contrast with the

Fidel Castro was the political leader of Cuba (1959–2008) who transformed his country into the first communist state in the Western Hemisphere. Castro became a symbol of communist revolution in Latin America. He held the title of premier until 1976 and then began a long tenure as president of the

Inês de Castro was the mistress, before his accession, of Peter (Pedro) I of Portugal. She was famous because of her tragic death, which was related by such writers and poets as Luís de Camões, Luís Vélez de Guevara, and Henri de Montherlant. The illegitimate daughter of Pedro Fernández de Castro,

João de Castro was a naval officer who helped preserve the Portuguese commercial settlement in India and contributed to the science of navigation with three roteiros (pilot books). He was also the first to note the deviation of the ship’s compass needle created by the magnetic effect of iron

Latin American art: Neoclassicism: In the 1820s José Gil de Castro, known as “the Mulatto,” rendered the heroes of Peruvian independence in a precise but boldly flattened and brightly coloured documentary style with little emotional expression. These works often reflect the colonial portrait formula of including a shield with documentary information in…

United States presidential election of 2020: Primaries: secretary of housing Julián Castro, author and spiritualist Marianne Williamson, and New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio, as well as former New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg, among others. That large field was gradually winnowed to a smaller group of candidates who had gained significant early support,

Latin Americans in Major League Baseball Through the First Years of the 21st Century: Early history: Colombian player Luis Castro became the second Latin American in the majors when he spent the 1902 season with the Philadelphia Athletics as a utility infielder. The meaningful entry of Latin players into the major leagues was yet to come, but the way was paved by the…

Battle of Alarcos: …the cavalry of the Castilian Pedro Fernández de Castro, a personal enemy of Alfonso. The defeat occurred in a battle fought near the fortress of Alarcos (Al-Arak in Arabic). Alfonso and his army fled to Toledo and Alarcos, while Yaʿqūb returned triumphantly to Sevilla. There he assumed the title Al-Manṣūr…

Portugal: The First Republic, 1910–26: General Pimenta de Castro formed a military government and permitted the monarchists to reorganize, but a Democratic coup in May led to his arrest and consignment to the Azores, along with Machado Santos. Dominated by Costa’s oratory, partisan press, and political machine, the Democrats’ regime was…

Madrid: Development under the Bourbon kings: Somewhat earlier, in 1860, the Plan Castro—also referred to as the Ensanche (“Widening”)—had further expanded and modernized the city, adding convenience and meeting the economic and commercial needs of the time. It was the first comprehensive, forward-looking modern plan for Madrid. However, it was to be frustrated by population growth,…

Raúl Castro is the head of state of Cuba (acting president of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers, 2006–08; president of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers, 2008–18), defense minister (1959–2006), and revolutionary who played a pivotal role in the 26th of July Movement,

Hispanic Americans: Hispanic activism: Raúl H. Castro became the first Hispanic governor of Arizona in 1974. Bob Martinez, the first Hispanic governor of Florida, served as director of the U.S. national drug-control policy in 1991–93. Antonia Novello was the first Hispanic surgeon general of the United States, serving in…

Puerto Rico: Movements toward self-government: During the 1880s Román Baldorioty de Castro led a movement for political autonomy under Spanish rule, which gained momentum at the expense of calls for directly integrating Puerto Rico into the Spanish government. In 1887 the liberal movement was denounced as disloyal and was violently suppressed; however, such…

Rosalía de Castro was the most outstanding modern writer in the Galician language, whose work is of both regional and universal significance. In 1858 Castro married the historian Manuel Murguía (1833–1923), a champion of the Galician Renaissance. Although she was the author of a number of novels,

East L.A. walkouts: Sal Castro, a Mexican American social studies teacher at Lincoln High School, saw these inequalities, and he began teaching Mexican and Mexican American history and culture while also instilling in his students pride in their heritage. The students began to question their education, and they…

Raimondo Montecuccoli: …his native Modena in the War of Castro (1642–44), between the papacy and its opponents, and against the Hungarian rebel György Rákóczy I in 1645. Back in Germany, his skillful retreat in Bavaria in the face of a combined French–Swedish onslaught led to his promotion to general.

Honduras: The 21st century: …was for the second-place finisher, Xiomara Castro, the candidate of the Freedom and Refoundation (Libertad y Refundación; Libre) Party, which had been founded by Zelaya, her husband. The remaining votes were divided between six other candidates. Claiming that the election results were “a fraud of incalculable proportions,” Castro demanded a…

Coín, city, Málaga provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, southern Spain. It is situated near the beach resort region of Costa del Sol. The site was first settled by the Turdetanos, an Iberian tribe, and was later occupied by the Romans, who established

Enna, city, capital of Enna provincia (province), central Sicily, Italy, on a plateau dominating the valley of the Dittaino, northeast of Caltanissetta. A city of the Siculi, an ancient Sicilian tribe, and a centre of the pre-Hellenic cult of Demeter and Kore (Persephone), it originated as Henna

Hélio Castroneves is a Brazilian race-car driver who won the Indianapolis 500 a record-tying four times (2001, 2002, 2009, and 2021). Castroneves was involved in motor sports from a young age with the support of his father, an auto dealer in São Paulo who owned a stock-car racing team. As a

Castrop-Rauxel, city, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), northwestern Germany. It lies near the Rhine-Herne Canal, in the eastern part of the Ruhr industrial district. First mentioned in 834, Castrop was chartered in 1484. It belonged to the duchy of Cleves- (Kleve-) Mark until 1609, when it came

military engineering: Classical and medieval eras.: The Romans’ castra, or military garrison towns, were protected by ramparts and ditches and interconnected by straight military roads along which their legions could speedily march. Like the Chinese, the Romans also built walls to protect their empire, the most famous of these being Hadrian’s Wall in…

Duisburg, city, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), western Germany. It lies at the junction of the Rhine and Ruhr rivers and is connected with the North Sea German ports by the Rhine-Herne Canal, which links it to Dortmund and thus with the Dortmund-Ems Canal. Known to the Romans as Castrum

Dijon, city, capital of Côte d’Or département and of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté région, east-central France. The city is 203 miles (326 km) southeast of Paris by road and lies at the confluence of the Ouche and Suzon rivers. Situated at the foot of the Côte d’Or hills to its west and near a plain of

Devizes, town (parish), administrative and historical county of Wiltshire, southwestern England. It lies along the disused Kennet and Avon Canal, at the edge of Roundway Down. It was the site of a Roman fortification, Castrum Divisarum; and Roger, bishop of Salisbury, built a castle there about

casu marzu, traditional Sardinian cheese made of sheep’s milk and containing live maggots, which are responsible for the cheese’s fermentation. Because of health concerns associated with the cheese, commercial sales of it are illegal in Italy. The cheese is also banned in several countries,

casu marzu, traditional Sardinian cheese made of sheep’s milk and containing live maggots, which are responsible for the cheese’s fermentation. Because of health concerns associated with the cheese, commercial sales of it are illegal in Italy. The cheese is also banned in several countries,

casual, an essay written in a familiar, often humorous style. The word is usually associated with the style of essay that was cultivated at The New Yorker

casual labour, irregular employment or part-time labour, including the labour of workers whose normal employment consists of a series of short-term jobs. Casual labour is usually hired by the hour or day or for the performance of specific tasks, while part-time labour is typically scheduled for a

J.K. Rowling: Writing for adults: …foray into adult fiction with The Casual Vacancy (2012; TV miniseries 2015), a contemporary social satire set in a small English town. In 2013 it was revealed that she had penned the crime novel The Cuckoo’s Calling, using the pseudonym Robert Galbraith. The Silkworm—the second book in the series, which…

Edna O’Brien: Other novels: …Is a Wicked Month (1965), Casualties of Peace (1966), Night (1972), Johnny I Hardly Knew You (1977; U.S. title I Hardly Knew You), The High Road (1988), House of Splendid Isolation (1994), Down by the River (1996), In the Forest (2002), and

David Rabe: …1979 (she died in 2010); Casualties of War (1989), a Vietnam War drama; and The Firm (1993), a legal thriller based on the John Grisham novel. His other works included the novels Recital of the Dog (1993), a work of black humour; Dinosaurs on the Roof (2008); and Girl by…

World War II, the deadliest and most destructive war in human history, claimed between 40 and 50 million lives, displaced tens of millions of people, and cost more than $1 trillion to prosecute. The financial cost to the United States alone was more than $341 billion (approximately $5.8 trillion in

emergency medicine, medical specialty emphasizing the immediacy of treatment of acutely ill or injured individuals. Among the factors that influenced the growth of emergency medicine was the increasing specialization in other areas of medicine. With the shift away from general practice—especially

casualty insurance, provision against loss to persons and property, covering legal hazards as well as those of accident and sickness. Major classes of casualty insurance include liability, theft, aviation, workers’ compensation, credit, and title. Liability insurance contracts may cover liability

emergency medicine, medical specialty emphasizing the immediacy of treatment of acutely ill or injured individuals. Among the factors that influenced the growth of emergency medicine was the increasing specialization in other areas of medicine. With the shift away from general practice—especially

casuariiform, (order Casuariiformes), any member of a group of large, flightless birds that includes two families native to Australasia. The family Dromaiidae, made up of the single living species of emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), is found only in Australia, whereas the family Casuariidae, made up

casuariiform, (order Casuariiformes), any member of a group of large, flightless birds that includes two families native to Australasia. The family Dromaiidae, made up of the single living species of emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), is found only in Australia, whereas the family Casuariidae, made up

Casuarinaceae: …plants, with two genera (Casuarina, 30 species; Gymnostoma, 20 species) of trees and shrubs, many of which have a distinctly pinelike aspect when seen from afar. They are naturally distributed in tropical eastern Africa, the Mascarene Islands, Southeast Asia, Malaysia, Australia, and Polynesia. Some, especially the beefwood (C. equisetifolia,…

Casuarinaceae: Some, especially the beefwood (C. equisetifolia, also called she-oak, ironwood, Australian pine, whistling pine, or swamp oak), also are used ornamentally in warm-climate countries, where they have often escaped cultivation and become established in the wild.

Casuarinaceae, the beefwood family of dicotyledonous flowering plants, with two genera (Casuarina, 30 species; Gymnostoma, 20 species) of trees and shrubs, many of which have a distinctly pinelike aspect when seen from afar. They are naturally distributed in tropical eastern Africa, the Mascarene

cassowary, (genus Casuarius), any of several species of large flightless birds of the Australo-Papuan region. Cassowaries are the only members of the family Casuariidae and belong to the order Casuariiformes, which also includes the emu. There are three species (counted by some experts as six),

cassowary: The dwarf cassowary (C. bennetti) is native to higher elevations of New Guinea and can also be found on the island of New Britain, and the northern cassowary (C. unappendiculatus) inhabits New Guinea’s northern lowlands.

cassowary: The common, or southern, cassowary, Casuarius casuarius, which inhabits New Guinea, nearby islands, and Australia, is the largest—almost 1.5 metres (5 feet) tall—and has two long red wattles on the throat. The dwarf cassowary (C. bennetti) is native to higher elevations of New Guinea and can…

cassowary: …of New Britain, and the northern cassowary (C. unappendiculatus) inhabits New Guinea’s northern lowlands.

casuistry, in ethics, a case-based method of reasoning. It is particularly employed in field-specific branches of professional ethics such as business ethics and bioethics. Casuistry typically uses general principles in reasoning analogically from clear-cut cases, called paradigms, to vexing cases.

Macedonian literature: …by new dramatists, such as Kole Čašule, Tome Arsovski, and Goran Stefanovski. Čašule also wrote several novels. A main theme of his work is the defeat of idealists and idealism. His play Crnila (1960; “Black Things”) deals with the early 20th-century murder of a Macedonian national leader by other Macedonians…

casus belli, a Latin term describing a situation said to justify a state in initiating war. The United Nations charter provides that warlike measures are permissible only if authorized by the Security Council or the general assembly or if necessary for "individual or collective self-defense"

Ekkehard IV: …of the principal authors of Casus Sancti Galli (“The Events of Sankt Gallen [St. Gall]”)—an important history of the monastery.

clear-air turbulence (CAT), erratic air currents that occur in cloudless air between altitudes of 6,000 and 15,000 metres (20,000 and 49,000 feet) and constitute a hazard to aircraft. This turbulence can be caused by small-scale (i.e., hundreds of metres and less) wind velocity gradients around the

cat, (Felis catus), domesticated member (felid) of the family Felidae. The family is generally divided between cats from the subfamily Pantherinae, which roar (including lions, tigers, and leopards), and cats from the subfamily Felinae, which purr instead (including cougars, bobcats, and domestic

computed tomography (CT), diagnostic imaging method using a low-dose beam of X-rays that crosses the body in a single plane at many different angles. CT was conceived by William Oldendorf and developed independently by Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield and Allan MacLeod Cormack, who shared a 1979 Nobel

feline, (family Felidae), any of 37 cat species that among others include the cheetah, puma, jaguar, leopard, lion, lynx, tiger, and domestic cat. Cats are native to almost every region on Earth, with the exception of Australia and Antarctica. They are carnivorous mammals that live in a wide

Claire L. Chennault: Two years later Civil Air Transport (CAT) was founded and soon became active in the country’s civil war, transporting munitions and troops for the Nationalist government. It also did work for the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and was eventually bought by the organization after the communists took…

German literature: The late 1950s and the ’60s: …Drum), Katz und Maus (1961; Cat and Mouse), and Hundejahre (1963; Dog Years). The trilogy presents a grotesquely imaginative retrospective on the Nazi period. The narrator of Die Blechtrommel is the dwarf Oskar Matzerath, who claims that he deliberately stopped growing on his third birthday out of protest against the…

Elliott Nugent: …this he did impressively with The Cat and the Canary, a comedy-mystery that paired Hope with Paulette Goddard, and Never Say Die (both 1939), in which Hope was teamed with Martha Raye to good effect. Nugent then returned to Broadway and scored his biggest stage success with The Male Animal,…

Lee Marvin: …nasty gun-slinging twin brother in Cat Ballou (1965), a western comedy. His performance in this film won him an Oscar, and he was soon in demand as a leading man.

binturong, (Arctictis binturong), catlike omnivore of the civet family (Viverridae), found in dense forests of Southeast Asia. Its range extends from Nepal, India, and Bhutan southward to the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Java and eastward to Borneo. It has long shaggy hair, tufted ears, and a

cri-du-chat syndrome, congenital disorder caused by partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5. It is named for its characteristic symptom, a high-pitched wailing cry likened to that of a cat (the name is French for “cat cry”), which occurs in most affected infants. It has an incidence of

flea: Importance: …people and livestock include the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis), the so-called human flea (Pulex irritans), the dog flea (Ctenocephalides canis), the sticktight flea (Echidnophaga gallinacea), and the jigger, or chigoe, flea (Tunga penetrans). Poultry may be parasitized by the European chicken

fluke: The cat liver fluke, Opisthorchis felineus, which may also infest man as the final host, also requires a freshwater snail (Bithynia leachii) and a carp as its secondary intermediate hosts.

Edward Hoagland: Hoagland sold his first novel, Cat Man (1956), shortly before graduating from Harvard University (A.B., 1954). After serving in the U.S. Army (1955–57), he wrote The Circle Home (1960), set in the seedy world of prizefighting, and The Peacock’s Tail (1965). Both novels are noted for their sympathetic portrayals of…